Chemical analysis and antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharides extracted from Boletus edulis

Biological Properties of Boletus edulis Extract on Caco-2 Cells: Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Boletus edulis (BE) is a mushroom well known for its taste, nutritional value, and medicinal properties. The objective of this work was to study the biological effects of BE extracts on human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2), evaluating parameters related to oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, a hydroethanolic extract of BE was obtained by ohmic heating green technology. The obtained BE extracts are mainly composed of sugars (mainly trehalose), phenolic compounds (taxifolin, rutin, and ellagic acid), and minerals (K, P, Mg, Na, Ca, Zn, Se, etc.). The results showed that BE extracts were able to reduce cancer cell proliferation by the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 stage, as well as cell death by autophagy and apoptosis, the alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-3 activation. The extracts modified the redox balance of the cell by increasing the ROS levels associated with a decrease in the thioredoxin reductase activity. Similarly, BE extracts attenuated Caco-2 inflammation by reducing both iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression and COX-2 protein expression. In addition, BE extracts protected the intestine from the oxidative stress induced by H2O2. Therefore, this study provides information on the potential use of BE bioactive compounds as anticancer therapeutic agents and as functional ingredients to prevent oxidative stress in the intestinal barrier.

Impact of high pressure pre-treatment and hot water extraction on chemical properties of crude polysaccharide extract obtained from mushroom (Volvariella volvacea)

An examination of the process of extracting crude polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea solely through hot water treatment (HWE) at 60, 80, and 100 °C and through an approach involving high pressure processing (HPP) at 200, 400, and 600 MPa followed by HWE. The physiological properties of the polysaccharides could be explained by the structural analysis performed via FT-IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy, which revealed the extract composition of the protein-bound polysaccharides connected by β-glycosidic bonds. Under the extraction conditions investigated in this current study, the recommended extraction condition was a combination of HPP (600 MPa, 10 min) and HWE (60 °C, 2 h). This condition gave high crude polysaccharide yields (with a 2-12% increase), and β-glucan content (with a 15-20% increase) without disrupting the β-glycosidic bond, as compared to using HWE alone. High pressure extraction could be an alternative technique for reduced extraction temperatures of active compounds from mushrooms.

The Effect of Mushroom Dietary Fiber on the Gut Microbiota and Related Health Benefits: A Review

Mushroom dietary fiber is a type of bioactive macromolecule derived from the mycelia, fruiting bodies, or sclerotia of edible or medicinal fungi. The use of mushroom dietary fiber as a prebiotic has recently gained significant attention for providing health benefits to the host by promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms; therefore, mushroom dietary fiber has promising prospects for application in the functional food industry and in drug development. This review summarizes methods for the preparation and modification of mushroom dietary fiber, its degradation and metabolism in the intestine, its impact on the gut microbiota community, and the generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); this review also systematically summarizes the beneficial effects of mushroom dietary fiber on host health. Overall, this review aims to provide theoretical guidance and a fresh perspective for the prebiotic application of mushroom dietary fiber in the development of new functional foods and drugs.

Chemical profiles and health-promoting effects of porcini mushroom (Boletus edulis): A narrative review

Boletus edulis is an edible mushroom with nutritious, delicacy, and pharmacological properties. It is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and taste compounds, while low in fat and calories. Diverse bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and phytosterols, have been found in B. edulis. In addition, bioactive compounds and chemical extracts from B. edulis have been verified to possess constipation prevention, antioxidant, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. This paper provides an overview of B. edulis research in recent two decades, emphasizing the nutrition constituents, taste and flavor components, bioactive compounds, and health-promoting effects of B. edulis. Boletus edulis appeared to have health-promoting effects that may effectively prevent or treat various chronic diseases. The potential of B. edulis as a functional food and medicine needs to be further investigated and confirmed.

Preparation, structural characterisation, and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from eight boletes (Boletales) in tropical China

Polysaccharides in boletes (Boletales) are economically significant to both function food and medicinal industries. The polysaccharides were extracted from the fruit bodies of eight boletes, namely, Aureoboletus longicollis, Butyriboletus hainanensis, Crocinoboletus rufoaureus, Hemioporus japonicus, Neoboletus infuscatus, Neoboletus obscureumbrinus, Tylopilus otsuensis, Xanthoconium fusciceps, which were collected from tropical China; their physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities were characterised and evaluated, respectively. The results revealed that the polysaccharides among the eight boletes were mainly composed of glucose, mannose, and galactose, with a broad molecular weight range, and contained a pyranose ring revealed by FT-IR and NMR spectral analyses. Many factors such as different species of boletes, geographic conditions, molecular weight, configuration, and monosaccharide content may affect the antioxidant power of polysaccharides, simultaneously, instead of one single factor. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides were measured according to in vitro assays of DPPH scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging, and ferrous ion reducing tests. The polysaccharide of C. rufoaureus has greatly superior antioxidant activity and it could serve as potential functional food or medicine.

Narrative Review: Bioactive Potential of Various Mushrooms as the Treasure of Versatile Therapeutic Natural Product

Mushrooms have remained an eternal part of traditional cuisines due to their beneficial health potential and have long been recognized as a folk medicine for their broad spectrum of nutraceuticals, as well as therapeutic and prophylactic uses. Nowadays, they have been extensively investigated to explain the chemical nature and mechanisms of action of their biomedicine and nutraceuticals capacity. Mushrooms belong to the astounding dominion of Fungi and are known as a macrofungus. Significant health benefits of mushrooms, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antifungal, wound healing, anticancer, immunomodulating, antioxidant, radical scavenging, detoxification, hepatoprotective cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and anti-diabetic effects, etc., have been reported around the globe and have attracted significant interests of its further exploration in commercial sectors. They can function as functional foods, help in the treatment and therapeutic interventions of sub-optimal health states, and prevent some consequences of life-threatening diseases. Mushrooms mainly contained low and high molecular weight polysaccharides, fatty acids, lectins, and glucans responsible for their therapeutic action. Due to the large varieties of mushrooms present, it becomes challenging to identify chemical components present in them and their beneficial action. This article highlights such therapeutic activities with their active ingredients for mushrooms.

A novel acid polysaccharide from Boletus edulis: extraction, characteristics and antitumor activities in vitro

A novel cold-water-soluble polysaccharide (BEP), with a molecular weight of 6.0 × 10⁶ Da, was isolated from Boletus edulis. BEP consists of galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, glucuronic, and galacturonic acid in a ratio of 0.34:0.28:0.28:2.57:1.00:0.44. The IR results showed that BEP was an acid polysaccharide, containing α-type and β-type glucoside bonds. MTT assay showed BEP could inhibit cell proliferation significantly. Morphological observation demonstrated that BEP-treated MDA-MB-231 and Ca761 cells exhibited typical apoptotic morphological features. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that BEP caused mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining indicated that BEP induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 and Ca761 cells through cell block in S phase and G₀/G₁ phase, respectively. Western blot results showed that BEP could increase the Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, promote the release of cytochrome C, and activate the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in MDA-MB-231 and Ca761 cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that BEP could inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells and induce apoptosis through mitochondrial pathways.

Purification and characterization of a novel protein with activity against non-small-cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo from the edible mushroom Boletus edulis

A new anti-tumor protein (designated as Boletus edulis or in short BEAP) was isolated from dried fruit bodies of the edible bolete mushroom Boletus edulis. The purification protocol employed comprised fast ion exchange chromatography on a Hitrap Q column and ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-52 cellulose column. Superdex G75 gel filtration and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that BEAP was a protein with a molecular weight of 16.7 KD. The protein exhibited potent anti-cancer activity on A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo. With the use of AO/EB staining, annexin V-FITC/PI, and Western blotting, it was demonstrated in vitro that the cytotoxicity of BEAP was mediated by induction of apoptosis and arrest of A549 cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. BEAP significantly suppressed the growth of A549 solid tumors in vivo. These results prove that BEAP is a new multifunctional protein with anti-tumor and anti-metastasis capabilities.

Species and Geographical Origins Discrimination of Porcini Mushrooms Based on FT-IR Spectroscopy and Mineral Elements Combined with Sparse Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis

Misrecognition and toxic elements are two of several reasons responsible for food poisoning even death in the summer, a time when a great deal of edible mushrooms is celebrated in Southwestern China featured as complex environment conditions. It is highly important to identify the difference of chemical constituents in edible mushrooms at the regional-scale. In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were applied to investigate organic matters and 18 mineral elements in porcini mushrooms of six species collected from 17 sampling sites in nine Yunnan cities. Classification models on the species, regions, and part levels were established using sparse partial least square-discriminant analysis and principal component analysis. At the species level and region level accuracies of greater than 92.1% and 92.8% was achieved, respectively, whereas on the part level caps and stipes were classified with 96.7% accuracy. One of the most popular mushrooms is Boletus edulis characterized by polysaccharide, lipid, and ribonucleic acid as well as several phenolic compounds. Temperature and precipitation show possible influences on accumulations of polysaccharides and ribonucleic acid. Furthermore, the most important elements of caps contributed the difference between two parts are copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and phosphorus (P), whereas stipes instead by manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co). These results demonstrated that FT-IR spectroscopy and elements contents provide information sufficient for classifying different porcini mushroom samples, which might be helpful for controlling food security and quality assessment of edible mushrooms.

Feature Fusion of ICP-AES, UV-Vis and FT-MIR for Origin Traceability of Boletus edulis Mushrooms in Combination with Chemometrics

Origin traceability is an important step to control the nutritional and pharmacological quality of food products. Boletus edulis mushroom is a well-known food resource in the world. Its nutritional and medicinal properties are drastically varied depending on geographical origins. In this study, three sensor systems (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICP-AES), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR)) were applied for the origin traceability of 192 mushroom samples (caps and stipes) in combination with chemometrics. The difference between cap and stipe was clearly illustrated based on a single sensor technique, respectively. Feature variables from three instruments were used for origin traceability. Two supervised classification methods, partial least square discriminant analysis (FLS-DA) and grid search support vector machine (GS-SVM), were applied to develop mathematical models. Two steps (internal cross-validation and external prediction for unknown samples) were used to evaluate the performance of a classification model. The result is satisfactory with high accuracies ranging from 90.625% to 100%. These models also have an excellent generalization ability with the optimal parameters. Based on the combination of three sensory systems, our study provides a multi-sensory and comprehensive origin traceability of B. edulis mushrooms.

The Antioxidative, Antiaging, and Hepatoprotective Effects of Alkali-Extractable Polysaccharides by Agaricus bisporus

The aim of this work was designed to investigate the antioxidant, antiaging, and hepatoprotective effects of alkali-extractable polysaccharides (AlAPS) and their three purified fractions (AlAPS-1, AlAPS-2, and AlAPS-3) from Agaricus bisporus in D-galactose induced aging mice. For in vitro antioxidant analysis, both AlAPS and its fractions exhibited moderate reducing power, Fe²⁺-chelating activities, and potent scavenging activities on hydroxyl and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The in vivo results demonstrated that the polysaccharides, especially AlAPS-2, showed potential antiaging and hepatoprotective effects by enhancing the antioxidant status, decreasing serum hepatic enzyme activities, and improving the lipid metabolism. This study suggested that the polysaccharides extracted and purified from A. bisporus could be exploited as a potent dietary supplement to attenuate aging and prevent age-related diseases.

Inhibition of protein glycation, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Carpobrotus edulis extracts

Carpobrotus edulis is an important South African medicinal plants used as a food and therapeutic agent in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical content, antioxidant, antiglycation and cytotoxic effect against Human Colon Cancer Cell Line (HCT-116) of aqueous and ethanol-water (1:1v/v) extracts of Carpobrotus edulis.The content of total phenolics and flavonoids in aqueous and ethanol-water extract were 151.99μg and 66.35μg gallic acid equivalents/mg of dry extract, and 38.84μg and 21.96μg quercetin/mg of dry extract, respectively. Furthermore, phenolic compositions analysis indicated the presence of seven majority compounds including sinapic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin7-o-glucoside, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, ellagic acid and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside. The ethanol-water extract (100-1000μg/mL) showed better antioxidant activity than aqueous extract. Furthermore, Carpobrotus edulis extracts, especially ethanol-water extract significantly inhibited the formation of fluorescent advanced glycation end products, prevented oxidation-induced protein damage and exhibited a cytotoxic effect against HCT116 cells, with a significant decrease in cell viability after 24h of incubation. The results obtained suggest that the Carpobrotus edulis extracts could be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as potential phytochemicals against protein glycation and colon cancer.

Structure elucidation and antioxidant activity of a novel polysaccharide from Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia

A novel water-soluble polysaccharide PUP60S2, with a molecular weight of 1.44×10(4)Da, was obtained from the sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. PUP60S2 was a polysaccharide comprised of about 22.3% glucuronic acid. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that PUP60S2 was only comprised of glucose and glucuronic acid. Reduction of carboxyl groups, sugar analysis, methylation analysis, together with one and two dimension NMR spectra disclosed that the backbone of PUP60S2 consisted of (1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl, every second of which was substituted at O-3 by side chains consisting of terminal β-d-Glcp, (1→3)-β-d-Glcp, (1→3)-β-d-GlcpA, (1→4)-β-d-Glcp and (1→4)-β-d-GlcpA units. The antioxidant activity assay in vitro showed that PUP60S2 exerted a significant scavenging effect on DPPH, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical in a dose-dependent manner.

Cartilage polysaccharide induces apoptosis in K562 cells through a reactive oxygen species-mediated caspase pathway

In this study, a polysaccharide (PS) was successfully extracted from porcine cartilage and its effect on chronic myeloid leukemia was examined using human K562 cells. The results of cell proliferation assays indicated that the PS inhibited cancer cell growth at different concentrations. Morphological and biochemical changes characteristic of apoptosis were observed and confirmed by PI staining and TUNEL assay. The nuclear DNA, RNA and proteins of the cancer cells subjected to PS treatment were irreversibly destroyed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), additionally, the ROS effected on the cells directly. The apoptotic signals altered the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane, thereby resulted in the release of apoptotic factors into the cytoplasm that induced apoptosis. As caspase-3/7, 8 and 9 were expressed, it was speculated that both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways were involved in the PS-induced apoptosis.

Panax ginseng polysaccharide induces apoptosis by targeting Twist/AKR1C2/NF-1 pathway in human gastric cancer

In the present study, we isolated and screened an antitumor polysaccharide (PGP2a) from the roots of Panax ginseng. Chemical composition analysis indicated PGP2a was an acidic protein-polysaccharide. The average molecular weight was estimated to be 3.2 × 10(4)Da. According to gas chromatography (GC) result, PGP2a consisted of galactose, arabinose, glucose and galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 3.7:1.6:0.5:5.4, respectively. MTT assay showed that PGP2a had a potent inhibitory effect on the growth of HGC-27 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, the number of HGC-27 cells arrested in G2/M phase, and the percentage of apoptotic cells were increased in response to PGP2a treatment along with concentration increasing. Moreover, western blotting analysis showed that protein expressions of Twist and AKR1C2 were suppressed by PGP2a, whereas an increase of NF1 was observed at protein level. Taken together, these findings suggested that PGP2a could be developed as a novel antitumor agent acting on Twist related gene for human gastric cancer therapy.

Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo of the polysaccharides from Boletus edulis bull

A water-soluble polysaccharide (BEBP) was extracted from Boletus edulis Bull using hot water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation. The polysaccharide BEBP was further purified by chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column, giving three major polysaccharide fractions termed BEBP-1, BEBP-2 and BEBP-3. In the next experiment, the average molecular weight (Mw), IR and monosaccharide compositional analysis of the three polysaccharide fractions were determined. The evaluation of antioxidant activities both in vitro and in vivo suggested that BEBP-3 had good potential antioxidant activity, and should be explored as a novel potential antioxidant.