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Skowicki M, Tarvirdipour S, Kraus M, Schoenenberger CA, Palivan CG. Nanoassemblies designed for efficient nuclear targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 211:115354. [PMID: 38857762 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
One of the key aspects of coping efficiently with complex pathological conditions is delivering the desired therapeutic compounds with precision in both space and time. Therefore, the focus on nuclear-targeted delivery systems has emerged as a promising strategy with high potential, particularly in gene therapy and cancer treatment. Here, we explore the design of supramolecular nanoassemblies as vehicles to deliver specific compounds to the nucleus, with the special focus on polymer and peptide-based carriers that expose nuclear localization signals. Such nanoassemblies aim at maximizing the concentration of genetic and therapeutic agents within the nucleus, thereby optimizing treatment outcomes while minimizing off-target effects. A complex scenario of conditions, including cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and nuclear translocation, requires fine tuning of the nanocarriers' properties. First, we introduce the principles of nuclear import and the role of nuclear pore complexes that reveal strategies for targeting nanosystems to the nucleus. Then, we provide an overview of cargoes that rely on nuclear localization for optimal activity as their integrity and accumulation are crucial parameters to consider when designing a suitable delivery system. Considering that they are in their early stages of research, we present various cargo-loaded peptide- and polymer nanoassemblies that promote nuclear targeting, emphasizing their potential to enhance therapeutic response. Finally, we briefly discuss further advancements for more precise and effective nuclear delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Skowicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shabnam Tarvirdipour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cora-Ann Schoenenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Turky NO, Abdelmonem NA, Tammam SN, Gad MZ, Breitinger HG, Breitinger U. Antibacterial and in vitro anticancer activities of the antimicrobial peptide NRC-07 encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3550. [PMID: 37853814 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics and chemotherapy in the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens and drug-resistant cancers. Clinical application of AMPs is limited due to low stability and inefficient transport. Encapsulation in nanocarriers may improve their therapeutic potential. Chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) are efficient carriers for proteins and peptides, improving the treatment of microbial infections and targeted drug delivery. We examined toxicity against cancer cell lines and antibacterial activities of the pleurocidin-like AMP NRC-07 upon encapsulation in CS-NPs by ionotropic gelation. The biological activities of various formulations of free and encapsulated NRC-07 and free nanoparticles were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and breast cancer cells, using assays for cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase cytolysis with non-cancer cell lines as controls. NRC-07-containing nanoparticles decreased the bacterial and cancer cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Activities of encapsulated peptide were >2-fold higher than those of free NRC-07 peptide. Unloaded CS-NPs and free peptide were not cytotoxic against control cells. Encapsulation of NRC-07 into CS-NPs enhanced the antibacterial and selective cytotoxicity of the peptide, possibly enhancing anticancer activities. Encapsulation presents a promising tool for the development of efficient drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy O Turky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noura A Abdelmonem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salma N Tammam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hans-Georg Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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3
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ElNashar NT, Breitinger U, Breitinger HG, Mansour S, Tammam SN. A liposomal platform for the delivery of ion channel proteins for treatment of channelopathies - Application in therapy of cystic fibrosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126652. [PMID: 37673169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Channelopathies arise from ion channel dysfunction. Successful treatment entails delivery of functional ion channels to replace dysfunctional ones. Glycine receptor (GlyR)-rich cell membrane fragments (CMF) were previously delivered to target cell membranes using fusogenic liposomes. Here, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-bearing CMF were similarly delivered to target cells. We studied the effect of lipid composition on liposomes' ability to incorporate CMF and fuse with target cell membranes to deliver functional CFTR. Four formulations were prepared using thin-film hydration out of different lecithin sources, egg and soy lecithin (EL and SL), in the presence and absence of cholesterol (CHOL): EL + CHOL, EL-CHOL, SL + CHOL, and SL-CHOL. EL liposomes incorporated more CMF than SL liposomes, with CHOL only increasing CMF incorporation in SL liposomes. SL + CHOL fused better with target cell membranes than EL + CHOL. SL + CHOL and EL + CHOL equally delivered CFTR to target cell membranes, owing to the former's superior fusogenic capacity and the latter's superior CMF-incorporation capacity. SL-CHOL and EL-CHOL delivered CFTR to a lesser extent, indicating the importance of CHOL for fusion. Patch-clamp electrophysiology and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirmed CFTR delivery to target cell membranes by SL + CHOL. Therefore, CMF-bearing fusogenic liposomes offer a promising universal platform for the treatment of channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha T ElNashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Samar Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salma N Tammam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt.
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4
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Sakla M, Breitinger U, Breitinger HG, Mansour S, Tammam SN. Delivery of trans-membrane proteins by liposomes; the effect of liposome size and formulation technique on the efficiency of protein delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120879. [PMID: 34265391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Channelopathies are disorders caused by reduced expression or impaired function of ion channels. Most current therapies rely on symptomatic treatment without addressing the underlying cause. We have recently established proof of principle for delivery of functional ion channel protein into the membrane of target cells using fusogenic liposomes incorporating glycine receptor (GlyR)-containing cell membrane fragments (CMF) that were formulated by thin film hydration. Here, the effect of liposome size and the formulation technique on the performance of the delivery vehicle was assessed. Three types of liposomes were prepared using lecithin and cholesterol, (i) small (SL), and (ii) large (LL) liposomes made by thin film hydration, and (iii) small liposomes prepared by vortex agitation (V-SL). All liposomes were evaluated for their ability to (i) incorporate GlyR-rich CMF, (ii) fuse with the cell membrane of target cells and (iii) deliver functional GlyR, as assessed by patch-clamp electrophysiology. SL prepared by thin film hydration offered the most effective delivery of glycine receptors that gave clear glycine-mediated currents in target cells. LL showed higher incorporation of CMF, but did not effectively fuse with the target cell membrane, while V-SL did not incorporate sufficient amounts of CMF. Additionally, SL showed minimalin vivotoxicity upon intrathecal injection in mice. Thus, liposome-mediated delivery of membrane proteins may be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sakla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Samar Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salma N Tammam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo, Egypt.
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5
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Simonsen JB, Kromann EB. Pitfalls and opportunities in quantitative fluorescence-based nanomedicine studies - A commentary. J Control Release 2021; 335:660-667. [PMID: 34089794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based techniques are prevalent in studies of nanomedicine-targeting to cells and tissues. However, fluorescence-based studies are rarely quantitative, thus prohibiting direct comparisons of nanomedicine-performance across studies. With this Commentary, we aim to provoke critical thinking about experimental design by treating some often-overlooked pitfalls in 'quantitative' fluorescence-based experimentation. Focusing on fluorescence-labeled nanoparticles, we cover mechanisms like solvent-interactions and fluorophore-dissociation, which disqualify the assumption that 'a higher fluorescence readout' translates directly to 'a better targeting efficacy'. With departure in recent literature, we propose guidelines for circumventing these pitfalls in studies of tissue-accumulation and cell-uptake, thus covering fluorescence-based techniques like bulk solution fluorescence measurements, fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and infrared fluorescence imaging. With this, we hope to lay a foundation for more 'quantitative thinking' during experimental design, enabling (for example) the estimation and reporting of actual numbers of fluorescent nanoparticles accumulated in cells and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens B Simonsen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Emil B Kromann
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Biomimetics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Duan X, Cheng Y, Sang F, Liu L, Liu Z, Cui L, Li H. Enhanced Targeting Function and Anti-colon Cancer Efficacy by Wheat Germ Agglutinin-modified Nanoparticles for Matrine Delivery. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.470.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Azzam M, El Safy S, Abdelgelil SA, Weiskirchen R, Asimakopoulou A, de Lorenzi F, Lammers T, Mansour S, Tammam S. Targeting Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells Using Collagen-Binding Chitosan Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery to Fibrotic Livers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E590. [PMID: 32630415 PMCID: PMC7356502 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) are the main orchestrators of the fibrotic cascade in inflamed livers, with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) being the most potent pro-fibrotic cytokine. Hence, aHSCs serve as interesting therapeutic targets. However, drug delivery to aHSCs is hindered by excessive collagen deposition in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and capillarization of liver sinusoids. Chitosan-nanoparticles (CS-NPs) show intrinsic affinity for collagen, holding potential for drug delivery to fibrotic livers. Here, we employed CS-NPs for anti-TGF-β siRNA delivery, promoting delivery into aHSCs via modification with platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta binding peptides. In-vitro experiments using aHSCs demonstrated the association of unmodified CS-NPs to the collagen-rich ECM, with reduced intracellular accumulation. Peptide-modified CS-NPs showed a higher propensity to localize intracellularly; however, this was only the case upon ECM-collagen reduction via collagenase treatment. Peptide-modified CS-NPs were more potent than unmodified CS-NPs in reducing TGF-β expression, implying that while collagen binding promotes liver accumulation, it hinders cell-specific siRNA delivery. In-vivo, CS-NPs successfully accumulated in fibrotic livers via collagen binding. Similar to in-vitro findings, when mice were pretreated with collagenase-loaded CS-NPs, the accumulation of peptide-modified NPs increased. Our findings demonstrate the usefulness of NPs modification with targeting ligands and collagenase treatment for aHSCs targeting and highlight the importance of chitosan-collagen binding in drug delivery to fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menna Azzam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt; (M.A.); (S.E.S.); (S.A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Sara El Safy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt; (M.A.); (S.E.S.); (S.A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Sarah A. Abdelgelil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt; (M.A.); (S.E.S.); (S.A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (R.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Anastasia Asimakopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (R.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Federica de Lorenzi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (F.d.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (F.d.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Samar Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt; (M.A.); (S.E.S.); (S.A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Salma Tammam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt; (M.A.); (S.E.S.); (S.A.A.); (S.M.)
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8
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Ramadan S, Tammam SN, Shetab Boushehri MA, Breitinger HG, Breitinger U, Mansour S, Lamprecht A. Liposomal delivery of functional transmembrane ion channels into the cell membranes of target cells; a potential approach for the treatment of channelopathies. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:1080-1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Prevention of hepatic stellate cell activation using JQ1- and atorvastatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a promising approach in therapy of liver fibrosis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 134:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Nuclear and cytoplasmic delivery of lactoferrin in glioma using chitosan nanoparticles: Cellular location dependent-action of lactoferrin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:74-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Tammam S, Malak P, Correa D, Rothfuss O, Azzazy HME, Lamprecht A, Schulze-Osthoff K. Nuclear delivery of recombinant OCT4 by chitosan nanoparticles for transgene-free generation of protein-induced pluripotent stem cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37728-37739. [PMID: 27183911 PMCID: PMC5122344 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-based reprogramming of somatic cells is a non-genetic approach for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), whereby reprogramming factors, such as OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, are delivered as functional proteins. The technique is considered safer than transgenic methods, but, unfortunately, most protein-based protocols provide very low reprogramming efficiencies. In this study, we developed exemplarily a nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery system for the reprogramming factor OCT4. To this end, we expressed human OCT4 in Sf9 insect cells using a baculoviral expression system. Recombinant OCT4 showed nuclear localization in Sf9 cells indicating proper protein folding. In comparison to soluble OCT4 protein, encapsulation of OCT4 in nuclear-targeted chitosan NPs strongly stabilized its DNA-binding activity even under cell culture conditions. OCT4-loaded NPs enabled cell treatment with high micromolar concentrations of OCT4 and successfully delivered active OCT4 into human fibroblasts. Chitosan NPs therefore provide a promising tool for the generation of transgene-free iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Tammam
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter Malak
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daphne Correa
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Rothfuss
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Zubareva A, Shagdarova B, Varlamov V, Kashirina E, Svirshchevskaya E. Penetration and toxicity of chitosan and its derivatives. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Abbas Y, Azzazy HME, Tammam S, Lamprecht A, Ali ME, Schmidt A, Sollazzo S, Mathur S. Development of an inhalable, stimuli-responsive particulate system for delivery to deep lung tissue. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:19-30. [PMID: 27244047 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer, the deadliest solid tumor among all types of cancer, remains difficult to treat. This is a result of unavoidable exposure to carcinogens, poor diagnosis, the lack of targeted drug delivery platforms and limitations associated with delivery of drug to deep lung tissues. Development of a non-invasive, patient-convenient formula for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics to cancer in deep lung tissue is the aim of this study. The formulation consisted of inhalable polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/maltodextrin (MD)-based microparticles (MPs) encapsulating chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with either drug only or drug and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Drug release from CS NPs was enhanced with the aid of MNPs by a factor of 1.7 in response to external magnetic field. Preferential toxicity by CS NPs was shown towards tumor cells (A549) in comparison to cultured fibroblasts (L929). The prepared spray freeze dried (SFD) powders for CS NPs and CS MNPs were of the same size at ∼6μm. They had a fine particle fraction (FPF≤5.2μm) of 40-42% w/w and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 5-6μm as determined by the Next Generation Impactor (NGI). SFD-MPs of CS MNPs possess higher MMAD due to the high density associated with encapsulated MNPs. The developed formulation demonstrates several capabilities including tissue targeting, controlled drug release, and the possible imaging and diagnostic values (due to its MNPs content) and therefore represents an improved therapeutic platform for drug delivery to cancer in deep lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Salma Tammam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Mohamed Ehab Ali
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silvio Sollazzo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Tammam SN, Azzazy HME, Lamprecht A. How successful is nuclear targeting by nanocarriers? J Control Release 2016; 229:140-153. [PMID: 26995759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus is ultimately the final target for many therapeutics treating various disorders including cancers, heart dysfunction and brain disorders. Owing to their specialized cell uptake and trafficking mechanisms, nanoparticles (NPs) allow drug targeting where degradation sensitive therapeutics could be delivered to their target tissues and cell in active form and sufficient concentration. However, it has recently become increasingly obvious that cytosolic internalization of a drug molecule does not entail its interaction with its subcellular target and hence careful nanoparticle design and optimization is required to enable nuclear targeting. This review, discusses the barriers to NP nuclear delivery; crossing the cell membrane, endo/lysosomal escape, cytoplasmic trafficking and finally nuclear entry focusing on how NP synthesis and modification could allow for bypassing each of the aforementioned barriers and successfully reaching the nucleus. Examples of nuclear targeted NPs are also discussed, stressing on the critical aspects of nuclear targeting and pointing out how the disease state might change the normal NP path and how such change could be exploited to increase efficiency of nuclear targeting. Finally, the criteria set for the evaluation of nanocarriers for nuclear delivery are discussed highlighting that quantitative rather than qualitative evaluation is required to evaluate how successful nanocarriers for nuclear delivery are, particularly with regards to the amount of drug delivered and released in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma N Tammam
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121, Germany; Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121, Germany; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
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15
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Tammam SN, Azzazy HME, Breitinger HG, Lamprecht A. Chitosan Nanoparticles for Nuclear Targeting: The Effect of Nanoparticle Size and Nuclear Localization Sequence Density. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4277-89. [PMID: 26465978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many recently discovered therapeutic proteins exert their main function in the nucleus, thus requiring both efficient uptake and correct intracellular targeting. Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted interest as protein delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility and ability to escape the endosomes offering high potential for nuclear delivery. Molecular entry into the nucleus occurs through the nuclear pore complexes, the efficiency of which is dependent on NP size and the presence of nuclear localization sequence (NLS). Chitosan nanoparticles of different sizes (S-NPs ≈ 25 nm; L-NP ≈ 150 nm) were formulated, and they were modified with different densities of the octapeptide NLS CPKKKRKV (S-NPs, 0.25, 0.5, 2.0 NLS/nm(2); L-NPs, 0.6, 0.9, 2 NLS/nm(2)). Unmodified and NLS-tagged NPs were evaluated for their protein loading capacity, extent of cell association, cell uptake, cell surface binding, and finally nuclear delivery efficiency in L929 fibroblasts. To avoid errors generated with cell fractionation and nuclear isolation protocols, nuclear delivery was assessed in intact cells utilizing Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) fluorometry and microscopy. Although L-NPs showed ≈10-fold increase in protein loading per NP when compared to S-NPs, due to higher cell association and uptake S-NPs showed superior protein delivery. NLS exerts a size and density dependent effect on nanoparticle uptake and surface binding, with a general reduction in NP cell surface binding and an increase in cell uptake with the increase in NLS density (up to 8.4-fold increase in uptake of High-NLS-L-NPs (2 NLS/nm(2)) compared to unmodified L-NPs). However, for nuclear delivery, unmodified S-NPs show higher nuclear localization rates when compared to NLS modified NPs (up to 5-fold by FRET microscopy). For L-NPs an intermediate NLS density (0.9 NLS/nm(2)) seems to provide highest nuclear localization (3.7-fold increase in nuclear delivery compared to High-NLS-L-NPs). Results indicate that a higher NLS density does not result in maximum protein nuclear localization and that a universal optimal density for NPs of different sizes does not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma N Tammam
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn , Bonn 53121, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo , Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo , Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hans G Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, The German University in Cairo , Cairo 11432 Egypt
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn , Bonn 53121, Germany.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté , Besançon 25000, France
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