Effects of carboxymethylpachymaran on signal molecules in chicken immunocytes

Tuning of Molecular Interactions between Zein and Tannic Acid to Modify Sunflower Sporopollenin Exine Capsules: Enhanced Stability and Targeted Delivery of Bioactive Macromolecules

There are multiple obstacles for the storage and digestion of orally administered bioactive macromolecules. This study developed a low-cost and sustained-release delivery system (sporopollenin exine capsules with zein/tannic acid modification) of proteins with excellent storage stability, and at the same time provided insights into the sustained-release mechanism through exploring the interaction between zein and tannic acid (TA). β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) was utilized as a model protein and loaded into sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs), which were then coated with the zein/TA system. Under the optimized zein/TA conditions, the zein/TA system showed better performance than the zein alone system in the sustained release of β-Gal, with the residual activity of about 70.26% after 24 h of simulated digestion. Evaluation of the storage stability demonstrated a β-Gal residual activity of nearly 90% for 28 days at 25 °C. Additionally, FTIR analysis demonstrated that the stability of the zein/TA system depends on both hydrogen bonding and certain covalent bonding through the Schiff-base reaction, and the sustained release is regulated by the bonding strength.

Carboxymethylpachymaran entrapped plant-based hollow microcapsules for delivery and stabilization of β-galactosidase

β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) as a dietary supplement can alleviate symptoms of lactose intolerance. However, β-Gal is deactivated due to the highly acidic conditions and proteases in the digestive tract. In this work, β-Gal was encapsulated into L. clavatum sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) to fabricate an oral-controlled release system and increase the stability of β-Gal in the digestive tract. The SEC extraction process was optimized. A 3-hour vacuum loading was determined as the optimal loading time. Five different initial ratios of SECs : β-Gal were optimized with the maximum enzyme retention rate reaching 79.40 ± 1.96%. Furthermore, β-Gal-loaded SECs entrapped in carboxymethylpachymaran (CMP) could control the release of β-Gal under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (SGC). The optimal enzyme retention rate reached 65.33 ± 1.46% within 24 h under SGC. Collectively, these results indicated that the entrapped SECs could be used as an effective oral delivery vehicle of β-Gal to improve its performance as a dietary supplement in the digestion of lactose.