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Jo SY, Lim SH, Lee JY, Son J, Choi JI, Park SJ. Microbial production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), from lab to the shelf: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133157. [PMID: 38901504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural biopolyesters produced by microorganisms that represent one of the most promising candidates for the replacement of conventional plastics due to their complete biodegradability and advantageous material properties which can be modulated by varying their monomer composition. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] has received particular research attention because it can be synthesized based on the same microbial platform developed for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] without much modification, with as high productivity as P(3HB). It also offers more useful mechanical and thermal properties than P(3HB), which broaden its application as a biocompatible and biodegradable polyester. However, a significant commercial disadvantage of P(3HB-co-3HV) is its rather high production cost, thus many studies have investigated the economical synthesis of P(3HB-co-3HV) from structurally related and unrelated carbon sources in both wild-type and recombinant microbial strains. A large number of metabolic engineering strategies have also been proposed to tune the monomer composition of P(3HB-co-3HV) and thus its material properties. In this review, recent metabolic engineering strategies designed for enhanced production of P(3HB-co-3HV) are discussed, along with their current status, limitations, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Jin A, del Valle LJ, Puiggalí J. Copolymers and Blends Based on 3-Hydroxybutyrate and 3-Hydroxyvalerate Units. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17250. [PMID: 38139077 PMCID: PMC10743438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive update of the biopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), emphasizing its production, properties, and applications. The overall biosynthesis pathway of PHBV is explored in detail, highlighting recent advances in production techniques. The inherent physicochemical properties of PHBV, along with its degradation behavior, are discussed in detail. This review also explores various blends and composites of PHBV, demonstrating their potential for a range of applications. Finally, the versatility of PHBV-based materials in multiple sectors is examined, emphasizing their increasing importance in the field of biodegradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Jin
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.); (L.J.d.V.)
- Venvirotech Biotechnology S.L., Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, 08130 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis J. del Valle
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.); (L.J.d.V.)
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.); (L.J.d.V.)
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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Lee OK, Kang SG, Choi TR, Yang YH, Lee EY. Production and characterization of a biodegradable polymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), using the type II methanotroph, Methylocystis sp. MJC1. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 389:129853. [PMID: 37813313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) through the biological conversion of methane is a promising solution to address both methane emissions and plastic waste. Type II methanotrophs naturally accumulate a representative PHA, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), using methane as the sole carbon source. In this study, we aimed to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV copolymer) with improved properties compared with PHB, using the type II methanotroph, Methylocystis sp. MJC1. We optimized the pH, valerate concentration, and valerate supply time in a one-step cultivation process using a gas bioreactor to enhance PHBV copolymer production yield and the 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) molar fraction. Under the optimal conditions, the biomass reached 21.3 g DCW/L, and PHBV copolymer accumulation accounted for 41.9 % of the dried cell weight, with a 3HV molar fraction of 28.4 %. The physicochemical properties of the purified PHBV copolymer were characterized using NMR, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and GPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Gi Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Rim Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Yin J, Yang J, Yu X, Chen T, He S. Enhanced poly(3-hydroxybutyrateco-3-hydroxyvalerate) production from high-concentration propionate by a novel halophile Halomonas sp. YJ01: Detoxification of the 2-methylcitrate cycle. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129738. [PMID: 37714496 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
As a carbon substrate, propionate can be used to synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyrateco-3-hydroxyvalerate) [PHBV] biopolymer, but high concentrations can inhibit PHBV production. Therefore, novel PHBV producers that can utilize high propionate concentrations are needed. Here, a novel halophile, Halomonas sp. YJ01 was applied to PHBV production via a propionate-dependent pathway, and optimal culture growth conditions were determined. The maximum poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [PHB] content and yield in the presence of glucose were 89.5 wt% and 5.7 g/L, respectively. This strain utilizes propionate and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for PHBV accumulation. Multiple genes related to polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis were identified using whole-genome annotation. The PHBV yield and 3HV fraction obtained by strain YJ01 utilizing 15 g/L propionate were 0.86 g/L and 29 mol%, respectively, but in cultures with glucose-propionate, it decreased its copolymer dry weight. This indicates that propionyl-CoA was converted to pyruvate through the 2-methylcitrate cycle (2MCC), which reduced propionate detoxification for the strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jincan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yu
- Zhejiang Best Energy and Environment Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shanying He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
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Urtuvia V, Ponce B, Andler R, Peña C, Diaz-Barrera A. Extended batch cultures for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) production by Azotobacter vinelandii OP growing at different aeration rates. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:304. [PMID: 36276477 PMCID: PMC9525563 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a polymer produced by Azotobacter vinelandii OP. In the bioreactor, PHBV production and its molar composition are affected by aeration rate. PHBV production by A. vinelandii OP was evaluated using extended batch cultures at different aeration rates, which determined different oxygen transfer rates (OTR) in the cultures. Under the conditions evaluated, PHBV with different 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) fractions were obtained. In the cultures with a low OTR (6.7 mmol L-1 h-1, at 0.3 vvm), a PHBV content of 38% w w-1 with 9.1 mol % 3HV was achieved. The maximum PHBV production (72% w w-1) was obtained at a high OTR (18.2 mmol L-1 h-1, at 1.0 vvm), both at 48 h. Thus, PHBV production increased in the bioreactor with an increased aeration rate, but not the 3HV fraction in the polymer chain. An OTR of 24.9 mmol L-1 h-1 (at 2.1 vvm) was the most suitable for improving the PHBV content (61% w w-1) and a high 3HV fraction of 20.8 mol % (at 48 h); and volumetric productivity (0.15 g L-1 h-1). The findings indicate that the extended batch culture at 2.1 vvm is the most adequate mode of cultivation to produce higher biomass and PHBV with a high 3HV fraction. Overall, the results have shown that the PHBV production and 3HV fraction could be affected by the aeration rate and the proposed approach could be applied to implement cultivation strategies to optimize PHBV production for different biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Urtuvia
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2147 Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Belén Ponce
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2147 Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Andler
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio),Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Carlos Peña
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alvaro Diaz-Barrera
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2147 Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
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Biomedical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoate in Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112141. [PMID: 35683815 PMCID: PMC9182786 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology aids in the regeneration of new tissue to replace damaged or wounded tissue. Three-dimensional biodegradable and porous scaffolds are often utilized in this area to mimic the structure and function of the extracellular matrix. Scaffold material and design are significant areas of biomaterial research and the most favorable material for seeding of in vitro and in vivo cells. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolyesters (thermoplastic) that are appropriate for this application due to their biodegradability, thermo-processability, enhanced biocompatibility, mechanical properties, non-toxicity, and environmental origin. Additionally, they offer enormous potential for modification through biological, chemical and physical alteration, including blending with various other materials. PHAs are produced by bacterial fermentation under nutrient-limiting circumstances and have been reported to offer new perspectives for devices in biological applications. The present review discusses PHAs in the applications of conventional medical devices, especially for soft tissue (sutures, wound dressings, cardiac patches and blood vessels) and hard tissue (bone and cartilage scaffolds) regeneration applications. The paper also addresses a recent advance highlighting the usage of PHAs in implantable devices, such as heart valves, stents, nerve guidance conduits and nanoparticles, including drug delivery. This review summarizes the in vivo and in vitro biodegradability of PHAs and conducts an overview of current scientific research and achievements in the development of PHAs in the biomedical sector. In the future, PHAs may replace synthetic plastics as the material of choice for medical researchers and practitioners.
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The Modification of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) by Melt Blending. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091725. [PMID: 35566895 PMCID: PMC9106057 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystalline and noncrystalline poly(3-hyroxybutylate-co-4-hyroxybutylate) (P(3HB-co-4HB)) were melt blended to obtain mixtures of P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymers. The mixtures and P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymers of different 4HB contents were compared to study the effect of 4HB content on the properties of the copolymers and mixtures. P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymer mixtures, having various 4HB content, have been successfully made by melt blending instead of bacterial biosynthesis. In the case of copolymers, they were noncrystalline when the 4HB content was over 16%, while the P(3HB-co-4HB) mixtures at the same 4HB content were crystalline. The mixtures had a higher glass transition temperature, suggesting that their chain mobility is relatively low compared with the copolymer having the same 4HB content. Due to this effect, the mixture is expected to have a higher melt viscosity and a lower loss tangent to exhibit better melt processing properties. The mechanical properties of the mixtures show a similar behavior to the copolymers in that the tensile strength and the modulus decreases and elongation at the break increases with an increase in the 4HB content.
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Hao J, Wang H, Wang X. Selecting optimal feast-to-famine ratio for a new polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production system fed by valerate-dominant sludge hydrolysate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3133-3143. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Overall process of using a valerate-dominant sludge hydrolysate to produce high-quality polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) in a mixed culture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6939. [PMID: 28761106 PMCID: PMC5537348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall process of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production in a mixed culture fed by thermophilic fermented valerate-dominant sludge hydrolysate with high-level soluble organics (proteins and carbohydrates) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) was investigated in this study. The valerate-dominant hydrolysate was fed to enrich a PHA culture with an increasing concentration, and the enriched culture displayed a strong PHA-producing capacity under feast-famine conditions. Valerate in the feedstock was preferentially utilized over acetate and butyrate, and its uptake correlated with the production of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) and 3-hydroxy-2-methylvalerate (3H2MV). The maximum PHA content (42.31%) was highest to date in a mixed culture with complex feedstock, and the PHA consisted of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 3HV, 3H2MV at 68.4, 23.7, 7.9 mmol C%. PHA production was inhibited when the nutrients exceeded a certain limit. Microbial analysis revealed that valerate-dominant feedstock caused Delftia (53%) to become the prevailing group over other PHA-producing bacteria. For long-term operation, 75% of the biomass at the end of feast phase was collected for PHA recovery, and the entire process exhibited a potential to produce 5 g PHA from 1 kg sludge. These findings indicate that the complex valerate-dominant sludge hydrolysate can be used to stably produce PHA containing high 3HV and 3H2MV.
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Iszatty I, Noor Aidda O, Hema R, Amirul AA. Combination of 4-Hydroxybutyrate Carbon Precursors as Substrate for Simultaneous Production of P(3HB-co-4HB) and Yellow Pigment by Cupriavidus sp. USMAHM13. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Huong KH, Shantini K, Sharmini R, Amirul AA. Exploring the Potential of 1-Pentanol and Oleic Acid for Optimizing the Production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Copolymer by Cupriavidus sp. USMAA1020. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Panith N, Assavanig A, Lertsiri S, Bergkvist M, Surarit R, Niamsiri N. Development of tunable biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates microspheres for controlled delivery of tetracycline for treating periodontal disease. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nootchanartch Panith
- Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Apinya Assavanig
- Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Sittiwat Lertsiri
- Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Magnus Bergkvist
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering; SUNY Polytechnic Institute; Albany New York 12203
| | - Rudee Surarit
- Department of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Nuttawee Niamsiri
- Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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Unusual poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) biosynthesis behavior ofPseudomonas putidaBet001 andDelftia tsuruhatensisBet002 isolated from palm oil mill effluent. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 64:259-269. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pramual S, Assavanig A, Bergkvist M, Batt CA, Sunintaboon P, Lirdprapamongkol K, Svasti J, Niamsiri N. Development and characterization of bio-derived polyhydroxyalkanoate nanoparticles as a delivery system for hydrophobic photodynamic therapy agents. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:40. [PMID: 26712706 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and investigated nanoparticles of biologically-derived, biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as carriers of a hydrophobic photosensitizer, 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-21H, 23H-porphine (pTHPP) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Three PHA variants; polyhydroxybutyrate, poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) or P(HB-HV) with 12 and 50% HV were used to formulate pTHPP-loaded PHA nanoparticles by an emulsification-diffusion method, where we compared two different poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) stabilizers. The nanoparticles exhibited nano-scale spherical morphology under TEM and hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 169.0 to 211.2 nm with narrow size distribution. The amount of drug loaded and the drug entrapment efficiency were also investigated. The in vitro photocytotoxicity was evaluated using human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 and revealed time and concentration dependent cell death, consistent with a gradual release pattern of pTHPP over 24 h. This study is the first demonstration using bacterially derived P(HB-HV) copolymers for nanoparticle delivery of a hydrophobic photosensitizer drug and their potential application in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasivimon Pramual
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Apinya Assavanig
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Magnus Bergkvist
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Carl A Batt
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Panya Sunintaboon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nuttawee Niamsiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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A. Morel M, Iriarte A, Jara E, Musto H, Castro-Sowinski S. Revealing the biotechnological potential of Delftia sp. JD2 by a genomic approach. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2016.2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) by Burkholderia sacchari using wheat straw hydrolysates and gamma-butyrolactone. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 71:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Vilos C, Constandil L, Rodas PI, Cantin M, Zepeda K, Herrera N, Velasquez LA. Evaluation of ceftiofur-PHBV microparticles in rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8:651-66. [PMID: 24936127 PMCID: PMC4047837 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s60444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high number of antibiotics used for the treatment of infectious disease in animals, the development of slow release formulations presents a significant challenge, particularly in using novel biomaterials with low cost. In this report, we studied the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and therapeutic activity of ceftiofur–PHBV (ceftiofur–poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) in rats. The pharmacokinetic study demonstrated a sustained release of ceftiofur into the bloodstream, with detectable levels over the minimum inhibitory concentration for at least 17 days after a single intramuscular injection of ceftiofur–PHBV (10 mg/kg weight). In addition, the toxicological evaluation of biochemical, hematological, and coagulation blood parameters at the therapeutic dose demonstrated the safety of ceftiofur–PHBV, with no adverse effects. In addition, ceftiofur–PHBV exhibited a therapeutic effect for a longer time period than the nonencapsulated ceftiofur in rats challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. The slow release of ceftiofur from the ceftiofur–PHBV, its low toxicity in the blood parameters evaluated, and the efficacy in the rats infected with Salmonella Typhimurium make ceftiofur–PHBV a strong candidate for biotechnological applications in the veterinary industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vilos
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago ; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ecuador, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Constandil
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile ; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ecuador, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula I Rodas
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago ; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ecuador, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Cantin
- CIMA, Department of Integral Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile ; Center of Research in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Katherine Zepeda
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago
| | - Natalia Herrera
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago
| | - Luis A Velasquez
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago ; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ecuador, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Improved properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) produced by Comamonas sp. EB172 utilizing volatile fatty acids by regulating the nitrogen source. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:237806. [PMID: 24106698 PMCID: PMC3784149 DOI: 10.1155/2013/237806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) (mol/mol) on the cell growth and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) accumulation by Comamonas sp. EB172 in 2 L fermenters using volatile fatty acids (VFA) as the carbon source. This VFA was supplemented with ammonium sulphate and yeast extract in the feeding solution to achieve C/N (mol/mol) 5, 15, 25, and 34.4, respectively. By extrapolating the C/N and the source of nitrogen, the properties of the polymers can be regulated. The number average molecular weight (Mn) of P(3HB-co-3HV) copolymer reached the highest at 838 × 103 Da with polydispersity index (PDI) value of 1.8, when the culture broth was supplemented with yeast extract (C/N 34.4). Tensile strength and Young's modulus of the copolymer containing 6–8 mol% 3HV were in the ranges of 13–14.4 MPa and 0.26–0.34 GPa, respectively, comparable to those of polyethylene (PE). Thus, Comamonas sp. EB172 has shown promising bacterial isolates producing polyhydroxyalkanoates from renewable carbon materials.
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19
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Studies on the Microbial Synthesis and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Containing 4-Hydroxyvalerate Using γ-Valerolactone. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:1194-215. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Chen WM, Lin YS, Sheu DS, Sheu SY. Delftia litopenaei sp. nov., a poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating bacterium isolated from a freshwater shrimp culture pond. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:2315-2321. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.037507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-negative, short-rod-shaped, motile, non-spore-forming and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating bacterial strain, designated wsw-7T, was isolated from a freshwater shrimp culture pond in Taiwan and was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the closest relatives of strain wsw-7T were
Delftia lacustris
332T,
Delftia tsuruhatensis
T7T and
Delftia acidovorans
ATCC 15668T, with sequence similarities of 98.5, 98.4 and 97.9 %, respectively. Phylogenetic trees obtained with 16S rRNA gene sequences or the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase (phaC) gene sequences revealed that strain wsw-7T and these three closest relatives formed an independent phylogenetic clade within the order
Burkholderiales
. Strain wsw-7T contained summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c as predominant fatty acids. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 67.6 mol%. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminolipid and several uncharacterized phospholipids. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain wsw-7T represents a novel species in the genus
Delftia
, for which the name Delftia litopenaei sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is wsw-7T ( = BCRC 80212T = LMG 25724T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Chen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Rd. Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yang-Shun Lin
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Rd. Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Der-Shyan Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Rd. Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Yi Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Rd. Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Chee JY, Lau NS, Samian MR, Tsuge T, Sudesh K. Expression of Aeromonas caviae polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase gene in Burkholderia sp. USM (JCM15050) enables the biosynthesis of SCL-MCL PHA from palm oil products. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 112:45-54. [PMID: 22054430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Burkholderia sp. USM (JCM15050) isolated from oil-polluted wastewater is capable of utilizing palm oil products and glycerol to synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)]. To confer the ability to produce polymer containing 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx), plasmid (pBBREE32d13) harbouring the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase gene of Aeromonas caviae (phaC(Ac)) was transformed into this strain. METHODS AND RESULTS The resulting transformant incorporated approximately 1 ± 0·3 mol% of 3HHx in the polymer when crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) or palm kernel acid oil was used as the sole carbon source. In addition, when the transformed strain was cultivated in the mixtures of CPKO and sodium valerate, PHA containing 69 mol% 3HB, 30 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate and 1 mol% 3HHx monomers was produced. Batch feeding of carbon sources with 0·5% (v/v) CPKO at 0 h and 0·25% (w/v) sodium valerate at 36 h yielded 6 mol% of 3HHx monomer by controlled-feeding strategies. CONCLUSIONS Burkholderia sp. USM (JCM15050) has the metabolic pathways to supply both the short-chain length (SCL) and medium-chain length (MCL) PHA monomers. By transforming the strain with the Aer. caviae PHA synthase with broader substrate specificity, SCL-MCL PHA was produced. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study demonstrating the ability of transformant Burkholderia to produce P(3HB-co-3HHx) from a single carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Chee
- Ecobiomaterial Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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22
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Ng KS, Wong YM, Tsuge T, Sudesh K. Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) copolymers using jatropha oil as the main carbon source. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Fereidouni M, Younesi H, Daneshi A, Sharifzadeh M. The effect of carbon source supplementation on the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by Cupriavidus necator. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2011; 58:203-11. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Salim YS, Abdullah AAA, Nasri CSSM, Ibrahim MNM. Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and characterisation of its blend with oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3626-3628. [PMID: 21115240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-38 mol%-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-38mol%-3HV)] was produced by Cupriavidus sp. USMAA2-4 in the presence of oleic acid and 1-pentanol. Due to enormous production of empty fruit bunch (EFB) in the oil palm plantation and high production cost of P(3HB-co-3HV), oil palm EFB fibers were used for biocomposites preparation. In this study, maleic anhydride (MA) and benzoyl peroxide (DBPO) were used to improve the miscibility between P(3HB-co-3HV) and EFB fibers. Introduction of MA into P(3HB-co-3HV) backbone reduced the molecular weight and improved the thermal stability of P(3HB-co-3HV). Thermal stability of P(3HB-co-3HV)/EFB composites was shown to be comparable to that of commercial packaging product. Composites with 35% EFB fibers content have the highest tensile strength compared to 30% and 40%. P(3HB-co-3HV)/EFB blends showed less chemicals leached compared to commercial packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoga Sugama Salim
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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25
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Zakaria MR, Ariffin H, Mohd Johar NA, Abd-Aziz S, Nishida H, Shirai Y, Hassan MA. Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer from wild-type Comamonas sp. EB172. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Kek YK, Chang CW, Amirul AA, Sudesh K. Heterologous expression of Cupriavidus sp. USMAA2-4 PHA synthase gene in PHB−4 mutant for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and its copolymers. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang H, Xu R, Li F, Qiao J, Zhang B. Efficient degradation of lube oil by a mixed bacterial consortium. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:381-388. [PMID: 20614780 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory study was performed to assess the biodegradation of lube oil in bio-reactor with 304# stainless steel as a biofilm carrier. Among 164 oil degrading bacterial cultures isolated from oil contaminated soil samples, Commaonas acidovorans Pxl, Bacillus sp. Px2, Pseudomonas sp. Px3 were selected to prepare a mixed consortium for the study based on the efficiency of lube oil utilization. The percentage of oil degraded by the mixed bacterial consortium decreased slightly from 99% to 97.2% as the concentration of lube oil was increased from 2000 to 10,000 mg/L. The degradation of TDOC (total dissolved organic carbon) showed a similar tendency compared with lube oil removal, which indicated that the intermediates in degradation process hardly accumulated. Selected mixed bacterial consortium showed their edge compared to activated sludge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos showed that biofilms on stainless steel were robust and with a dimensional framework constructed by EPS (extracellular polymeric substances), which could promote the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The increase of biofilm followed first-order kinetics with rate of 0.216 microg glucose/(cm2-day) in logarithm phase. With analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with removal of lube oil and TDOC, mixed bacterial consortium could degrade benzene and its derivatives, aromatic ring organic matters with a percentage over 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Juárez-Jiménez B, Manzanera M, Rodelas B, Martínez-Toledo MV, Gonzalez-López J, Crognale S, Pesciaroli C, Fenice M. Metabolic characterization of a strain (BM90) of Delftia tsuruhatensis showing highly diversified capacity to degrade low molecular weight phenols. Biodegradation 2009; 21:475-89. [PMID: 19946734 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-009-9317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel bacterium, strain BM90, previously isolated from Tyrrhenian Sea, was metabolically characterized testing its ability to use 95 different carbon sources by the Biolog system. The bacterium showed a broad capacity to use fatty-, organic- and amino-acids; on the contrary, its ability to use carbohydrates was extremely scarce. Strain BM90 was identified and affiliated to Delftia tsuruhatensis by molecular techniques based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. D. tsuruhatensis BM90, cultivated in shaken cultures, was able to grow on various phenolic compounds and to remove them from its cultural broth. The phenols used, chosen for their presence in industrial or agro-industrial effluents, were grouped on the base of their chemical characteristics. These included benzoic acid derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, phenolic aldehyde derivatives, acetic acid derivatives and other phenolic compounds such as catechol and p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid. When all the compounds (24) were gathered in the same medium (total concentration: 500 mg/l), BM90 caused the complete depletion of 18 phenols and the partial removal of two others. Only four phenolic compounds were not removed. Flow cytometry studies were carried out to understand the physiological state of BM90 cells in presence of the above phenols in various conditions. At the concentrations tested, a certain toxic effect was exerted only by the four compounds that were not metabolized by the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Juárez-Jiménez
- Section Microbiology, Institute of Water Research of University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal, sn., 18071 Granada, Spain
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Sheu DS, Chen WM, Yang JY, Chang RC. Thermophilic bacterium Caldimonas taiwanensis produces poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from starch and valerate as carbon sources. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Photo- and bio-degradation of poly(ester-urethane)s films based on poly[(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate] and poly(ε-Caprolactone) blocks. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-009-9287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Lee WH, Loo CY, Nomura CT, Sudesh K. Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers from mixtures of plant oils and 3-hydroxyvalerate precursors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:6844-6851. [PMID: 18325764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The combination of plant oils and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) precursors were evaluated for the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolymers containing 3HV monomers by Cupriavidus necator H16. Among various mixtures of plant oils and 3HV-precursors, the mixture of palm kernel oil and sodium propionate was suitable for the biosynthesis of high concentration of PHA (6.8gL(-1)) containing 7mol% of 3HV. The 3HV monomer composition can be regulated in the range of 0-23mol% by changing culture parameters such as the initial pH, and the nitrogen source and its concentration. PHA copolymers with high weight-average molecular weights (Mw) ranging from 1,400,000 to 3,100,000Da were successfully produced from mixtures of plant oils and 3HV-precursors. The mixture of plant oils and sodium propionate resulted in PHA copolymers with higher M(w) compared to the mixture of plant oils and sodium valerate. DSC analysis on the PHA containing 3HV monomers showed the presence of two distinct melting temperature (Tm), which indicated that the PHA synthesized might be a blend of P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV). Sodium propionate appears to be the better precursor of 3HV than sodium valerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hin Lee
- Ecobiomaterial Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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