Optimization of polysaccharides extraction from Dictyophora indusiata and determination of its antioxidant activity

New Insights into Chemical Profiles and Health-Promoting Effects of Edible Mushroom Dictyophora indusiate (Vent ex. Pers.) Fischer: A Review

Mushrooms are valued for their culinary and medicinal benefits, containing bioactive compounds like polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenolics, lectins, and ergosterols. This review aims to encourage research on D. indusiata by summarizing its chemistry, health benefits, pharmacology, and potential therapeutic applications. Molecules from D. indusiata offer anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, and anti-bacterial effects. In particular, polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata (DIP) enhance immune function, reduce oxidative stress, and promote gut health as prebiotics. DIP shows neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative damage, improving mitochondrial function, and regulating apoptosis, making them beneficial for neurodegenerative diseases. They also activate immune responses through TLR4 and NF-κB pathways. Additionally, compounds like dictyophorines and quinazoline from D. indusiata support nerve growth and protection. Mushrooms help regulate metabolism and improve lipid profiles, with potential applications in managing metabolic disorders, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions. Their wide range of bioactive compounds makes D. indusiata mushrooms functional foods with significant therapeutic potential.

Progress in the preparation, structure and bio-functionality of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides: A review

Dictyophora indusiata (D. indusiata) is an elegant fungus known as the "mushroom queen" because of its rich nutritional value and resemblance to dancers wearing clean white dresses. Due to the harsh growth environment, the yield of D. indusiata is relatively low. Polysaccharides are the most abundant component among them and it is valued for its unique physiological function. Multiple extraction and purification methods have been used to separate and purify polysaccharides from D. indusiata. These polysaccharides have demonstrated strong biological activities in vitro and in vivo, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effects. In addition, D. indusiata polysaccharides have shown promising potential for development and application in the areas of food, healthcare products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities and application prospects of D. indusiata polysaccharides were summarized. This review may enrich the knowledge about bioactive polysaccharides from D. indusiata and provide a theoretical basis. Due to diverse potential health-promoting properties of D. indusiata polysaccharides, further development for their application in functional foods and pharmaceuticals is expected.

Isolation, structures, bioactivities, and utilizations of polysaccharides from Dictyophora species: A review

Dictyophora species is an edible and medicinal fungus belonging to the Basidiomycotina, Gasteromycetes, Phallales, family Phallaceae, and genus Dictyophora, which is popular with consumers in China and across various Asian regions. Polysaccharides from Dictyophora species (DPs) are important bioactive macromolecules with multiple health benefits, according to published studies, including anti-tumor, antioxidative, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, regulation of gut microbiota, antibacterial, renoprotective, and other pharmacological effects. Based on their rich pharmacological activities, the preparation techniques, structural characteristics and pharmacological activities of DPs have been extensively studied. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no dedicated review to shed light on recent advances in DPs. Therefore, in order to fill this gap, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the research on DPs, including the latest advances in extraction, isolation and purification, structural characteristics, pharmacological properties, safety assessment and potential utilizations, which will provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of subsequent DPs-related products.

Unearthing the therapeutic benefits of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for humans: Emerging sustainable bioresources of 21st century

Global interest in mushroom farming techniques has grown in the last few years. Despite not making up a large amount of the human diet at the moment, the nutritional worth of mushrooms has prompted their usage. The three main segments of the global mushroom industry are wild, culinary (edible), and medicinal mushrooms. The quality food that mushrooms provide can be utilized to build agricultural ecosystems that are more sustainable for increasing productivity and enhancing the effectiveness of resource usage. This is mostly because mushrooms can be utilized for the recycling of biomass and remains from crop production. Culinary-medicinal mushrooms are becoming more and more important because of their nutrient density, dietary value, and health advantages. Given its many bioactive components, which include polysaccharides, proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and secondary metabolites, mushrooms have been utilized extensively as health foods. These mushrooms exhibit pharmacological activities and possess prebiotic and antibacterial capabilities. This review provides information on the latest advancements in the sustainable cultivation of mushrooms, particularly with nontraditional substrates, and their potential therapeutic uses. Furthermore, some of the newest developments and difficulties in the production of mushrooms are explored.

Proteomic analysis of the effects of Dictyophora polysaccharide on arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic environmental toxicant and a known human carcinogen. Long-term exposure to As can cause liver injury. Dictyophora polysaccharide (DIP) is a biologically active natural compound found in the Dictyophora with excellent antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and immune protection properties. In this study, the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model of As toxicity was established using a feeding method, followed by DIP treatment in rats with As-induced liver injury. The molecular mechanisms of As toxicity to the rat liver and the protective effect of DIP were investigated by proteomic studies. The results showed that 172, 328 and 191 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between the As-exposed rats versus control rats (As/Ctrl), DIP treated rats versus As-exposed rats (DIP+As/As), and DIP treated rats versus control rats (DIP+As /Ctrl), respectively. Among them, the expression of 90 DEPs in the As/Ctrl groups was reversed by DIP treatment. As exposure caused dysregulation of metabolic pathways, mitochondria, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related proteins in the rat liver. However, DIP treatment changed or restored the levels of these proteins, which attenuated the damage to the livers of rats caused by As exposure. The results provide new insights into the mechanisms of liver injury induced by As exposure and the treatment of DIP in As poisoning.

Identification of phenolic compounds from fermented Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf supplemented with Fuzhuan brick tea and their volatile composition and anti-obesity activity

As a nutritious plant with valuable potential, the Moringa oleifera Lam. (MOL) leaf addition on Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT) for the co-fermentation (MOL-FBT) was an industry innovation and a new route to make full use of MOL leaf. After optimization of the extraction conditions, the best conditions for the polyphenols extraction method from MOL-FBT (MFP) were 60°C for 40 min (1:80, V/W) using response surface methodology. A total of 30 phenolics were identified and quantified. Most of the polyphenols were increased after adding MOL leaf for co-fermentation compared to FBT polyphenols. In particular, caffeic acids were found only in MFP. Moreover, the MFP received high value in taste, aroma, and color. In total, 62 volatile flavor compounds, consisting of 3 acids, 5 alcohols, 15 aldehydes, 4 esters, 20 hydrocarbons, 10 ketones, and 5 others, were identified in MFP. In addition, MFP inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner and decreased lipid accumulation via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)/CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPα)/cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) axis and induced a brown adipocyte-like phenotype. In vivo experiments were further conducted to confirm the in vitro results. MFP regulated lipid accumulation, glucose/insulin tolerance, improved liver and kidney function, and inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by the PPARγ/CEBPα/CD36 axis and alleviated inflammation in high fat and high fructose diet-induced obese mice. In summary, MFP possesses high-quality properties and anti-obesity effects, as well as the great potential to be used as a novel functional food product.

Review of isolation, purification, structural characteristics and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L

Portulaca oleracea L., also known as purslane, affiliates to the Portulacaceae family. It is an herbaceous succulent annual plant distributed worldwide. P. oleracea L. is renowned for its nutritional value and medicinal value, which has been utilized for thousands of years as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The extract derived from P. oleracea L. has shown efficacy in treating various diseases, including intestinal dysfunction and inflammation. Polysaccharides from P. oleracea L. (POP) are the primary constituents of the crude extract which have been found to have various biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, immune-stimulating, and intestinal protective effects. While many publications have highlighted on the structural identification and bioactivity evaluation of POP, the underlying structure-activity relationship of POP still remains unclear. In view of this, this review aims to focus on the extraction, purification, structural features and bioactivities of POP. In addition, the potential structure-activity relationship and the developmental perspective for future research of POP were also explored and discussed. The current review would provide a valuable research foundation and the up-to-date information for the future development and application of POP in the field of the functional foods and medicine.

Sulfated polysaccharides from Caulerpa lentillifera: Optimizing the process of extraction, structural characteristics, antioxidant capabilities, and anti-glycation properties

The polysaccharides found in Caulerpa lentillifera (sea grape algae) are potentially an important bioactive resource. This study makes use of RSM (response surface methodology) to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of valuable SGP (sea grape polysaccharides). The findings indicated that a water/raw material ratio of 10:1 mL/g, temperature of 90 °C, and extraction time of 45 min would maximize the yield, with experimentation achieving a yield of 21.576 %. After undergoing purification through DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephacryl S-100 column chromatography, three distinct fractions were obtained, namely SGP11, SGP21, and SGP31, each possessing average molecular weights of 38.24 kDa, 30.13 kDa, and 30.65 kDa, respectively. Following characterization, the fractions were shown to comprise glucose, galacturonic acid, xylose, and mannose, while the sulfate content was in the range of 12.2-21.8 %. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) it was possible to confirm with absolute certainty the sulfate polysaccharide attributes of SGP11, SGP21, and SGP31. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) findings made it clear that SGP11 exhibited α-glycosidic configurations, while the configurations of SGP21 and SGP31 were instead β-glycosidic. The in vitro antioxidant assays which were conducted revealed that each of the fractions was able to demonstrate detectable scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cations. All fractions were also found to exhibit the capacity to scavenge NO radicals in a dose-dependent manner. SGP11, SGP21, and SGP31 were also able to display cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) against the human adenocarcinoma colon (Caco-2) cell line when oxidative damage was induced. The concentration levels were found to govern the extent of such activity. Moreover, purified SGP were found to exert strong inhibitory effects upon glycation, with the responses dependent upon dosage, thus confirming the potential for SGP to find a role as a natural resource for the production of polysaccharide-based antioxidant drugs, or products to promote improved health.

A green method for decolorization of polysaccharides from alfalfa by S-8 macroporous resin and their characterization and antioxidant activity

In this study, the decolorization conditions of polysaccharides extracted from alfalfa by S-8 macroporous adsorption resin were optimized through the response surface method, and the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of decolorized polysaccharides were investigated. The optimal decolorization conditions were determined to be as follows: the amount of S-8 macroporous adsorption resin was 1.4 g, the adsorption time was 2 h, and the adsorption temperature was 58 °C. Under these optimal conditions, a decolorization ratio of 71.43 ± 0.23% was achieved, which was consistent with the model hypothesis. The adsorption curve showed that S-8 macroporous adsorption resin adsorption of pigment molecules in alfalfa polysaccharides (APS) agreed with the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order equations, and the adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of monosaccharide composition showed that APS was composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, arabinose and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 1.18 : 8.04 : 1.22 : 0.92 : 1. The results of antioxidant activity studies showed that APS had strong scavenging activity against ABTS, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. This study will help to further understand the adsorption mechanism of macroporous resin on polysaccharide pigment molecules and lay a basis for evaluating their physiological activity.

Genome, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses provide new insights into the resource development in an edible fungus Dictyophora indusiata

Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. Ex Pers.) Fisch. (DI) is an edible and medicinal fungus widely used in East Asian countries. However, during DI cultivation, the formation of fruiting bodies cannot be regulated, which leads to yield and quality losses. The present study performed a combined genome, transcriptome, and metabolome analysis of DI. Using Nanopore and Illumina sequencing approaches, we created the DI reference genome, which was 67.32 Mb long with 323 contigs. We identified 19,909 coding genes on this genome, of which 46 gene clusters were related to terpenoid synthesis. Subsequent transcriptome sequencing using five DI tissues (cap, indusia, mycelia, stipe, and volva) showed high expression levels of genes in the cap, indicating the tissue's importance in regulating the fruiting body formation. Meanwhile, the metabolome analysis identified 728 metabolites from the five tissues. Mycelium was rich in choline, while volva was rich in dendronobilin; stipe had monosaccharides as the primary component, and the cap was the main source of indole acetic acid (IAA) synthesis. We confirmed the importance of tryptophan metabolism for DI fruiting body differentiation based on KEGG pathway analysis. Finally, the combined multiomics analysis identified three new genes related to IAA synthesis of the tryptophan metabolic pathway in the cap, which may regulate DI fruiting body synthesis and improve DI quality. Thus, the study's findings expand our understanding of resource development and the molecular mechanisms underlying DI development and differentiation. However, the current genome is still a rough draft that needs to be strengthened.

Extraction, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Ajwa Seed and Flesh

The date palm has been cultivated in dry and hot areas of the planet for much of human history. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, dates are the main crop used as a source of food. Among several species of date fruits, the Ajwa AL-Madinah date is unique, growing only in Al-Madinah geographical region. The Ajwa date is used in traditional medicine due to its abundant active components and therapeutic properties. This study investigates the structural properties and the antioxidant effects of water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from Ajwa flesh and seed. The polysaccharides were isolated by two techniques including hot water and ultrasonic extraction. After isolation and partial purification, the physicochemical properties of four samples of polysaccharides extracted from flesh and seed were studied by several techniques including FTIR, solid-state NMR, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. Several radical scavenging experiments were combined to study the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide compounds. FTIR and NMR results showed a structure typical of heterogeneous polysaccharides. Mass spectrometry revealed that the polysaccharide samples were composed mainly of mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, galacturonic acid, and fucose. In addition, the physicochemical properties and composition of polysaccharides extracted from flesh and seed were compared. The extracted polysaccharides showed antioxidant activity, with 2, 2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, Fe chelating ability, hydroxyl free radical scavenging ability, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. These results highlight their potential to be a useful nutritional element or supplemental medication.

Increasing the production of the bioactive compounds in medicinal mushrooms: an omics perspective

Macroscopic fungi, mainly higher basidiomycetes and some ascomycetes, are considered medicinal mushrooms and have long been used in different areas due to their pharmaceutically/nutritionally valuable bioactive compounds. However, the low production of these bioactive metabolites considerably limits the utilization of medicinal mushrooms both in commerce and clinical trials. As a result, many attempts, ranging from conventional methods to novel approaches, have been made to improve their production. The novel strategies include conducting omics investigations, constructing genome-scale metabolic models, and metabolic engineering. So far, genomics and the combined use of different omics studies are the most utilized omics analyses in medicinal mushroom research (both with 31% contribution), while metabolomics (with 4% contribution) is the least. This article is the first attempt for reviewing omics investigations in medicinal mushrooms with the ultimate aim of bioactive compound overproduction. In this regard, the role of these studies and systems biology in elucidating biosynthetic pathways of bioactive compounds and their contribution to metabolic engineering will be highlighted. Also, limitations of omics investigations and strategies for overcoming them will be provided in order to facilitate the overproduction of valuable bioactive metabolites in these valuable organisms.

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Lycium barbarum seed dreg polysaccharides prepared by continuous extraction

Lycium barbarum seed dreg polysaccharides (LBSDPs) were continuously extracted with four different solvents [hot buffer (HBSS), chelating agent (CHSS), dilute alkaline (DASS), and concentrated alkaline (CASS)]. The present study characterized the physicochemical and anti-oxidant based functional properties of different LBSDPs. The monosaccharide analysis revealed xylose (64.63%, 70.00%, 44.71%, and 66.67%) as the main sugar with the molecular weights of 5985, 7062, 5962, and 8762 Da in HBSS, CHSS, DASS, and CASS, respectively. Among the four polysaccharides, CASS had the strongest DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing power; while, CHSS had the strongest ferrous ions chelating ability and HBSS showed the strongest OH radical scavenging ability. In terms of functional properties, HBSS and CASS had better solubility and oil holding capacity, while, CASS and CHSS had higher foam capacity and foam stability. Altogether, the polysaccharides extracted from L. barbarum seed dreg exhibit a potential application prospect in functional food and cosmetics industries.

Dictyophora Polysaccharide Attenuates As-Mediated PINK1/Parkin Pathway-Induced Mitophagy in L-02 Cell through Scavenging ROS

Arsenic (As) is common in the human living environment and a certain amount of exposure to As can lead to liver damage; this toxic effect has been proved to be closely related to intracellular PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy. Dictyophora is an edible fungus that extracts polysaccharides with antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. In the present study, we demonstrated that As induced the onset of mitophagy in hepatocytes by stimulating cellular production of ROS to activate PINK1/Parkin, and the extent of damage increased with increased As-induced toxicity. Dictyophora polysaccharide (DIP) has the ability to scavenge intracellular ROS, which can inhibit oxidative stress injury and inhibit the PINK/Parkin pathway through its receptors or efficacious proteins, thus preventing mitochondrial autophagy and alleviating the hepatotoxicity of As. In conclusion, our results indicate that DIP can reduce As-induced PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated hepatic mitophagy through scavenging ROS and exert hepatoprotective effects, providing experimental data and theoretical basis for the development of medicinal value of Dictyophora as a dual-use food and medicinal fungus.

The antioxidant potential of different edible and medicinal mushrooms

Mushroom consumption has grown extraordinarily owing to their high nutritional value, desirable taste, and aroma. Mushrooms continue generating lots of interest chiefly in their consumption as food, as a cure for different ailments, as well as important goods for commerce throughout the globe owing to their dietary, antioxidant, and therapeutic values. Higher Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes mushrooms have different properties with anticancer and immunological potential. They as well provide vital health benefits and display a wide-ranging continuum of pharmacological effects. The antioxidant activity of different mushrooms was reviewed for different radicals including DPPH, ABTS, OH, Nitrite, metals, and lipid peroxidation. The present review presents pharmacological activities of different species of edible and medicinal mushrooms. This review provides tangible evidence that these mushrooms are an excellent source of natural constituents and antioxidants with potential application in pharmaceuticals and in treating and managing different diseases.

Promotion of the Hypocrellin Yield by a Co-Culture of Shiraia bambusicola (GDMCC 60438) with Arthrinium sp. AF-5 Fungus

Hypocrellin is a natural 3,10-xylene-4,9-anthracene derivative compound that originates from the stroma of Shiraia bambusicola (S. bambusicola) and Hypocrella bambusae with excellent photobiological activities. Submerged fermentation with the mycelia of S. bambusicola is generally regarded as an ideal technology for hypocrellin production. This study developed a co-cultivation strategy for an obvious promotion of the hypocrellin yield by incubating S. bambusicola (GDMCC 60438) with the endophyte fungus Arthrinium sp. AF-5 isolated from the bamboo tissue. The results indicated that the yield of hypocrellin A (HA) reached a 66.75 mg/g carbon source after an 84-h co-cultivation of the two strains, which was a four-time increase of that by the fermentation only with the S. bambusicola. The microscope observation found that the mycelia of the two strains were intertwined with each other to form the mycelium pellets during the co-cultivation. Moreover, the mycelium pellets of the co-culture showed a contracted and slightly damaged morphology. The addition of H2O2 in the fermentation media could further increase the HA production by 18.31%.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from spent Lentinus edodes substrate: Process optimization, precipitation, structural characterization and antioxidant activity

Lentinus edodes is the second-most popular and cultivated mushroom worldwide due to its nutritional and health-promoting benefit. However, the mushroom production generates vast amounts of spent L. edodes substrate (SLS) that is generally discharged into the environment, posing a great challenge within mushroom by-product valorization. In this work, SLS polysaccharide (SP) was ultrasonically extracted by optimizing the process conditions with response surface methodology. Using gradient ethanol precipitation, SP was separated into SP40, SP60 and SP80, and their monosaccharide composition, structural properties, and antioxidant potential were further characterized and compared. The results showed the total polysaccharide content reached up to 37.05 ± 0.31 mg/g under the optimal conditions including an extraction temperature of 50 °C, a liquid-solid ratio of 30 mL/g and an ultrasonic power of 120 W. SP and its fractional precipitations were heteropolysaccharides sharing a similar monosaccharide composition including L-rhamnose, D-glucuronic acid, D-galacturonic acid, d-glucose and D-xylose, and a typical infrared spectrum for polysaccharide. These fractions also varied in the surface morphology, where SP80 was looser and more porous than SP40 and SP60. Furthermore, SP and SP80 displayed the strongest antioxidant activities in vitro. This study identified a novel and practical strategy to valorize SLS for valuable polysaccharide.

Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata Prepared by Different Extraction Techniques

In this study, different extraction techniques, including traditional hot water extraction (HWE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized assisted extraction (PAE), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), were used to extract Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides (DFPs), and their physicochemical and biological properties were compared. Results revealed that extraction yields of D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by different extraction techniques ranged from 5.62% to 6.48%. D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by different extraction techniques possessed similar chemical compositions and monosaccharide compositions, while exhibited different molecular weights (M_w), apparent viscosities, and molar ratios of constituent monosaccharides. In particularly, D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by HWE (DFP-H) had the highest M_w and apparent viscosity among all DFPs, while D. indusiata polysaccharides extracted by UAE (DFP-U) possessed the lowest M_w and apparent viscosity. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant effects of D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by PAE (DFP-P) and DFP-U were significantly higher than that of others. Indeed, both DFP-P and DFP-H exhibited much higher in vitro binding properties, including fat, cholesterol, and bile acid binding properties, and lipase inhibitory effects than that of D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by MAE (DFP-M) and DFP-U. These findings suggest that the PAE technique has good potential for the preparation of D. indusiata polysaccharides with desirable bioactivities for the application in the functional food industry.

Optimization of sunflower head pectin extraction by ammonium oxalate and the effect of drying conditions on properties

Pectin is a kind of natural and complex carbohydrates which is extensively used in food, chemical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Fresh sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) heads were utilized as a novel source of pectin extracted by ammonium oxalate. The conditions of the extraction process were optimized implementing the response surface methodology. Under optimal extraction parameters (extraction time 1.34 h, liquid-solid ratio 15:1 mL/g, ammonium oxalate concentration 0.76% (w/v)), the maximum experimental yield was 7.36%. The effect of spray-drying and freeze-drying on the physiochemical properties, structural characteristics, and antioxidant activities was investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy, high performance size exclusion chromatography, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed freeze-drying lead to decrease in galacturonic acid (GalA) content (76.2%), molecular weight (M_w 316 kDa), and crystallinity. The antioxidant activities of pectin were investigated utilizing the in-vitro DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging systems. This study provided a novel and efficient extraction method of sunflower pectin, and confirmed that different drying processes had an effect on the structure and properties of pectin.

Co-encapsulation of Dictyophora indusiata to improve Lactobacillus acidophilus survival and its effect on quality of sweet fermented rice (Khoa-Mak) sap beverage

Egg and fruiting body of bamboo mushroom at the concentrations of 0, 0.8, 1 and 3% (w/v) were added during encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus TISTR 2365 in alginate beads. The influence of addition of co-encapsulated, encapsulated and free probiotic cells on the microbiological, physico-chemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of Khoa-Mak sap beverages during storage at 4 °C for 35 days were investigated. All encapsulation formulations indicated high encapsulation yields of 95.72-98.86% and also influenced positively several characteristics such as ethanol, titratable acidity, reducing sugar, probiotic survival and sensory properties. High viability of L. acidophilus (> 8 log CFU/g) in all bead formulations was maintained above the recommended minimum therapeutic throughout storage of Khoa-Mak sap beverages. Moreover, the incorporation of bamboo mushroom, particularly 3% egg stage in beads (AEB3) increased the survival of L. acidophilus in Khoa-Mak saps during storage. The addition of either egg or fruiting body of bamboo mushroom from 0.8 to 3% in beads resulted in the significant increasing of total phenolic contents and their DPPH radical scavenging activities, and also without negative impact sensory attributes.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05101-9.

Preparation, characterization and wound healing effect of alginate/chitosan microcapsules loaded with polysaccharides from Nostoc Commune Vaucher

Biologically active coating materials could promote the growth of granulation tissue as auxiliary materials, while natural polysaccharides could promote vascular regeneration and wound healing. Therefore, in this study, ultrasound-assisted extract of Nostoc commune Vaucher polysaccharides (UAP) yield after the process optimization was 12.89 ± 0.24%, which was used to prepare microcapsules by emulsification and cross-linking. The effect of alginate/chitosan-UAP composite materials on wound healing in an experimental rat model for 14 d and its physical properties were evaluated. In vitro experiments indicated that the UAP microcapsule material had a porous and loose three-dimensional network structure, and had good biocompatibility and swelling properties as a wound healing material. Animal experiments indicated that UAP microcapsules could extremely significantly promote wound healing (P < 0.01), and wound closure rate reached 79.16 ± 3.91% on 14th day. Meanwhile UAP microcapsules might promote angiogenesis and granulation growth by enhancing immunity and increasing the expression of VEGF and miR-21. Therefore, the composites of UAP microcapsules have shown encouraging results as a potential dressing for wound healing.

Characteristics Co-Encapsulation of Lactobacillus Acidophilus with Dictyophora Indusiata

Dictyophora indusiate (bamboo mushroom) contains bioactive compounds, particularly fiber (13.30-15.17%). Therefore, Lactobacillus acidophilus was encapsulated in alginate beads and alginate-bamboo mushroom beads, with the objective to improve the survival of probiotic after exposure to gastrointestinal fluids. Either egg or fruit body of bamboo mushroom powder at concentrations of 0, 0.8, 1 and 3% (w/v) were added to encapsulate L. acidophilus by extrusion technique. The addition of bamboo mushroom did not influence the size (3.0 mm) and shape of the moist beads as well as encapsulation yield (94-97%), but they resulted in less interconnected network, causing larger pores when compared to alginate bead without bamboo mushroom. However, the beads in combination with bamboo mushroom (survival rate of 63-68%) and without bamboo mushroom (survival rate of 67%) provided greater protection of cells, enhancing their survival in gastrointestinal condition as compared to cells without encapsulation (survival rate of 34%). This study indicated that bamboo mushroom has the capability to be used as a matrix for co-encapsulation of probiotic cells against simulated gastrointestinal condition.

Anti-Obesity Effect of Dictyophora indusiata Mushroom Polysaccharide (DIP) in High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Regulating Inflammatory Cascades and Intestinal Microbiome

Obesity is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation, hyper-permeability of the gut epithelium, and perturbation of the intestinal microbiome. Despite the numerous therapeutic efficacies of Dictyophora indusiata mushroom, its biological activity in alleviating obesity through regulation of the gut microbiota and inflammatory cascades remain obscure. Henceforth, we determined the modulatory impact of D. indusiata polysaccharide (DIP) in the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice model. The experimental subjects (BALB/C mice) were supplemented with chow diet (Control group), high-fat diet (HFD group), or HFD along with DIP at a low dose [HFD + DIP(L)] and high dose [HFD + DIP(H)]. Obesity-related parameters, including body weight gain, epididymal adipocyte size, fat accumulation, adipogenic markers, lipogenic markers, inflammatory associated markers, intestinal integrity, and intestinal microbiome, were elucidated. Our findings demonstrated that the oral administration of DIP at low dose partially and at high dose significantly reversed HFD-induced obesity parameters. Furthermore, the body weight, fat accumulation, adipocyte size, adipogenic and liver associated markers, glucose levels, inflammatory cytokines, and endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide, LPS) levels were reduced considerably. Moreover, the study revealed that DIP treatment reversed the dynamic alterations of the gut microbiome community by decreasing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. These findings led us to infer the therapeutic potential of DIP in alleviating HFD-induced obesity via regulating inflammatory cascades, modulating intestinal integrity and intestinal microbiome community.

Carboxymethylation of (1 → 6)-α-dextran from Leuconostoc spp.: Effects on microstructural, thermal and antioxidant properties

The carboxymethylated (1 → 6)-α-dextran (CM-dex) was synthesized by introducing carboxymethyl groups at different degrees of substitution (DS). The resulting dex1-1, dex2-1, dex3-1, and dex4-1 products had degrees of substitution of 0.57, 0.78, 1.13, and 1.25, respectively. The dex3-1 showed the highest glass transition temperature (T_g) of 215.96 °C, whereas T_g of pure dextran was 149.83 °C. TGA results indicated that the residual loss was reduced along with the increase of DS in the high-temperature region (450-600 °C). Besides, the CM-dex had stronger scavenging capacity against OH radicals but lower scavenging capacity for DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals compared to that of pure dextran. The carboxymethylation of (1 → 6)-α-dextran will extend the applications for modified dextran.

Quantitative proteomic and metabolomic analysis of Dictyophora indusiata fruiting bodies during post-harvest morphological development

The differences in Dictyophora indusiata fruiting bodies between peach-shaped and mature stage during the postharvest were systematically investigated through quantitative proteomic and metabolomic analyses. A total of 951 differentially expressed proteins were identified, 571 upregulated and 380 downregulated in the mature fruiting body; additionally, 173 upregulated and 165 downregulated differential abundance metabolites were screened. Integrated proteome and metabolome analyses showed that, during the maturation of D. indusiata fruiting bodies, glycerophospholipids were hydrolyzed and drastically decreased, the degradation of glucan was upregulated, the degradation and synthesis of chitin were simultaneously enhanced, and proteins were dominated via catabolism. Along with vigorous material metabolism, energy production was enhanced through the upregulated TCA-cycles and oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, the synthesis of antioxidant substances and the decomposition of peroxides were enhanced in mature fruiting bodies. These omics analyses of D. indusiata provide high-throughput data and reveal the changes in the post-harvest morphological development.

Optimizing the Extraction of Polysaccharides from Bletilla ochracea Schltr. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Evaluating their Antioxidant Activity

Bletilla ochracea Schltr. polysaccharides (BOP) have a similar structure to Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. (Orchidaceae) polysaccharides (BSP). Therefore, BOP can be considered as a substitute for BSP in the food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics fields. To the best of our knowledge, little information is available regarding the optimization of extraction and antioxidant activity of BOP. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was firstly used for optimizing the extraction parameters of BOP. The results suggested that the optimal conditions included a temperature of 82 °C, a duration of 85 min and a liquid/material ratio of 30 mL/g. In these conditions, we received 26.45% ± 0.18% as the experimental yield. In addition, BOP exhibited strong concentration-dependent antioxidant abilities in vitro. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of BOP against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+·), hydroxyl (·OH) and superoxide anion (·O2−) radicals and ferrous ions (Fe2+) were determined as 692.16, 224.09, 542.22, 600.53 and 515.70 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate that BOP can be a potential natural antioxidant, deserving further investigation.

Production and characterization of starch nanoparticles by mild alkali hydrolysis and ultra-sonication process

In this report, synthesis of the starch nanoparticles from underutilized and cheap sources viz: Horse chestnut (HS), Water chestnut (WS) and Lotus stem (LS) by using mild alkali hydrolysis and ultra-sonication process has been presented. The particles were characterized by Differential scanning colorimeter (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Rheology, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infra-spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The particle size measurements, functional properties and antioxidant potential of starch nanoparticles were also analyzed. The experimental results revealed that the average particle size diameter of Horse chestnut starch nanoparticles (HSP), Water chestnut starch nanoparticles (WSP) and Lotus stem starch nanoparticles (LSP) was found to be 420, 606 and 535 nm, respectively. We observed a notable increase in the water absorption capacity but decreased capacity for oil absorption in the starch nano-particles. SEM images revealed damaged starch granules after size reduction. Additionally, loss of crystallinity and molecular order was observed from XRD and ATR-FTIR spectra. It was concluded that the starch nanoparticles have better thermal stability, increased viscosity and antioxidant properties.

Assessment of antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Agaricus blazei Murill extracts

Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM), a medicinal mushroom, has beneficial effects on various human metabolic diseases. The objective of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of ABM extracts (ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract). The antioxidant activities of ABM ethanol extract (EE) and ethyl acetate extract (EA) were analyzed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays and the reducing power using K3Fe(CN)6 in vitro. Moreover, the effects of EE and EA on α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and improving glucose uptake by HepG2 cells were investigated in vitro. The EA showed stronger antioxidant activity, as well as inhibition of α-glucosidase, compared to EE. The analysis of glucose uptake by HepG2 cells showed that EA had significant glucose-lowering activity and exhibited no difference compared to metformin. The results suggest that ABM extracts could improve the glucose uptake by HepG2 cells and thereby alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia. This investigation provides a strong rationale for further studies on the application of ABM to control type 2 diabetes.

The Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of the Edible Mushroom Dictyophora indusiata (Vent ex. Pers.) Fischer (Synn. Phallus indusiatus)

Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. Ex. Pers.) Fischer or Phallus indusiatus is an edible member of the higher mushroom phylum of Basidiomycetes. Known for its morphological elegance that gave it the names bridal veil fungus, veiled lady or queen of the mushrooms, it has numerous medicinal values that are beginning to be acknowledged through pharmacological efficacy studies. In an attempt to promote research on this valuable natural resource, the present communication aims to provide a comprehensive review of the chemistry, pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of extracts and compounds isolated from D. indusiata. Of the bioactive compounds, the chemistry of the polysaccharides as major bioactive components primarily the β-(1 → 3)-D-glucan with side branches of β-(1 → 6)-glucosyl units are discussed, while small molecular weight compounds include terpenoids and alkaloids. Biochemical and cellular mechanisms of action from general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory to more specific signaling mechanisms are outlined along with potential applications in cancer and immunotherapy, neurodegenerative and chronic inflammatory diseases, etc. Further research areas and limitations of the current scientific data are also highlighted.

Ultrasonic extraction, structural characterization, and bioactivities of nonstarch polysaccharides from red yeast rice

Red yeast rice (RYRP) has been utilized for coloring food, brewing wine, and preserving meat, which is also used as a folk medicine for centuries. In this study, a water-soluble nonstarch polysaccharide from RYRP was extracted by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. By using the Box-Behnken design to optimize the parameters for extracting the RYRP, the maximum extraction yield (3.37 ± 0.78%) was obtained under the optimal extraction conditions as follows: ratio of water to raw material (40 mL/g), extraction temperature (62 °C), extraction time (75 Min), and ultrasonic power (200 W). Moreover, monosaccharide composition analysis showed that RYRP was consisted of mannose, glucosamine, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 0.152:0.015:1:0.149. The molecular weight distribution analysis showed that the average molecular weight of the RYRP fraction was about 3.49 × 10³ Da. Furthermore, RYRP exhibited significant antioxidant activities in vitro and the gastrointestinal-protective effect in vivo using gastrointestinal disorders model mice. RYRP could be explored as a potential source in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

Quantitative Evaluation of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of 1,3-β-glucans from Dictyophora indusiata Using an Improved Fluorometric Assay

In the present study, an improved fluorometric assay based on aniline blue dye for the specific, accurate, and rapid quantification of 1,3-β-glucans in edible mushrooms was developed and fully validated. Furthermore, the improved method was successfully applied for the quantitative evaluation of water soluble 1,3-β-glucans extracted from Dictyophora indusiata by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with response surface methodology. Results showed that the improved method exhibited high specificity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, and stability, as well as a wide calibration range of 10-600 µg/mL (R2 > 99.9%). The maximum extraction yields of water soluble 1,3-β-glucans (1.20%) and total polysaccharides (5.41%) were achieved at the optimized extraction parameters as follows: ultrasound amplitude (56%), ultrasound extraction time (15 min), and ratio of liquid to raw material (22 mL/g). The results suggest that the improved fluorometric assay has great potential to be used as a routine method for the quantitative evaluation of 1,3-β-glucans in edible mushrooms and that the UAE method is effective for the extraction of 1,3-β-glucans from edible mushrooms.

Antioxidation, hepatic- and renal-protection of water-extractable polysaccharides by Dictyophora indusiata on obese mice

The present work aimed to investigate the antioxidation, hepatic- and renal-protection of water-extractable polysaccharides (WPS) by Dictyophora indusiata fruiting body on high-fat emulsion-induced obese mice. The structural analysis indicated that WPS was the α-configurational heteropolysaccharide with the major monosaccharides of mannose and glucose, and the polydispersity of 1.77. The in vivo results showed that WPS administration could improve obesity-associated hepatic and renal metabolic impairment, reduce body weight and ameliorate oxidative stress of liver and kidney by down-regulating serum enzyme activities and hepatic lipid levels, stabilizing serum lipid status, enhancing antioxidant abilities and decreasing insulin and leptin resistance. The in vitro experiments showed that WPS had potential abilities to scavenge free radicals. The conclusions demonstrated that WPS might be used as a salutary food and natural medicine for preventing obesity-associated damage and its complications.

Effect of different non-conventional extraction methods on the antibacterial and antiviral activity of fucoidans extracted from Nizamuddinia zanardinii

In the current study, fucoidans from brown alga Nizamuddinia zanardinii were isolated with conventional and non-conventional extraction procedures to evaluate the effects of recently introduced technologies on biochemical characteristics and saccharide composition of the extracts, along with their antibacterial, antiviral and cytotoxic properties. The results demonstrated that subcritical water extraction showed the highest fucoidans yield (13.15%), while the lowest yield was obtained using ultrasound extraction method (3.6%). The polysaccharide chains consisted of fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose, whose molar percentages differed according to the extraction method used. The weight mean average molecular weight of fucoidans varied between 444 and 1184 kDa. The FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of sulfate esters by bending vibration of COS and stretching vibration of SO peaks at 818 and 1250 cm-1, respectively. Antibacterial assays showed that microwave- and subcritical water-extracted fucoidans inhibited the growth of E.coli and that enzyme-ultrasound, ultrasound-microwave and subcritical water extracted fucoidans exhibited inhibitory effects against P. aeruginosa at 2 mg/mL. Antiviral studies revealed that all the extracted fucoidans exerted strong antiviral activity against HSV-2 infection, with EC50 values in the 0.027-0.123 μg/mL range; indeed the viscozyme-extracted macromolecules displayed the best selectivity index.