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Meng T, Liu C, Chen Y, Yu M, He J, Tan B, Fu X, He J, Xiao D. Dietary Chito-oligosaccharide attenuates LPS-challenged intestinal inflammation via regulating mitochondrial apoptotic and MAPK signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111153. [PMID: 37979451 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory effects of Chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and MAPK signaling pathways. A total of 40 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly allotted to 4 equal groups [including the control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, COS group, and COS*LPS group]. On the morning of d 14 and 21, piglets were injected with saline or LPS. At 2 h post-injection, whole blood samples were collected on d 14 and 21, and small intestine and liver samples were collected and analyzed on d 21. The results showed that COS inhibited the LPS-induced increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and hepatic TNF-α cytokines. COS significantly increased the serum total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) value on d 14, and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities in both serum and liver on d 21. Furthermore, it increased hepatic catalase (CAT) activity. COS also increased the LPS-induced decrease in serum IgG concentrations. Immunohistochemical analysis results showed that COS significantly increased the jejunal and ileal Caspase 3, and ileal CD4+ values challenged by LPS. Dietary COS decreased the LPS-induced jejunal and ileal BAX and CCL2 mRNA levels, markedly decreased ileal COX2 and SOD1 mRNA levels, while increasing ileal iNOS. Furthermore, COS significantly increased the LPS-induced jejunal and ileal p-P38 and MyD88, as well as jejunal P38, while it effectively suppressed jejunal JNK1, and jejunal and ileal JNK2, p-JNK1, and p-JNK2 protein expressions. These results demonstrated that COS could be beneficial by attenuating LPS-challenged intestinal inflammation via regulating mitochondrial apoptotic and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Chunming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yulian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Manrong Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jianfu He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Bihui Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaoqin Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Liu P, Li H, Xu H, Gong J, Jiang M, Qian J, Xu Z, Shi J. Chitooligosaccharides Attenuated Hepatic Encephalopathy in Mice through Stabilizing Gut-Liver-Brain Disturbance. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200158. [PMID: 36281912 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) refers to neurological dysfunction associated with hepatic inadequacy and gut dysbiosis. Chitooligosaccharides (COS) possesses prominent biological activities including incalculable hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and prebiotic effects. This study evaluates the protective effects of COS on HE from the influence of gut-liver-brain axis in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Hepatic injured mice show minimal symptoms of HE, reflecting in cognitive impairment, and learning and memory retardation, while they are reversed by COS following orally administrated. Furthermore, COS ameliorates brain function through inhibiting microglial and astrocyte activation in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, promoting neuronal regeneration characterized by the increase of neuron-specific marker (neuronal nuclear antigen, NeuN). Concurrently, neuroinflammation and hepatitis are restrained by COS through descending toll-like receptors 4/Nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway. Additionally, the dysbiosis of the composition and structure of gut microbiota is displayed in mice with HE, while it is modified by COS through decreasing the relative abundances of Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, and Enterorhabdus. The enhancement of blood ammonia is crucially slipped to basal levels by COS. CONCLUSION The present study shows that COS could prevent the pathological process of HE through regulating the gut-liver-brain cross-talk, which provids new insight into fundamental roles of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hongyu Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinsong Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianying Qian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Lu Y, Qi H. Evaluate the Protective Effect of Antioxidants on Retinal Pigment Cell Hazard Induced by Blue Light: A Mini-Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2098317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Hang Qi
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
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Zhang X, Liang S, Gao X, Huang H, Lao F, Dai X. Protective Effect of Chitosan Oligosaccharide against Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Oxidative Damage and Cell Apoptosis via Activating Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1708-1720. [PMID: 34622385 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), hydrolyzed and deacetylated from chitosan, has been reported to possess varieties of biological activities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss, where oxidative stress was reported to be an overwhelming cause of the occurrence of AD. We have previously reported that COS could significantly decrease cell death, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation, though the potential mechanism was yet to be determined. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of COS against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Our results indicated that COS could dose-dependently scavenge H2O2 in the cell-free systems. Accordingly, COS markedly decreased H2O2-induced cell apoptosis and intracellular ROS generation, while increased antioxidant capacity in SH-SY5Y cells. Further, COS significantly reduced the expression of Bax and upregulated Bcl-2. The mRNA and protein expression levels of nuclear Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) were significantly increased upon COS treatment. Moreover, Nrf2-siRNA evidently reversed the promotive effect of COS on expression levels of HO-1 and NQO1, and ARE-driven transcriptional activity as determined by double-luciferase reporter gene assay. Besides, COS reversed H2O2-mediated increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. In conclusion, our findings indicate that COS could protect SH-SY5Y cells from oxidative damage and apoptosis via regulating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, which may provide new applications for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaohan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hanchang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fengxue Lao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xueling Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Suppress Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Activation and Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218326. [PMID: 33171990 PMCID: PMC7664198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the therapeutic potential and mechanism of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) for experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in mice. EAU was induced in C57/BL6 mice by injection of human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) peptides. At the same time, a high or low dose (20 or 10 mg/kg) of COS or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was given to mice daily after EAU induction. We found that mouse EAU is ameliorated by the high-dose COS treatment when compared with PBS treatment. In the retinas of high-dose COS-treated mice, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit (p65) was suppressed, and the expression of several key EAU inflammatory mediators, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and MCP-1 was lowered. These results suggest that COS may be a potential treatment for posterior uveitis.
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Paiva IHR, Duarte-Silva E, Peixoto CA. The role of prebiotics in cognition, anxiety, and depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 34:1-18. [PMID: 32241688 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of the gut microbial composition, defined as dysbiosis, has been associated with many neurological disorders with inflammatory components. The alteration of the gut microbiota leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines that are associated with metabolic diseases (such as obesity and type 2 diabetes), autoimmune arthritis, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible carbohydrates and promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus, exert beneficial effects on improving dysbiosis and its associated inflammatory state. Preclinical and clinical data indicated that some prebiotics also have positive impacts on the central nervous system (CNS) due to the modulation of neuroinflammation and thus may have a key role in the modulation of cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression. The present manuscript reviews the state-of-art of the effects of prebiotics in cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depressive disorders. Data from clinical studies are still scarce, and further clinical trials are needed to corroborate the potential therapeutic cognitive, antidepressant, and anxiolytic of prebiotics. Prebiotics may provide patients suffering from cognitive deficits, depression, and anxiety with a new tool to minimize disease symptoms and increase the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Henrique R Paiva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil
| | - Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE)/Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS): An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:827-843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lin CW, Huang HH, Yang CM, Yang CH. Protective effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on blue light light-emitting diode induced retinal pigment epithelial cell damage. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Phil L, Naveed M, Mohammad IS, Bo L, Bin D. Chitooligosaccharide: An evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties with the proposition for determination of thermal degradation products. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:438-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Ouyang QQ, Zhao S, Li SD, Song C. Application of Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharide, and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E322. [PMID: 29112116 PMCID: PMC5706020 DOI: 10.3390/md15110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic hypotheses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include cholinergic neuron death, acetylcholine (ACh) deficiency, metal ion dynamic equilibrium disorder, and deposition of amyloid and tau. Increased evidence suggests neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may cause AD. However, none of these factors induces AD independently, but they are all associated with the formation of Aβ and tau proteins. Current clinical treatments based on ACh deficiency can only temporarily relieve symptoms, accompanied with many side-effects. Hence, searching for natural neuroprotective agents, which can significantly improve the major symptoms and reverse disease progress, have received great attention. Currently, several bioactive marine products have shown neuroprotective activities, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects with low toxicity and mild side effects in laboratory studies. Recently, chitosan (CTS), chitooligosaccharide (COS) and their derivatives from exoskeletons of crustaceans and cell walls of fungi have shown neuroprotective and antioxidative effects, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, anti-HIV and anti-inflammatory properties. With regards to the hypotheses of AD, the neuroprotective effect of CTS, COS, and their derivatives on AD-like changes in several models have been reported. CTS and COS exert beneficial effects on cognitive impairments via inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. They are also a new type of non-toxic β-secretase and AChE inhibitor. As neuroprotective agents, they could reduce the cell membrane damage caused by copper ions and decrease the content of reactive oxygen species. This review will focus on their anti-neuroinflammation, antioxidants and their inhibition of β-amyloid, acetylcholinesterase and copper ions adsorption. Finally, the limitations and future work will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Ouyang
- College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Shannon Zhao
- American Studies and Ethnicity, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Si-Dong Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Mattotti M, Alvarez Z, Delgado L, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Aparicio C, Planell JA, Alcántara S, Engel E. Differential neuronal and glial behavior on flat and micro patterned chitosan films. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:569-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Xie C, Wu X, Long C, Wang Q, Fan Z, Li S, Yin Y. Chitosan oligosaccharide affects antioxidant defense capacity and placental amino acids transport of sows. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:243. [PMID: 27806719 PMCID: PMC5094001 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is widely consumed as a functional food due to its multiple health effects, but few studies about COS supplement on placental antioxidant and nutrition transport capacity were reported. Taken pregnant sow as a model, we aimed to investigate the effects of dietary COS supplementation during late gestation on placental amino acids transport and antioxidant defense capacity of sows. From day (d) 85 of gestation to parturition, sixteen pregnant sows were divided into a control group (basal diet without COS supplementation) and a COS group (30 mg COS/kg basal diet). Plasma sample of sow was collected on d 110 of gestation, and placenta tissue was obtained during parturition. Then plasma antioxidant enzyme's activities, the relative level of oxidant stress related genes, amino acids transport related genes and mTOR pathway molecules in placenta were determined. RESULTS Results showed that maternal dietary supplementation with COS increased (P < 0.05) plasma total SOD, caused a downtrend in plasma MDA (0.05 < P < 0.10) on d 110 of gestation. Interestingly, the mRNA expression of some antioxidant genes in the placenta were increased (P < 0.05) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced (P < 0.05) by COS supplement, whereas no significant difference was observed in the activities of placental total SOD and CAT between two groups. Additionally, further study demonstrated that COS feeding stimulated mTOR signaling pathway, increased amino acids transporters expression in placenta. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggested that COS supplement in sow's diet during late gestation enhanced antioxidant defense capacity of sows, promoted placental amino acids transport, which may contribute to the health of sows and development of fetus during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Cimin Long
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Siming Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
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Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V. Chitosan oligosaccharide: Biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:80-97. [PMID: 27773783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of β-(1➔4)-linked d-glucosamine. COS can be prepared from the deacetylation and hydrolysis of chitin, which is commonly found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and insects and the cell walls of fungi. COS is water soluble, non-cytotoxic, readily absorbed through the intestine and mainly excreted in the urine. Of particular importance, COS and its derivatives have been demonstrated to possess several biological activities including anti-inflammation, immunostimulation, anti-tumor, anti-obesity, anti-hypertension, anti-Alzheimer's disease, tissue regeneration promotion, drug and DNA delivery enhancement, anti-microbial, anti-oxidation and calcium-absorption enhancement. The mechanisms of actions of COS have been found to involve the modulation of several important pathways including the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This review summarizes the current knowledge of the preparation methods, pharmacokinetic profiles, biological activities, potential therapeutic applications and safety profiles of COS and its derivatives. In addition, future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Muanprasat
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Wang X, Miao J, Yan C, Ge R, Liang T, Liu E, Li Q. Chitosan attenuates dibutyltin-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through inhibition of the mitochondria-dependent pathway. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:996-1005. [PMID: 27474647 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyltin (DBT) which was widely used as biocide and plastic stabilizer has been described as a potent neurotoxicant. Chitosan (CS), a natural nontoxic biopolymer, possesses a variety of biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, free radical scavenging and neuroprotective activities. The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effects of CS against DBT-induced apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with CS significantly increased the cell viability and decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release induced by DBT in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, DBT-induced cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption, and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were attenuated by CS. Real-time PCR assay showed that DBT markedly enhanced the mRNA levels of Bax, Bad, cytochrome-c and Apaf-1, reduced the Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA levels, while these genes expression alteration could be partially reversed by CS treatment. Furthermore, CS also inhibited the DBT-inducted activation of caspase-9, and -3 at mRNA and protein expression levels. Taken together, these results suggested that CS could protect the PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by DBT through inhibition of the mitochondria-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Nan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Junqiu Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Nan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Nan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Rui Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Nan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Taigang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Nan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Enli Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Nan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Qingshan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Nan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China.
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Han FS, Yang SJ, Lin MB, Chen YQ, Yang P, Xu JM. Chitooligosaccharides promote radiosensitivity in colon cancer line SW480. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5193-5200. [PMID: 27298562 PMCID: PMC4893466 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the anti-proliferation and radiosensitization effect of chitooligosaccharides (COS) on human colon cancer cell line SW480.
METHODS: SW480 cells were treated with 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg/mL of COS for 48 h. CCK-8 assay was employed to obtain the cell survival ratio of SW480 cells, and the anti-proliferation curve was observed with the inhibition ratio of COS on SW480 cells. The RAY + COS group was treated with 1.0 mg/mL of COS for 48 h, while both the RAY and RAY+COS groups were exposed to X-ray at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy, respectively. Clonogenic assay was used to analyze cell viability in the two groups at 10 d after treatment, and a cell survival curve was used to analyze the sensitization ratio of COS. The RAY group was exposed to X-ray at 6 Gy, while the RAY+COS group was treated with 1.0 mg/mL of COS for 48 h in advance and exposed to X-ray at 6 Gy. Flow cytometry was employed to detect cell cycle and apoptosis rate in the non-treatment group, as well as in the RAY and RAY + COS groups after 24 h of treatment.
RESULTS: COS inhibited the proliferation of SW480 cells, and the inhibition rate positively correlated with the concentration of COS (P < 0.01). Cell viability decreased as radiation dose increased in the RAY and RAY+COS groups (P < 0.01). Cell viabilities in the RAY+COS group were lower than in the RAY group at all doses of X-ray exposure (P < 0.01), and the sensitization ratio of COS on SW480 cells was 1.39. Compared with the non-treatment group, there was a significant increase in apoptosis rate in both the RAY and RAY + COS groups; while the apoptosis rate in the RAY+COS group was significantly higher than in the RAY group (P < 0.01). In comparing these three groups, the percentage of G2/M phase in both the RAY and RAY + COS groups significantly increased, and the percentage of the S phase and G0/G1 phase was downregulated. Furthermore, the percentage in the G2/M phase was higher, and the percentage in the S phase and G0/G1 phase was lower in the RAY + COS group vs RAY group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: COS can inhibit the proliferation of SW480 cells and enhance the radiosensitization of SW480 cells, inducing apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest.
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Makani V, Jang YG, Christopher K, Judy W, Eckstein J, Hensley K, Chiaia N, Kim DS, Park J. BBB-Permeable, Neuroprotective, and Neurotrophic Polysaccharide, Midi-GAGR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149715. [PMID: 26939023 PMCID: PMC4777489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An enormous amount of efforts have been poured to find an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among those, neurotrophic peptides that regenerate neuronal structures and increase neuron survival show a promise in slowing neurodegeneration. However, the short plasma half-life and poor blood-brain-barrier (BBB)-permeability of neurotrophic peptides limit their in vivo efficacy. Thus, an alternative neurotrophic agent that has longer plasma half-life and better BBB-permeability has been sought for. Based on the recent findings of neuroprotective polysaccharides, we searched for a BBB-permeable neuroprotective polysaccharide among natural polysaccharides that are approved for human use. Then, we discovered midi-GAGR, a BBB-permeable, long plasma half-life, strong neuroprotective and neurotrophic polysaccharide. Midi-GAGR is a 4.7kD cleavage product of low acyl gellan gum that is approved by FDA for human use. Midi-GAGR protected rodent cortical neurons not only from the pathological concentrations of co-/post-treated free reactive radicals and Aβ42 peptide but also from activated microglial cells. Moreover, midi-GAGR showed a good neurotrophic effect; it enhanced neurite outgrowth and increased phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein (pCREB) in the nuclei of primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, intra-nasally administered midi-GAGR penetrated the BBB and exerted its neurotrophic effect inside the brain for 24 h after one-time administration. Midi-GAGR appears to activate fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and its downstream neurotrophic signaling pathway for neuroprotection and CREB activation. Additionally, 14-day intranasal administration of midi-GAGR not only increased neuronal activity markers but also decreased hyperphosphorylated tau, a precursor of neurofibrillary tangle, in the brains of the AD mouse model, 3xTg-AD. Taken together, midi-GAGR with good BBB-permeability, long plasma half-life, and strong neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects has a great therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishruti Makani
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yong-gil Jang
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kevin Christopher
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wesley Judy
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jacob Eckstein
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chiaia
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dong-Shik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joshua Park
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jia S, Lu Z, Gao Z, An J, Wu X, Li X, Dai X, Zheng Q, Sun Y. Chitosan oligosaccharides alleviate cognitive deficits in an amyloid-β1-42-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 83:416-25. [PMID: 26601759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of the present study was two-fold: (i) to evaluate the modulating effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on cognitive deficits and (ii) to explore their underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests were used to determine the neuroprotective effects of COS on Aβ1-42-induced learning and memory impairments. Biochemical methods were then used to assess COS antioxidant activity in hippocampus, including effects on apoptosis (TUNEL assay) and changes in inflammatory mediators (immunohistochemistry). RESULTS Orally administered COS at 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg doses were effective at reducing the learning and memory deficits in Aβ1-42-induced rats. These same doses were also able to ameliorate neuronal apoptosis. The neuroprotective effects of COS were closely associated with its ability to inhibit oxidative stress. This was shown with decreasing levels of malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and increasing levels of glutathione peroxidase and super oxide dismutase activities. COS were also shown to suppress the inflammatory response and decrease measures of inflammation via a decrease in the release of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest that COS have beneficial effects on the cognitive impairments seen in an Aβ1-42-induced model of Alzheimer's disease via inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhaolan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jun An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xueling Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xueling Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Quaternized chitosan oligomers as novel elicitors inducing protection against B. cinerea in Arabidopsis. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:364-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Christopher K, Makani V, Judy W, Lee E, Chiaia N, Kim DS, Park J. Use of fluorescent ANTS to examine the BBB-permeability of polysaccharide. MethodsX 2015; 2:174-181. [PMID: 25914873 PMCID: PMC4407278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, some polysaccharides showed therapeutic potentials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases while the most important property, their permeability to the blood brain barrier (BBB) that sheathes the brain and spinal cord, is not yet determined. The determination has been delayed by the difficulty in tracking a target polysaccharide among endogenous polysaccharides in animal. We developed an easy way to examine the BBB-permeability and, possibly, tissue distribution of a target polysaccharide in animal. We tagged a polysaccharide with fluorescent 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid disodium salt (ANTS) for tracking. We also developed a simple method to separate ANTS-tagged polysaccharide from unconjugated free ANTS using 75% ethanol. After ANTS-polysaccharide was intra-nasally administered into animals, we could quantify the amounts of ANTS-polysaccharide in the brain and the serum by fluorocytometry. We could also separate free ANTS-polysaccharide from serum proteins using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 75% ethanol. Our method will help to track a polysaccharide in animal easily. ANTS-labeling is less tedious than but as powerful as radiolabeling for tracking a target polysaccharide in animal. Our simple method can separate structurally intact ANTS-polysaccharide from animal serum and tissues. This method is good for the fluorometry-based measurement of ANTS-conjugated macromolecules in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Christopher
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Vishruti Makani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Wesley Judy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Erica Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nicolas Chiaia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Dong Shik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, College of Engineering, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
| | - Joshua Park
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 419 383 4085; fax: +1 419 383 3008.
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20
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Fang IM, Yang CM, Yang CH. Chitosan oligosaccharides prevented retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury via reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Exp Eye Res 2014; 130:38-50. [PMID: 25479043 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of chitosan oligonucleotides (COS) on retinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats pretreated with PBS, low-dose COS (5 mg/kg), or high-dose COS (10 mg/kg) were subjected to retinal ischemia by increasing their intraocular pressure to 130 mm Hg for 60 min. The protective effect of COS was evaluated by determining the electroretinograms (ERGs), morphology of the retina, and survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The oxidative damage was determined by imuunohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively. The expressions of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, iNOS, ICAM-1) and apoptotic-related proteins (p53, Bax, Bcl-2) were quantified by PCR and Western blots. The detection of NF-κB p65 in the retina was performed by immunofluorescence. The protein levels of IκB and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases [MAPK; viz. extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38] and the NF-κB/DNA binding ability were assessed by Western blot analysis and EMSA. We found that pretreatment with COS, especially a high dosage, effectively ameliorated the I/R-induced reduction of the b-wave ratio in ERGs and the retinal thickness and the survival of RGCs at 24 h. COS decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators, p53 and Bax, increasing Bcl-2 expression and thereby reducing retinal oxidative damage and the number of apoptotic cells. More importantly, COS attenuated IκB degradation and p65 presence in the retina, thus decreasing NF-κB/DNA binding activity after I/R. In addition, COS decreased the phosphorylation levels of JNK and ERK but increased the phosphorylation level of p38. Pretreatment with p38 inhibitor (SB203580) abolished the protective effect of COS on retinal oxidative damage, as indicated by increased retinal 8-OHdG stains, and significantly increased the expression of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, MCP-1, iNOS, ICAM-1) in I/R-injured rats. In conclusion, COS prevented retinal I/R injury through its inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation. These effects were achieved by blocking the activation of NF-κB, JNK, and ERK but promoting the activation of p38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Mo Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Sun C, Hu W, Zhao J, Li G, Zhang L, Liu M, Liu Y, Ding F, Yang Y, Gu X. Chitosan Degradation Products Promote Nerve Regeneration by Stimulating Schwann Cell Proliferation via miR-27a/FOXO1 Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:28-39. [PMID: 25399953 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides are biomaterials widely used for constructing scaffolds in tissue engineering. While natural polysaccharides have been shown to robustly promote tissue regeneration, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that chitooligosaccharides (COS), the intermediate products of chitosan degradation, stimulate peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. Our experiment also shows that COS stimulate the proliferation of Schwann cells (SCs) during nerve regeneration. By analyzing the transcriptome and gene regulatory network, we identified the miR-27a/FOXO1 axis as the main signaling pathway for mediating the proliferative effects of COS on SCs. COS increase the expression level of miR-27a and cause a reduction of FOXO1, which subsequently accelerates the cell cycle and stimulates SC proliferation to stimulate nerve regeneration. These findings define a basic pathway for oligosaccharides-mediated cell proliferation and reveal a novel aspect of polysaccharide biomaterials in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yahong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guicai Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Luzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Jiang M, Guo Z, Wang C, Yang Y, Liang X, Ding F. Neural activity analysis of pure chito-oligomer components separated from a mixture of chitooligosaccharides. Neurosci Lett 2014; 581:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Luo Z, Dong X, Ke Q, Duan Q, Shen L. Chitooligosaccharides inhibit ethanol-induced oxidative stress via activation of Nrf2 and reduction of MAPK phosphorylation. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2215-22. [PMID: 25189124 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are hydrolyzed products of chitosan and have been proven to exhibit various biological functions. The aims of this study were to investigate the mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effects of COS against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Human L02 normal liver cells were pretreated with COS (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml) and then hepatotoxicity was stimulated by the addition of ethanol (80 mM). Pretreatment with COS protected L02 cells from ethanol-induced cell cytotoxicity through inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation. Furthermore, ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion was inhibited by COS. The antioxidant potential of COS was correlated with the induction of antioxidant genes including HO-1, NQO1 and SOD via the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2‑related factor-2 (Nrf2). Additionally, the protective effects of COS against ethanol were blocked by Nrf2 knockdown. Moreover, signal transduction studies showed that COS was able to suppress the ethanol-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK. In conclusion, the COS-mediated activation of Nrf2 and reduction of MAPK phosphorylation may be important for its hepatoprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Luo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Ke
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qiwen Duan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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The Beneficial Effect of Chitooligosaccharides on Cell Behavior and Function of Primary Schwann Cells is Accompanied by Up-Regulation of Adhesion Proteins and Neurotrophins. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2047-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chitosan oligosaccharides attenuate ocular inflammation in rats with experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:827847. [PMID: 25147441 PMCID: PMC4131455 DOI: 10.1155/2014/827847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU) in rats. EAAU was induced in Lewis rats by footpad and intraperitoneal injections of melanin-associated antigen. The rats received intraperitoneal injections of low-dose (5 mg/kg) or high-dose (10 mg/kg) COS or PBS daily after the immunization. The effects of COS were evaluated by determining the clinical scores and the morphology of the iris/ciliary body (ICB). The expression of inflammatory mediators was evaluated using western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. Treatment with COS significantly attenuated the clinical scores and the leukocyte infiltration in the ICB in a dose-dependent manner. COS effectively reduced the expression of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, iNOS, MCP-1, RANTES, fractalkine, and ICAM-1). Moreover, COS decreased the IκB degradation and p65 presence in the ICB, which resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB/DNA binding activity. In an in vitro study, sensitized spleen-derived lymphocytes of the COS-treated group showed less chemotaxis toward their aqueous humor and decreased secretion of the above inflammatory mediators in the culture media. COS treated EAAU by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and reducing the expression of inflammatory mediators. COS might be a potential treatment for acute anterior uveitis.
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Ansari N, Khodagholi F. Natural products as promising drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: molecular mechanism aspect. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:414-29. [PMID: 24381531 PMCID: PMC3744904 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder to date, with no curative or preventive therapy. Histopathological hallmarks of AD include deposition of β-amyloid plaques and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Extent studies on pathology of the disease have made important discoveries regarding mechanism of disease and potential therapeutic targets. Many cellular changes including oxidative stress, disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis, inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins can lead to programmed cell death in AD. Despite intensive research, only five approved drugs are available for the management of AD. Hence, there is a need to look at alternative therapies. Use of natural products and culinary herbs in medicine has gained popularity in recent years. Several natural substances with neuroprotective effects have been widely studied. Most of these compounds have remarkable antioxidant properties and act mainly by scavenging free radical species. Some of them increase cell survival and improve cognition by directly affecting amyloidogenesis and programmed cell death pathways. Further studies on these natural products and their mechanism of action, parallel with the use of novel pharmaceutical drug design and delivery techniques, enable us to offer an addition to conventional medicine. This review discussed some natural products with potential neuroprotective properties against Aβ with respect to their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Ansari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fang IM, Yang CH, Yang CM, Chen MS. Chitosan oligosaccharides attenuates oxidative-stress related retinal degeneration in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77323. [PMID: 24155943 PMCID: PMC3796472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) for oxidative stress-induced retinal diseases. Retinal oxidative damage was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by intravitreal injection of paraquat (PQ). Low-dose (5 mg/kg) or high-dose (10 mg/kg) COS or PBS was intragastrically given for 14 days after PQ injection. Electroretinograms were performed to determine the functionality of the retinas. The surviving neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer and retinal apoptosis were determined by counting Neu N-positive cells in whole-mounted retinas and TUNEL staining, respectively. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by lucigenin- and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. Retinal oxidative damages were assessed by staining with nitrotyrosine, acrolein, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Immunohistochemical studies were used to demonstrate the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in retinas. An in vitro study using RGC-5 cells was performed to verify the results. We demonstrated COS significantly enhanced the recovery of retinal function, preserved inner retinal thickness, and decreased retinal neurons loss in a dose-dependent manner. COS administration demonstrated anti-oxidative effects by reducing luminol- and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminenscense levels and activating superoxide dismutase and catalase, leading to decreased retinal apoptosis. COS markedly reduced retinal NF-κB p65. An in vitro study demonstrated COS increased IκB expression, attenuated the increase of p65 and thus decreased NF-κB/DNA binding activity in PQ-stimulated RGC-5 cells. In conclusion, COS attenuates oxidative stress-induced retinal damages, probably by decreasing free radicals, maintaining the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes, and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Mo Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Shy Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu SH, Huang YW, Wu CT, Chiu CY, Chiang MT. Low molecular weight chitosan accelerates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in human intestinal endocrine cells via a p38-dependent pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4855-4861. [PMID: 23611362 DOI: 10.1021/jf305410k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is widely employed as a dietary supplement. Several studies have shown that chitosan possesses an antidiabetic effect. An important intestinal incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), is also known to contribute to the amelioration of diabetes. This study investigated whether chitosan possesses an ability in GLP-1 synthesis and secretion in human intestinal cells. Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) significantly increases GLP-1 secretion in human intestinal endocrine cells (NCI-H716) in a dose-dependent manner. LMWC could also dose-dependently increase the mRNA expression of proglucagon, a GLP-1 precursor, but did not affect prohormone convertase 3 (PC 3) mRNA expression. LMWC effectively increased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), but not extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK). An inhibitor of p38, but not JNK and ERK, significantly reversed the LMWC-increased proglucagon expression. Taken together, LMWC accelerates proglucagon expression and GLP-1 secretion through a p38/MAPK-dependent signaling pathway. These findings suggest that LMWC may provide a strategy for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mechanical stretch changes coronary artery fibroblasts function by upregulating HSF1 protein expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 59:105-10. [PMID: 23541557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The study is designed to investigate effect of mechanical stretch on the function of fibroblast cells. Human coronary artery fibroblasts were cultured. They were divided into two groups: stretch group (stretch for 24h) and no-stretch group (did not stretch). ELISA analysis was used for detection of collagen secretion. CCK-8 method was used for detection of cells proliferation. RT-PCR method was used for detection of MMP, TIMP, IL-6, alpha-SMA, HSF1 and HSP70 mRNA expression. Western-blotting method was used for detection of HSF1 protein expression. Results showed that cells proliferation in stretch group was stronger than that in no-stretch group. Hydroxyproline secretion in stretch group was more than that in no-stretch group. MMP-9/TIMP, alpha-SMA, IL-6, HSF1 and HSP70 in stretch group was higher than those in no-stretch group. Western-blotting analysis showed that HSF1 protein expression was upregulated in stretch group. It can be concluded that mechanical stretch changed human coronary artery fibroblasts cells proliferation, collagen formation, the secretion of inflammatory factor possibly by upregulating HSF1 protein expression.
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Ashabi G, Alamdary SZ, Ramin M, Khodagholi F. Reduction of Hippocampal Apoptosis by Intracerebroventricular Administration of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase and/or p38 Inhibitors in Amyloid Beta Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Involvement of Nuclear-Related Factor-2 and Nuclear Facto. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 112:145-55. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | | | - Mahmoudreza Ramin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
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