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Obafemi BA, Adedara IA, Rocha JBT. Neurotoxicity of ochratoxin A: Molecular mechanisms and neurotherapeutic strategies. Toxicology 2023; 497-498:153630. [PMID: 37709162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Data from epidemiological and experimental studies have evidenced that some chemical contaminants in food elicit their harmful effects by targeting the central nervous system. Ochratoxin A is a foodborne mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Research on neurotoxicity associated with ochratoxin A exposure has increased greatly in recent years. The present review accrued substantial evidence on the neurotoxicity associated with ochratoxin A exposure as well as discussed notable susceptible targets of noxious ochratoxin A at molecular, cellular and genetic levels. Specifically, the neurotoxic mechanisms associated with ochratoxin A exposure were unequivocally unraveled in vitro using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, human astrocyte (NHA-SV40LT) cells and microglia cells as well as in vivo using mammalian and non-mammalian models. Data from human biomonitoring studies on plasma ochratoxin A levels in patients with neurodegenerative diseases with some age- and sex-related responses were also highlighted. Moreover, the neurotherapeutic mechanisms of some naturally occurring bioactive compounds against ochratoxin A neurotoxicity are reviewed. Collectively, accumulated data from literature demonstrate that ochratoxin A is a neurotoxin with potential pathological involvement in neurological disorders. Cutting edge original translational research on the development of neurotherapeutics for neurotoxicity associated with foodborne toxicants including ochratoxin A is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing A Obafemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Isaac A Adedara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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2
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Ye J, Bao H, Zheng M, Liu H, Chen J, Wang S, Ma H, Zhang Y. Development of a Novel Magnetic-Bead-Based Automated Strategy for Efficient and Low-Cost Sample Preparation for Ochratoxin A Detection Using Mycotoxin–Albumin Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040270. [PMID: 37104208 PMCID: PMC10145472 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is toxic to humans and frequently contaminates wine and beer. Antibodies are essential recognition probes for the detection of OTA. However, they have several drawbacks, such as high costs and difficulty in preparation. In this study, a novel magnetic-bead-based automated strategy for efficient and low-cost OTA sample preparation was developed. Human serum albumin, which is an economical and stable receptor based on the mycotoxin–albumin interaction, was adapted and validated to replace conventional antibodies to capture OTA in the sample. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection was used in combination with this preparation method for efficient detection. The effects of different conditions on this method were investigated. The recovery of OTA samples spiked at three different concentrations ranged from 91.2% to 102.1%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.2%–8.2% in wine and beer. For red wine and beer samples, the LODs were 0.37 and 0.15 µg/L, respectively. This reliable method overcomes the drawbacks of conventional methods and offers significant application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Hui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengyao Zheng
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jinnan Chen
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Songxue Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haihua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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3
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Bencze F, Bognár B, Kálai T, Kollár L, Nagymihály Z, Kunsági-Máté S. A New Application of Spin and Fluorescence Double-Sensor Molecules. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072978. [PMID: 37049741 PMCID: PMC10096054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
EPR imaging techniques are known to be successful tools for mapping living bodies, especially because of the high transparency of tissues in the microwave range. This technique assumes the presence of radicals whose in vivo transport is also controlled by serum albumins. Accordingly, in this study, the interactions between 3-hydroxymethyl-1-oxyl-4-(pyren-1-yl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole radical and the human serum albumin molecules were investigated. To clarify the adsorption processes of this radical onto the surface of human serum albumin (HSA), the interaction of the OMe derivative of the radical was also examined parallel with the studies on the radical—HSA interactions. Considering the solubility issues and also to modulate the transport, inclusion complexes of the radical with a cavitand derivative were also studied. The latter interactions were observed through fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence polarization, and by EPR spectroscopy. As a double-sensor molecule, we found that the fluorophore nitroxide is a good candidate as it gave further information about host-guest interactions (fluorescence, fluorescence polarization, and EPR). We also found that in the presence of a cavitand, a complex with greater stability was formed between the sensor molecule and the human serum albumin. Based on these observations, we can conclude that applying this double-sensor (spin, fluorescent) molecule is useful in cases when different interactions can affect the EPR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flórián Bencze
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Honvéd Street 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bognár
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Honvéd Street 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kálai
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Honvéd Street 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Kollár
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- ELKH-PTE Research Group for Selective Syntheses, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Nagymihály
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sandor Kunsági-Máté
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Honvéd Street 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Quercetin: Its Antioxidant Mechanism, Antibacterial Properties and Potential Application in Prevention and Control of Toxipathy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196545. [PMID: 36235082 PMCID: PMC9571766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, as a flavonol compound found in plants, has a variety of biological activities. It is widely present in nature and the human diet, with powerful oxidative properties and biological activities. In this review, the antioxidant mechanism and broad-spectrum antibacterial properties of quercetin are revealed; the intervention effects of quercetin on pesticide poisoning and the pathway of action are investigated; the toxic effects of main mycotoxins on the collection and the detoxification process of quercetin are summarized; whether it is able to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins is proved; and the harmful effects of heavy metal poisoning on the collection, the prevention, and control of quercetin are evaluated. This review is expected to enrich the understanding of the properties of quercetin and promote its better application in clinical practice.
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Li Y, Tan H, Zhou H, Guo T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Ma L. Study of Competitive Displacement of Curcumin on α-zearalenol Binding to Human Serum Albumin Complex Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090604. [PMID: 36136542 PMCID: PMC9501389 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) is a mycotoxin with a strong estrogen effect that affects the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones and is transported to target organs through human serum albumin (HSA). Additionally, it has been reported that curcumin can also bind to HSA with high affinity at the same binding site as α-ZOL. Additionally, several studies reported that reducing the bound fraction of α-ZOL contributes to speeding up the elimination rate of α-ZOL to reduce its hazard to organs. Therefore, to explore the influence of a nutrition intervention with curcumin on α-ZOL effects, the competitive displacement of α-ZOL from HSA by curcumin was investigated using spectroscopic techniques, ultrafiltration techniques and HPLC methods. Results show that curcumin and α-ZOL share the same binding site (subdomain IIA) on HSA, and curcumin binds to HSA with a binding constant of 1.12 × 105 M−1, which is higher than that of α-ZOL (3.98 × 104 M−1). Ultrafiltration studies demonstrated that curcumin could displace α-ZOL from HSA to reduce α-ZOL’s binding fraction. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that curcumin could reduce the hydrophobicity of the microenvironment of an HSA–α-ZOL complex. This study is of great significance for applying curcumin and other highly active foodborne components to interfere with the toxicokinetics of α-ZOL and reduce its risk of its exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongxia Tan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhu Liu
- Foshan Micro Miracles Biotechnology Company, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-1310-1282-977
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Fan T, Xie Y, Sun S. Interference of anthocyanin extracted from black soybean coats on aflatoxin B 1-human serum albumin in the binding process. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1571-1582. [PMID: 34266377 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1930198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and its main gastrointestinal metabolites (PCA and PGA) on the binding of AFB1 and HSA were studied via spectrometry. C3G is relatively stable in the gastric environment, and the intestinal environment promotes its metabolism into PCA and PGA. Binary fluorescence experiments showed that both AFB1 and C3G, including PCA and PGA, can react with HSA. AFB1, C3G and PCA can bind at site I and site II of HSA; PGA binds at site II. The presence of C3G/PCA/PGA inhibits the degree of quenching. C3G/PCA does not change the quenching mechanism; it is still static quenching; however, dynamic quenching occurs in the (AFB1-HSA)-PGA system. In addition, the apparent binding constant and number of binding sites of AFB1-HSA also diminish to different degrees. C3G and its metabolites (PCA and PGA) interfere with the interaction between AFB1 and HSA, and can reduce AFB1 transport at pH 7.4 in vitro.Abbreviations: C3G: cyanidin-3-O-glucoside; M: metabolite; PCA: protocatechuic acid; PGA: phloroglucinol aldehyde; AFB1: aflatoxin B1; HSA: human serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Wani TA, Bakheit AH, Zargar S, Alanazi ZS, Al-Majed AA. Influence of antioxidant flavonoids quercetin and rutin on the in-vitro binding of neratinib to human serum albumin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:118977. [PMID: 33017787 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the interaction of neratinib (NRB) with human serum albumin (HSA) in presence of flavonoids quercetin and rutin. Both quercetin and rutin can compete with NRB to bind to HSA and displace NRB from its binding site. The interaction mechanism was studied with several spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking. Static fluorescence quenching mechanism was observed on interaction of HSA with NRB. van der Waals force and hydrogen bond were involved in the HSA-NRB interaction as per the results of thermodynamic parameters. Further, the conformational changes were observed in the HSA on its interaction with NRB. Interaction of NRB with HSA in presence of quercetin and rutin resulted in changes in the binding constants of HSA-NRB suggesting some impact on the binding of NRB in the presence of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seema Zargar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahi Saad Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Al-Majed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Wang Y, Zhao M, Cui J, Wu X, Li Y, Wu W, Zhang X. Ochratoxin A induces reprogramming of glucose metabolism by switching energy metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in human gastric epithelium GES-1 cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:232-241. [PMID: 32835834 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin with potential nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and immunotoxic effects. We previously demonstrated that OTA could cause mitochondrial function disturbance in GES-1 cells in vitro, which lead to the presumption that the glucose metabolism of GES-1 cells will be altered by OTA. Therefore in the present study, we explored the toxicity of OTA on glucose metabolism of GES-1 cells and the molecular mechanism. We found that OTA could induce aerobic glycolysis, evidenced shown by increase of glucose consumption, lactate production and cellular ATP concentration. We further detected expressions of GLUT1 and glycolytic enzymes including HK2, PFK1, PKM2 and LDHA as well as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-associated enzymes including IDH1, OGDH and CS. The results showed that expression of GLUT1 as well as the activities and expressions of HK2, PFK1 and LDHA were significantly increased while IDH1 and OGDH were reduced by OTA. As to PKM2, western blot showed that OTA could elevated the phospho-PKM2 Ser37 protein level and induce the nuclear accumulation of PKM2, which was further supported by immunofluorescence analyses, in addition, pyruvate kinase activity was reduced by OTA. In conclusion, these findings suggest that OTA exposure induces the metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis via regulating the activities and expressions of glycolysis and TCA-cycle associated molecules in GES-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Metabolic Disease and Cancer Research Center, Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenxin Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Metabolic Disease and Cancer Research Center, Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Rimac H, Tandarić T, Vianello R, Bojić M. Indomethacin Increases Quercetin Affinity for Human Serum Albumin: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study and Its Broader Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165740. [PMID: 32785199 PMCID: PMC7460863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant carrier protein in the human body. Competition for the same binding site between different ligands can lead to an increased active concentration or a faster elimination of one or both ligands. Indomethacin and quercetin both bind to the binding site located in the IIA subdomain. To determine the nature of the HSA-indomethacin-quercetin interactions, spectrofluorometric, docking, molecular dynamics studies, and quantum chemical calculations were performed. The results show that the indomethacin and quercetin binding sites do not overlap. Moreover, the presence of quercetin does not influence the binding constant and position of indomethacin in the pocket. However, binding of quercetin is much more favorable in the presence of indomethacin, with its position and interactions with HSA significantly changed. These results provide a new insight into drug-drug interactions, which can be important in situations when displacement from HSA or other proteins is undesirable or even desirable. This principle could also be used to deliberately prolong or shorten the xenobiotics' half-life in the body, depending on the desired outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Rimac
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Laboratory of Computational Modelling of Drugs, South Ural State University, 454008 Chelyabinsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Tana Tandarić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.T.); (R.V.)
| | - Robert Vianello
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.T.); (R.V.)
| | - Mirza Bojić
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Faisal Z, Vörös V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S, Csepregi R, Kőszegi T, Zsila F, Poór M. Probing the Interactions of Ochratoxin B, Ochratoxin C, Patulin, Deoxynivalenol, and T-2 Toxin with Human Serum Albumin. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060392. [PMID: 32545742 PMCID: PMC7354631 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins, patulin, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin are mycotoxins, and common contaminants in food and drinks. Human serum albumin (HSA) forms complexes with certain mycotoxins. Since HSA can affect the toxicokinetics of bound ligand molecules, the potential interactions of ochratoxin B (OTB), ochratoxin C (OTC), patulin, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin with HSA were examined, employing spectroscopic (fluorescence, UV, and circular dichroism) and ultrafiltration techniques. Furthermore, the influence of albumin on the cytotoxicity of these xenobiotics was also evaluated in cell experiments. Fluorescence studies showed the formation of highly stable OTB–HSA and OTC–HSA complexes. Furthermore, fluorescence quenching and circular dichroism measurements suggest weak or no interaction of patulin, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin with HSA. In ultrafiltration studies, OTB and OTC strongly displaced the Sudlow’s site I ligand warfarin, while other mycotoxins tested did not affect either the albumin binding of warfarin or naproxen. The presence of HSA significantly decreased or even abolished the OTB- and OTC-induced cytotoxicity in cell experiments; however, the toxic impacts of patulin, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin were not affected by HSA. In summary, the complex formation of OTB and OTC with albumin is relevant, whereas the interactions of patulin, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin with HSA may have low toxicological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.F.); (V.V.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.); (S.K.-M.); (R.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Virág Vörös
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.F.); (V.V.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.); (S.K.-M.); (R.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.F.); (V.V.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.); (S.K.-M.); (R.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.); (S.K.-M.); (R.C.); (T.K.)
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.); (S.K.-M.); (R.C.); (T.K.)
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rita Csepregi
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.); (S.K.-M.); (R.C.); (T.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Ifjúság útja 13, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.); (S.K.-M.); (R.C.); (T.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Ifjúság útja 13, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Zsila
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.F.); (V.V.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.); (S.K.-M.); (R.C.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-536-000 (ext. 35052)
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12
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Gecibesler IH, Aydin M. Plasma Protein Binding of Herbal-Flavonoids to Human Serum Albumin and Their Anti-proliferative Activities. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20190819. [PMID: 32491127 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal-flavonoids (HF) as polyphenolic secondary metabolites are taken in the daily diet to join in many metabolic processes in the human organism. Anti-proliferative activities and human serum albumin (HSA) binding capacities of herbal-flavonoids namely 7,5'-dimethoxyisoetin (HF1), homoorientin-6''-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol (HF2), (2R, 3R)-(+)-dihydrokaempferol-7,4'-dimethylether (HF3), eriodictyol-7,4'-dimethylether (HF4) and flavonoids isoorientin (HF5) and genkwanin (HF6) were investigated. Anti-proliferative activities were determined by the xCELLigence system by treatment with human prostate (PC3) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. The binding capacities were studied by two-dimensional (2D-FL) and three-dimensional (3D-FL) fluorescence spectroscopy. HeLa and PC3 cell lines were treated with flavonoids at 10, 50 and 100 μg/mL concentrations over a 48 hour period. Stable anti-proliferative efficacy plots were obtained for tested flavonoids. From the flavonoids, HF3 and HF4 showed the strongest anti-proliferative effect against PC3 and HeLa cell line. HF1 and HF2 exhibited the strongest binding capacity to the HSA corresponding to Kb values of 3.81 x 104 M-1 and 6.00 x 104 M-1, respectively. The studies revealed that the flavonoids form the basis of in vivo preclinical studies as important nutraceuticals of the daily diet, as well as modelled in medical and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Aydin
- Faculty of Science and Art, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
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Mazur-Kuśnirek M, Antoszkiewicz Z, Lipiński K, Fijałkowska M, Purwin C, Kotlarczyk S. The effect of polyphenols and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:431-444. [PMID: 31523998 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1639445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a polyphenol product (PP) (Proviox) and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets contaminated with ochratoxin A (OTA). One hundred and twenty ROSS 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into six groups (10 replications, 2 birds per replication). Group I received an uncontaminated and unsupplemented diet, diets of groups II to VI were contaminated with OTA at 172 µg and 200 µg/kg for the starter and grower period, respectively. Furthermore, diets of groups III, IV and V were supplemented with vitamin E at 100, 200 and 100 mg, respectively, and to diets of groups V and VI additionally 100 and 2200 mg PP was added, respectively. Supplementation with PP and vitamin E had no significant effects on the growth performance, dressing percentage or carcass trait parameters of broiler chickens. In chickens exposed to stress, dietary supplementation with vitamin E and/or PP improved the total antioxidant status (p ≤ 0.05), enhanced the blood activity of antioxidant enzymes (p ≤ 0.01) and increased the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (p ≤ 0.01) in the liver and breast muscles. Regardless of the administered antioxidants, chickens fed diets contaminated with OTA were characterised by lower dressing percentage (p ≤ 0.01), a higher proportion of the liver in the carcass (p ≤ 0.01), lower carcass fat content (p ≤ 0.01), and longer small intestines (p ≤ 0.01) and caeca (p ≤ 0.01). Dietary supplementation with PP improved the water-holding capacity of meat (p ≤ 0.01). The breast muscles of chickens fed diets supplemented with PP and vitamin E were characterised by higher (p ≤ 0.05) concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5). It was concluded that PP can be an insufficient component of diets for broiler chickens to improve growth performance and mitigate the negative effects of high dose of OTA in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mazur-Kuśnirek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Zofia Antoszkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lipiński
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Maja Fijałkowska
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Cezary Purwin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Sylwia Kotlarczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
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Tan H, Chen L, Ma L, Liu S, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Guo T, Liu W, Dai H, Yu Y. Fluorescence Spectroscopic Investigation of Competitive Interactions between Quercetin and Aflatoxin B₁ for Binding to Human Serum Albumin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040214. [PMID: 30970656 PMCID: PMC6521043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁) is a highly toxic mycotoxin found worldwide in cereals, food, and animal feeds. AFB₁ binds to human serum albumin (HSA) with high affinity. In previous experiments, it has been revealed that reducing the binding rate of AFB₁ with HSA could speed up the elimination rate of AFB₁. Therefore, we examined the ability of quercetin to compete with AFB₁ for binding HSA by fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous spectroscopy, ultrafiltration studies, etc. It was shown that AFB₁ and quercetin bind to HSA in the same Sudlow site Ӏ (subdomain IIA), and the binding constant (Ka) of the quercetin-HSA complex is significantly stronger than the complex of AFB₁-HSA. Our data in this experiment showed that quercetin is able to remove the AFB₁ from HSA and reduce its bound fraction. This exploratory work may be of significance for studies in the future regarding decreasing its bound fraction and then increasing its elimination rate for detoxification. This exploratory study may initiate future epidemiological research designs to obtain further in vivo evidence of the long-term (potential protective) effects of competing substances on human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Tan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hongyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hongjie Dai
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yong Yu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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15
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Mohos V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Schilli G, Hetényi C, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S, Bognár B, Poór M. Interaction of Chrysin and Its Main Conjugated Metabolites Chrysin-7-Sulfate and Chrysin-7-Glucuronide with Serum Albumin. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124073. [PMID: 30562928 PMCID: PMC6320863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid aglycone, which is found in nature and in several dietary supplements. During the biotransformation of chrysin, its conjugated metabolites chrysin-7-sulfate (C7S) and chrysin-7-glucuronide (C7G) are formed. Despite the fact that these conjugates appear in the circulation at much higher concentrations than chrysin, their interactions with serum albumin have not been reported. In this study, the complex formation of chrysin, C7S, and C7G with human (HSA) and bovine (BSA) serum albumins was investigated employing fluorescence spectroscopic, ultrafiltration, and modeling studies. Our major observations/conclusions are as follows: (1) Compared to chrysin, C7S binds with a threefold higher affinity to HSA, while C7G binds with a threefold lower affinity; (2) the albumin-binding of chrysin, C7S, and C7G did not show any large species differences regarding HSA and BSA; (3) tested flavonoids likely occupy Sudlow’s Site I in HSA; (4) C7S causes significant displacement of Sudlow’s Site I ligands, exerting an even stronger displacing ability than the parent compound chrysin. Considering the above-listed observations, the high intake of chrysin (e.g., through the consumption of dietary supplements with high chrysin contents) may interfere with the albumin-binding of several drugs, mainly due to the strong interaction of C7S with HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Mohos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Schilli
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rókus utca 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rókus utca 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Bognár
- Department of Organic and Pharmacological Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Honvéd utca 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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16
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Interaction of 2'R-ochratoxin A with Serum Albumins: Binding Site, Effects of Site Markers, Thermodynamics, Species Differences of Albumin-binding, and Influence of Albumin on Its Toxicity in MDCK Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090353. [PMID: 30200461 PMCID: PMC6162703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin. Roasting of OTA-contaminated coffee results in the formation of 2′R-ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA), which appears in the blood of coffee drinkers. Human serum albumin (HSA) binds 2′R-OTA (and OTA) with high affinity; therefore, albumin may influence the tissue uptake and elimination of ochratoxins. We aimed to investigate the binding site of 2′R-OTA (verses OTA) in HSA and the displacing effects of site markers to explore which molecules can interfere with its albumin-binding. Affinity of 2′R-OTA toward albumins from various species (human, bovine, porcine and rat) was tested to evaluate the interspecies differences regarding 2′R-OTA-albumin interaction. Thermodynamic studies were performed to give a deeper insight into the molecular background of the complex formation. Besides fluorescence spectroscopic and modeling studies, effects of HSA, and fetal bovine serum on the cytotoxicity of 2′R-OTA and OTA were tested in MDCK kidney cell line in order to demonstrate the influence of albumin-binding on the cellular uptake of ochratoxins. Site markers displaced more effectively 2′R-OTA than OTA from HSA. Fluorescence and binding constants of 2′R-OTA-albumin and OTA-albumin complexes showed different tendencies. Albumin significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of ochratoxins. 2′R-OTA, even at sub-toxic concentrations, increased the toxic action of OTA.
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17
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Interactions of zearalenone and its reduced metabolites α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol with serum albumins: species differences, binding sites, and thermodynamics. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:269-278. [PMID: 30014206 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species. ZEN mainly appears in cereals and related foodstuffs, causing reproductive disorders in animals, due to its xenoestrogenic effects. The main reduced metabolites of ZEN are α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL). Similarly to ZEN, ZELs can also activate estrogen receptors; moreover, α-ZEL is the most potent endocrine disruptor among these three compounds. Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in the circulation; it affects the tissue distribution and elimination of several drugs and xenobiotics. Although ZEN binds to albumin with high affinity, albumin-binding of α-ZEL and β-ZEL has not been investigated. In this study, the complex formation of ZEN, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL with human (HSA), bovine (BSA), porcine (PSA), and rat serum albumins (RSA) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, affinity chromatography, thermodynamic studies, and molecular modeling. Our main observations are as follows: (1) ZEN binds with higher affinity to albumins than α-ZEL and β-ZEL. (2) The low binding affinity of β-ZEL toward albumin may result from its different binding position or binding site. (3) The binding constants of the mycotoxin-albumin complexes significantly vary with the species. (4) From the thermodynamic point of view, the formation of ZEN-HSA and ZEN-RSA complexes are similar, while the formation of ZEN-BSA and ZEN-PSA complexes are markedly different. These results suggest that the toxicological relevance of ZEN-albumin and ZEL-albumin interactions may also be species-dependent.
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Sueck F, Poór M, Faisal Z, Gertzen CGW, Cramer B, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S, Gohlke H, Humpf HU. Interaction of Ochratoxin A and Its Thermal Degradation Product 2' R-Ochratoxin A with Human Serum Albumin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070256. [PMID: 29932113 PMCID: PMC6070976 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by several fungal species of the genus Penicillium and Aspergillus. 2′R-Ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA) is a thermal isomerization product of OTA formed during food processing at high temperatures. Both compounds are detectable in human blood in concentrations between 0.02 and 0.41 µg/L with 2′R-OTA being only detectable in the blood of coffee drinkers. Humans have approximately a fifty-fold higher exposure through food consumption to OTA than to 2′R-OTA. In human blood, however, the differences between the concentrations of the two compounds is, on average, only a factor of two. To understand these unexpectedly high 2′R-OTA concentrations found in human blood, the affinity of this compound to the most abundant protein in human blood the human serum albumin (HSA) was studied and compared to that of OTA, which has a well-known high binding affinity. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, equilibrium dialysis, circular dichroism (CD), high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC), and molecular modelling experiments, the affinities of OTA and 2′R-OTA to HSA were determined and compared with each other. For the affinity of HSA towards OTA, a logK of 7.0⁻7.6 was calculated, while for its thermally produced isomer 2′R-OTA, a lower, but still high, logK of 6.2⁻6.4 was determined. The data of all experiments showed consistently that OTA has a higher affinity to HSA than 2′R-OTA. Thus, differences in the affinity to HSA cannot explain the relatively high levels of 2′R-OTA found in human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Sueck
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság Útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) & Institute for Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS 6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság Útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus utca 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság Útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus utca 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) & Institute for Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS 6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Yamamoto R, Sawada M, Yamato N, Yamamoto A, Kodama S. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of ochratoxin A in cereal, coffee, and wine: Effective pretreatment with bovine serum albumin-immobilized adsorbent. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yamamoto
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chubu University; Kasugai-shi Japan
| | - Minato Sawada
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chubu University; Kasugai-shi Japan
| | - Naoki Yamato
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chubu University; Kasugai-shi Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chubu University; Kasugai-shi Japan
| | - Shuji Kodama
- School of Science; Tokai University; Hiratsuka Japan
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Investigation of Non-Covalent Interactions of Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1) with Serum Albumin. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110339. [PMID: 29068381 PMCID: PMC5705954 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are widely spread mycotoxins produced mainly by Aspergillus species. Consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods and drinks causes serious health risks for people worldwide. It is well-known that the reactive epoxide metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) forms covalent adducts with serum albumin. However, non-covalent interactions of aflatoxins with human serum albumin (HSA) are poorly characterized. Thus, in this study the complex formation of aflatoxins was examined with HSA applying spectroscopic and molecular modelling studies. Our results demonstrate that aflatoxins form stable complexes with HSA as reflected by binding constants between 2.1 × 104 and 4.5 × 104 dm3/mol. A binding free energy value of −26.90 kJ mol−1 suggests a spontaneous binding process between AFB1 and HSA at room-temperature, while the positive entropy change of 55.1 JK−1 mol−1 indicates a partial decomposition of the solvation shells of the interacting molecules. Modeling studies and investigations with site markers suggest that Sudlow’s Site I of subdomain IIA is the high affinity binding site of aflatoxins on HSA. Interaction of AFB1 with bovine, porcine, and rat serum albumins was also investigated. Similar stabilities of the examined AFB1-albumin complexes were observed suggesting the low species differences of the albumin-binding of aflatoxins.
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Poór M, Boda G, Needs PW, Kroon PA, Lemli B, Bencsik T. Interaction of quercetin and its metabolites with warfarin: Displacement of warfarin from serum albumin and inhibition of CYP2C9 enzyme. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:574-581. [PMID: 28135601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are ubiquitous molecules in nature with manifold pharmacological effects. Flavonoids interact with several proteins, and thus potentially interfere with the pharmacokinetics of various drugs. Though much is known about the protein binding characteristics of flavonoid aglycones, the behaviour of their metabolites, which are extensively formed in the human body has received little attention. In this study, the interactions of the flavonoid aglycone quercetin and its main metabolites with the albumin binding of the oral anticoagulant warfarin were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrafiltration. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of these flavonoids on CYP2C9 enzyme were tested because the metabolic elimination of warfarin is catalysed principally by this enzyme. Herein, we demonstrate that each tested flavonoid metabolite can bind to human serum albumin (HSA) with high affinity, some with similar or even higher affinity than quercetin itself. Quercetin metabolites are able to strongly displace warfarin from HSA suggesting that high quercetin doses can strongly interfere with warfarin therapy. On the other hand, tested flavonoids showed no or weaker inhibition of CYP2C9 compared to warfarin, making it very unlikely that quercetin or its metabolites can significantly inhibit the CYP2C9-mediated inactivation of warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Boda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Paul W Needs
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Beáta Lemli
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Tímea Bencsik
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rókus utca 2, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
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Zhang H, Wu P, Wang Y, Cao J. Affinity of miriplatin to human serum albumin and its effect on protein structure and stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:593-599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Dymerski T, Namieśnik J, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Vearasilp K, Martinez-Ayala AL, González-Aguilar GA, Robles-Sánchez M, Gorinstein S. Chemistry and biological properties of berry volatiles by two-dimensional chromatography, fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ochratoxin A: Molecular Interactions, Mechanisms of Toxicity and Prevention at the Molecular Level. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:111. [PMID: 27092524 PMCID: PMC4848637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widely-spread mycotoxin all over the world causing major health risks. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and cellular interactions of OTA. In order to get better insight into the mechanism of its toxicity and on the several attempts made for prevention or attenuation of its toxic action, a detailed description is given on chemistry and toxicokinetics of this mycotoxin. The mode of action of OTA is not clearly understood yet, and seems to be very complex. Inhibition of protein synthesis and energy production, induction of oxidative stress, DNA adduct formation, as well as apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle arrest are possibly involved in its toxic action. Since OTA binds very strongly to human and animal albumin, a major emphasis is done regarding OTA-albumin interaction. Displacement of OTA from albumin by drugs and by natural flavonoids are discussed in detail, hypothesizing their potentially beneficial effect in order to prevent or attenuate the OTA-induced toxic consequences.
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Rimac H, Debeljak Ž, Šakić D, Weitner T, Gabričević M, Vrček V, Zorc B, Bojić M. Structural and electronic determinants of flavonoid binding to human serum albumin: an extensive ligand-based study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17796d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prominent features responsible for binding of flavonoid aglycones to the IIA region of human serum albumin (HSA) were determined based onin vitrofluorescence measurements and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Rimac
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Željko Debeljak
- Clinical Hospital Center Osijek
- Osijek
- Croatia
- J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Davor Šakić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Tin Weitner
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Mario Gabričević
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Valerije Vrček
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Branka Zorc
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Mirza Bojić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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Poór M, Lemli B, Bálint M, Hetényi C, Sali N, Kőszegi T, Kunsági-Máté S. Interaction of Citrinin with Human Serum Albumin. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5155-66. [PMID: 26633504 PMCID: PMC4690121 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by several Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus species. CIT occurs worldwide in different foods and drinks and causes health problems for humans and animals. Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant plasma protein in human circulation. Albumin forms stable complexes with many drugs and xenobiotics; therefore, HSA commonly plays important role in the pharmacokinetics or toxicokinetics of numerous compounds. However, the interaction of CIT with HSA is poorly characterized yet. In this study, the complex formation of CIT with HSA was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrafiltration techniques. For the deeper understanding of the interaction, thermodynamic, and molecular modeling studies were performed as well. Our results suggest that CIT forms stable complex with HSA (logK ~ 5.3) and its primary binding site is located in subdomain IIA (Sudlow’s Site I). In vitro cell experiments also recommend that CIT-HSA interaction may have biological relevance. Finally, the complex formations of CIT with bovine, porcine, and rat serum albumin were investigated, in order to test the potential species differences of CIT-albumin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Toxicology Section, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Lemli
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Mónika Bálint
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány sétány 1/C, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- MTA-ELTE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pázmány sétány 1/C, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Nikolett Sali
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 13, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 13, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
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Poór M, Kunsági-Máté S, Szente L, Matisz G, Secenji G, Czibulya Z, Kőszegi T. Interaction of ochratoxin A with quaternary ammonium beta-cyclodextrin. Food Chem 2015; 172:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Poór M, Kuzma M, Matisz G, Li Y, Perjési P, Kunsági-Máté S, Kőszegi T. Further aspects of ochratoxin A-cation interactions: complex formation with zinc ions and a novel analytical application of ochratoxin A-magnesium interaction in the HPLC-FLD system. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1295-307. [PMID: 24727553 PMCID: PMC4014734 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by different Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Since its mechanism of action is not fully understood yet, it is important to gain further insight into different interactions of OTA at the molecular level. OTA is found worldwide in many foods and drinks. Moreover, it can also be detected in human and animal tissues and body fluids, as well. Therefore, the development of highly sensitive quantitative methods for the determination of OTA is of utmost importance. OTA most likely forms complexes with divalent cations, both in cells and body fluids. In the present study, the OTA-zinc interaction was investigated and compared to OTA-magnesium complex formation using fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modeling. Our results show that zinc(II) ion forms a two-fold higher stable complex with OTA than magnesium(II) ion. In addition, based on the enhanced fluorescence emission of OTA in its magnesium-bound form, a novel RP-HPLC-fluorescence detector (FLD) method was also established. Our results highlight that the application of magnesium chloride in alkaline eluents results in an approximately two-fold increase in sensitivity using the HPLC-FLD technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Poór
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Mónika Kuzma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Matisz
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Yin Li
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Pál Perjési
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
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Regulation of cytotoxic, non-estrogenic, oxidative stress-induced processes of zearalenone in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Toxicon 2013; 73:130-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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Blaskó Á, Mike N, Gróf P, Gazdag Z, Czibulya Z, Nagy L, Kunsági-Máté S, Pesti M. Citrinin-induced fluidization of the plasma membrane of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:636-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Protoapigenone derivatives: Albumin binding properties and effects on HepG2 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 124:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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