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Glycyrrhizic Acid Scavenges Reactive Carbonyl Species and Attenuates Glycation-Induced Multiple Protein Modification: An In Vitro and In Silico Study. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7086951. [PMID: 34712386 PMCID: PMC8548169 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7086951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The current study is aimed at studying the inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) on D-ribose-mediated protein glycation via various physicochemical analyses and in silico approaches. Being a potent free radical scavenger and a triterpenoid saponin, GA plays a vital role in diminishing the oxidative stress and thus could be an effective inhibitor of the nonenzymatic glycation process. Our data showed that varying concentrations of GA inhibited the in vitro BSA-AGEs via inhibiting the formation of fructosamines, fluorescent AGEs, scavenging protein carbonyl and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) content, and protection against D-ribose-induced modification of BSA as evident by increased free Arg and Lys residues in GA-treated Gly-BSA samples. Moreover, GA also attenuated D-ribose-induced alterations in the secondary structure of BSA by protecting the α-helix and β-sheet conformers and amide-I band delocalization. In addition, GA attenuated the modification in β-cross amyloid structures of BSA and in silico molecular interaction study too showed strong binding of GA with higher number of Lys and Arg residues of BSA and binding energy (ΔG) of -8.8 Kcal/mol, when compared either to reference standard aminoguanidine (AG)-BSA complex (ΔG: -4.3 Kcal/mol) or D-ribose-BSA complex (ΔG: -5.2 Kcal/mol). Therefore, GA could be a new and favorable inhibitor of the nonenzymatic glycation process that ameliorates AGEs-related complications via attenuating the AGE formation and glycation-induced multiple protein modifications with a reduced risk of adverse effects on protein structure and functionality; hence, it could be investigated at further preclinical settings for the treatment and management of diabetes and age-associated complications.
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Li QZ, Chen X, Mao PW, Jin MY, Wu Q, Zhou XW. N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. Food Funct 2021; 12:3393-3404. [PMID: 33900328 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease-2019 has prompted the search for immunomodulatory agents. There are many potential natural products for drug discovery and development to tackle this disease. One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. Four proteins, including FIP-glu (WT) and its mutants N31S, T36N and N31S/T36N, were successfully expressed in P. pastoris, of which T36N and N31S/T36N were glycoproteins. After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. This was also demonstrated by UPLC-qTOF-MS. The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. The Western blot results showed that N-glycosylated WT reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhang Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China. and National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pei-Wen Mao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Meng-Yuan Jin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Qin Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Xuan-Wei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Feroz A, Khaki PSS, Khan MS, Bano B. Protein aggregation as a consequence of non-enzymatic glycation: Therapeutic intervention using aspartic acid and arginine. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1844-1858. [PMID: 32956747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glycation tempted AGEs of proteins are currently at the heart of a number of pathological conditions. Production of chemically stable AGEs can permanently alter the protein structure and function, concomitantly leading to dilapidated situations. Keeping in perspective, present study aims to report the glycation induced structural and functional modification of a cystatin type isolated from rai mustard seeds, using RSC-glucose and RSC-ribose as model system. Among the sugars studied, ribose was found to be most potent glycating agent as evident from different biophysical assays. During the course of incubation, RSC was observed to pass through a series of structural intermediates as revealed by circular dichroism, altered intrinsic fluorescence and high ANS binding. RSC incubation with ribose post day 36 revealed the possible buildup of β structures as observed in CD spectral analysis, hinting towards the generation of aggregated structures in RSC. High thioflavin T fluorescence and increased Congo red absorbance together with enhanced turbidity of the modified form confirmed the aggregation of RSC. The study further revealed anti-glycation and anti-aggregation potential of amino acids; aspartic acid and arginine as they prevented and/or slowed down the process of AGEs and β structure buildup in a concentration dependent manner with arginine proving to be the most effective one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Feroz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P., India.
| | | | - Mohd Sajid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India.
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Silica nanoparticles induce conformational changes of tau protein and oxidative stress and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cell line. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:1312-1320. [PMID: 30248427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of SiO2 NPs on the biological systems like nervous system have not been well explored. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of SiO2 NPs on the nervous system in vitro. Therefore, human tau protein and neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) were used as targets. In this study we examined the side effects of SiO2 NPs on tau protein structure using several techniques including CD, ANS fluorescence, UV-vis (360 nm), Congo red absorbance, TEM, and molecular dynamic. Also, the cytotoxicity effects of SiO2 NPs against SH-SY5Y cell line were evaluated using MTT, ROS and apoptotic assays. Spectroscopic and molecular dynamic investigations indicated that natively unfolded structure of tau in the presence of SiO2 NPs experienced a partially folded and amorphous aggregated structure. Cellular assay demonstrated that SiO2 NPs exerted cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells through ROS accumulation and induction of apoptosis. Overall, these findings proved that SiO2 NPs could induce adverse effects on tau structure and SH-SY5Y cell integrity. Moreover, further studies are required to elucidate the molecular mechanism of SiO2 NPs-induced side effects in vivo.
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