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Zhang J, Chen X, Han L, Ma B, Tian M, Bai C, Zhang Y. Research Progress in Traditional Applications, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Safety Evaluation of Cynomorium songaricum. Molecules 2024; 29:941. [PMID: 38474452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CSR) belongs to the family Cynomoriaceae. It is a perennial succulent parasitic herb with a reddish-brown coloration, predominantly submerged in sand and lacking chlorophyll. Traditionally, it has been used in ethnic medicine to treat various diseases, such as gastric ulcers, indigestion, bowel movements, and improving sexual function. To comprehensively collect CSR data, extensive literature searches were conducted using medical, ecological, and scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). This article summarizes and categorizes research on the uses, phytochemical characteristics, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of ethnic medicine, with the aim of establishing a solid foundation and proposing new avenues for exploring and developing potential applications of CSR. So far, a total of 98 compounds have been isolated and identified from CSR, including flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, and other compounds. It is worth noting that flavonoids and polysaccharides have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, these compounds also show good application prospects in anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, anti-diabetes, and other aspects. Although extensive progress has been made in the basic research of CSR, further research is still needed to enhance the understanding of its mechanism of action and explore more unknown compounds. Our review indicates that CSR has broad prospects and deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xingyi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Biao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Mengting Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Changcai Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
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Zheng Y, Sun X, Miao Y, Qin S, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Huang L. A systematic study on the chemical diversity and efficacy of the inflorescence and succulent stem of Cynomorium songaricum. Food Funct 2021; 12:7501-7513. [PMID: 34223597 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum is a medicinal, edible, and endangered plant species. Since inflorescences are not considered medicinal parts, their discard causes a waste of resources. To expand the medicinal uses of C. songaricum, we evaluated their chemistry and pharmacology by applying widely targeted metabolomics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking. Widely targeted metabolomics results indicated chemical diversity in C. songaricum with 599 compounds. Among them, 280 compounds were different between the succulent stem and inflorescence. With 218 upregulated compounds, inflorescence has more abundant compounds than the succulent stem, especially pigment compounds such as flavonols, flavones, and flavanones. Moreover, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin were unique compounds in the inflorescence and succulent stem, respectively. Sixty-five compounds in inflorescence and 18 compounds in succulent stems were found to be associated with atherosclerosis in the network pharmacology analysis. Tests revealed that inflorescence had a stronger anti-atherosclerotic effect than succulent stems. Molecular docking analysis revealed that 30 compounds (29 pigment compounds) in inflorescence and 6 compounds (4 pigment compounds) in succulent stem showed strong binding affinities with three target proteins, namely ALB, MPO, and NOS2, especially amentoflavone, quercetin 7-O-rutinoside, and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (cynaroside). Results demonstrated that the inflorescence is rich in pigment compounds and has a potential anti-atherosclerosis effect. This study provides novel methods and ideas for the sustainable development of endangered medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Cui JL, Gong Y, Xue XZ, Zhang YY, Wang ML, Wang JH. A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review on Cynomorium songaricum as Functional and Medicinal Food. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CSR) has a long history of being widely used as a functional food and medicine by different ethnic groups worldwide; CSR is used to treat impotence and premature ejaculation and traditionally used as natural source of tonic food. Numerous bioactive compounds linked with human health were recently identified. In this work, all available information on CSR were retrieved from NCBI PubMed and CNKI database, and the recent findings about the compositions and functions of CSR were summarized. At least 76 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, organic acids, saccharides, glycosides, and phloroglucinol adducts, were isolated and identified in CSR. These compounds render CSR with pharmacological functions, such as anti-aging, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, and anti-HIV activities, and the effects of CSR on immune system, nervous system, reproductive system, and other bioactivities were well reviewed; results serve as valuable data for further research and for development of human health-related products. However, studies on CSR were far from perfect, and further research is warranted. This paper highlights the components and pharmacological functions of CSR, with the aim to provide a comprehensive review and useful data for future studies and for the development of relevant food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Cui
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiao-Zan Xue
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Meng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jun-Hong Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Evaluation and Application of a Novel Quantitative Antioxidant Activity Assay Based on Cellular Metabolomics. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zucca P, Argiolas A, Nieddu M, Pintus M, Rosa A, Sanna F, Sollai F, Steri D, Rescigno A. Biological Activities and Nutraceutical Potentials of Water Extracts from Different Parts of Cynomorium coccineum L. (Maltese Mushroom). POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pjfns-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wang G, Huang X, Pei D, Duan W, Quan K, Li X, Di D. DPPH-HPLC-DAD analysis combined HSCCC for screening and identification of radical scavengers in Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A speedy, efficient and reproductive technique to systematically isolate antioxidant compounds from complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Dong Pei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Wenda Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Kaijun Quan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Duolong Di
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
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Tuvaanjav S, Shuqin H, Komata M, Ma C, Kanamoto T, Nakashima H, Yoshida T. Isolation and antiviral activity of water-soluble Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2016; 18:159-71. [PMID: 26838028 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1082547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant, Cynomorium songaricum Rupr., is used as a traditional medicine in China and Mongolia. In the present study, two new water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from C. songaricum Rupr. were purified by successive Sephadex G-75 and G-50 column chromatographies and then characterized by high resolution NMR and IR spectroscopies. The molecular weights of two polysaccharides were determined by an aqueous GPC to be [Formula: see text] = 3.7 × 10(4) and 1.0 × 10(4), respectively. In addition, it was found that the polysaccharide with the larger molecular weight was an acidic polysaccharide. It was found that the iodine-starch reaction of both isolated polysaccharides was negative and the methylation analysis gave 2, 4, 6-tri-O-methyl alditol acetate as a main product. NMR and IR measurements and sugar analysis revealed that both polysaccharides had a (1 → 3)-α-d-glucopyranosidic main chain with a small number of branches. After sulfation, the sulfated C. songaricum Rupr. polysaccharides were found to have a potent inhibitory effect on HIV infection of MT-4 cells at a 50% effective concentration of 0.3-0.4 μg/ml, a concentration that has almost the same high activity as standard dextran and curdlan sulfates, EC50 = 0.35 and 0.14 μg/ml, respectively. The 50% cytotoxic concentration was low, CC50>1000 μg/ml. In addition, the interaction between the sulfated polysaccharides and poly-l-lysine as a model protein compound was investigated by a surface plasmon resonance to reveal the anti-HIV mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvdmaa Tuvaanjav
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Han Shuqin
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Masashi Komata
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Chunjie Ma
- b School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University , Hohhot 010110 , China
| | - Taisei Kanamoto
- c St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Miyamae-ku 216-8511 , Japan
| | - Hideki Nakashima
- c St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Miyamae-ku 216-8511 , Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
- d Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Materials Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology , Muroran 050-8585 , Hokkaido , Japan
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Characterization of a novel purified polysaccharide from the flesh of Cipangopaludina chinensis. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:875-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Jiao R, Liu Y, Gao H, Xiao J, So KF. The Anti-Oxidant and Antitumor Properties of Plant Polysaccharides. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:463-488. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been increasingly recognized as a major contributing factor in a variety of human diseases, from inflammation to cancer. Although certain parts of signaling pathways are still under investigation, detailed molecular mechanisms for the induction of diseases have been elucidated, especially the link between excessive oxygen reactive species (ROS) damage and tumorigenesis. Emerging evidence suggests anti-oxidant therapy can play a key role in treating those diseases. Among potential drug resources, plant polysaccharides are natural anti-oxidant constituents important for human health because of their long history in ethnopharmacology, wide availability and few side effects upon consumption. Plant polysaccharides have been shown to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, cell viability promotion, immune-regulation and antitumor functions in a number of disease models, both in laboratory studies and in the clinic. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of signaling pathways involved in the initiation and progression of oxidative stress- and cancer-related diseases in humans. The natural sources, structural properties and biological actions of several common plant polysaccharides, including Lycium barbarum, Ginseng, Zizyphus Jujuba, Astragalus lentiginosus, and Ginkgo biloba are discussed in detail, with emphasis on their signaling pathways. All of the mentioned common plant polysaccharides have great potential to treat oxidative stress and cancinogenic disorders in cell models, animal disease models and clinical cases. ROS-centered pathways (e.g. mitochondrial autophagy, MAPK and JNK) and transcription factor-related pathways (e.g. NF-[Formula: see text]B and HIF) are frequently utilized by these polysaccharides with or without the further involvement of inflammatory and death receptor pathways. Some of the polysaccharides may also influence tumorigenic pathways, such as Wnt and p53 to play their anti-tumor roles. In addition, current problems and future directions for the application of those plant polysaccharides are also listed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Fai So
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- GMH Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang F, Wang W, Huang Y, Liu Z, Zhang J. Characterization of a novel polysaccharide purified from a herb of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Meng HC, Wang S, Li Y, Kuang YY, Ma CM. Chemical constituents and pharmacologic actions of Cynomorium plants. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:321-9. [PMID: 23845540 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The stem of Cynomorium songaricum is a traditional Chinese medicine reputed to have tonic effects. C. coccineum growing in northern Africa and the Mediterranean region is regarded in Arabian medical practice as the "treasure of drugs". The major constituents of Cynomorium plants have been revealed to be phenolic compounds, steroids, triterpenes, etc. Pharmacologic studies showed that the Cynomorium plants had antioxidant, immunity-improving, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, and other bioactivities. Some chemical constituents in Cynomorium plants are unstable, implying that the chemical components of the herbal medicines produced under different conditions may be variable. This review covers the literature published until December, 2011 and describes the pharmacologic effects and secondary metabolites of Cynomorium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Cong Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
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Cui Z, Guo Z, Miao J, Wang Z, Li Q, Chai X, Li M. The genus Cynomorium in China: an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:1-15. [PMID: 23369691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Species of the genus Cynomorium (Cynomoriaceae), including C. songaricum Rupr. and C. coccineum L., have a long history of use in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as impotence, premature ejaculation, kidney-yang deficiency, spermatorrhea, colic, and stomach ulcers. In addition, these species are used in health foods, tea, and cosmetics. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research, and toxicology of C. songaricum and C. coccineum and to explore the therapeutic potential and future research opportunities of these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS All available information on C. songaricum and C. coccineum was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS The ethnomedical uses of C. songaricum and C. coccineum in Saudi Arabia, China, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and Iran for several types of ailments were recorded. A phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, phloroglucinol adducts, saccharides, phenylpropanoids, steroids, organic acids, and other compounds. The crude extracts and pure compounds from C. songaricum and C. coccineum exhibited a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity, including anti-fatigue, anti-hypoxia, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetic, immune system modulating, and antiviral activity. CONCLUSIONS Cynomorium species have emerged as a source of traditional medicine. Many studies have provided evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of these species in treating various conditions and possible mechanisms. However, further research is required for the development of new drugs and therapies for the treatment of various diseases, especially cancer and diabetes. Therefore, this review on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and toxicity of Cynomorium species will provide helpful data for further studies and commercial exploitation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhu Cui
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
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