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Shettar SS, Bagewadi ZK, Yunus Khan T, Mohamed Shamsudeen S, Kolvekar HN. Biochemical characterization of immobilized recombinant subtilisin and synthesis and functional characterization of recombinant subtilisin capped silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:104009. [PMID: 38766505 PMCID: PMC11101740 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This pioneering research explores the transformative potential of recombinant subtilisin, emphasizing its strategic immobilization and nanoparticle synthesis to elevate both stability and therapeutic efficacy. Achieving an impressive 95.25 % immobilization yield with 3 % alginate composed of sodium along with 0.2 M CaCl2 indicates heightened pH levels and thermal resistance, with optimal action around pH 10 as well as 80 °C temperature. Notably, the Ca-alginate-immobilized subtilisin exhibits exceptional storage longevity and recyclability, affirming its practical viability. Comprehensive analyses of the recombinant subtilisin under diverse conditions underscore its adaptability, reflected in kinetic enhancements with increased Vmax (10.7 ± 15 × 103 U/mg) and decreased Km (0.19 ± 0.3 mM) values post-immobilization using N-Suc-F-A-A-F-pNA. UV-visible spectroscopy confirms the successful capping of nanoparticles made of Ag and ZnO by recombinant subtilisin, imparting profound antibacterial efficacy against diverse organisms and compelling antioxidant properties. Cytotoxicity was detected against the MCF-7 breast cancer line of cells, exhibiting IC50 concentrations at 8.87 as well as 14.52 µg/mL of AgNP as well as ZnONP, correspondingly, indicating promising anticancer potential. Rigorous characterization, including FTIR, SEM-EDS, TGA and AFM robustly validate the properties of the capped nanoparticles. Beyond therapeutic implications, the investigation explores industrial applications, revealing the versatility of recombinant subtilisin in dehairing, blood clot dissolution, biosurfactant activity, and blood stain removal. In summary, this research unfolds the exceptional promise of recombinant subtilisin and its nanoparticles, presenting compelling opportunities for diverse therapeutic applications in medicine. These findings contribute substantively to biotechnology and healthcare and stimulate avenues for further innovation and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya S. Shettar
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Zabin K. Bagewadi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - T.M. Yunus Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik Mohamed Shamsudeen
- Department of Diagnostic Dental Science and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harsh N. Kolvekar
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
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2
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Kalita BJ, Sit N. Characterization of cellulase immobilized by different methods of entrapment and its application for carrot juice extraction. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1163-1175. [PMID: 38440682 PMCID: PMC10908674 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, cellulase has been immobilized by two different methods of entrapment viz. encapsulation in calcium alginate and matrix entrapment in agar. The calcium alginate encapsulated beads showed an immobilization efficiency of 92.11% and agar entrapped cubes showed an immobilization efficiency of 97.63%. The free cellulase was found to show optimum activity at 50 °C and pH 4, had a Km of 39.29 mg/mL, Vmax of 0.50 μmol/min. The calcium alginate encapsulated beads showed optimum activity at 50 °C, and pH 8, had a Km of 72.28 mg/mL and Vmax of 1.32 μmol/min. The agar entrapped cubes showed optimum activity at 60 °C, and pH 4, had a Km of 13.08 mg/mL, and Vmax of 0.38 μmol/min. The immobilized cellulases could be used for 5 cycles after which their activity deteriorated. The immobilized as well as the free enzyme were effective in increasing the yield of carrot juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Jyoti Kalita
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028 India
| | - Nandan Sit
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028 India
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3
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Keet G, Du Toit JP, Pott RWM. Methods for the separation of hydraulic retention time and solids retention time in the application of photosynthetic microorganisms in photobioreactors: a review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:100. [PMID: 38366203 PMCID: PMC10873236 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthetic microorganisms have a wide range of biotechnical applications, through the application of their versatile metabolisms. However, their use in industry has been extremely limited to date, partially because of the additional complexities associated with their cultivation in comparison to other organisms. Strategies and developments in photobioreactors (PBRs) designed for their culture and applications are needed to drive the field forward. One particular area which bears examination is the use of strategies to separate solid- and hydraulic-residence times (SRT and HRT), to facilitate flow-through systems and continuous processing. The aim of this review is to discuss the various types of PBRs and methods which are currently demonstrated in the literature and industry, with a focus on the separation of HRT and SRT. The use of an efficient method of biomass retention in a PBR may be advantageous as it unlocks the option for continuous operation, which may improve efficiency, and improve economic feasibility of large-scale implementation of photosynthetic biocatalysts, especially where biomass is not the primary product. Due to the underexplored nature of the separation of HRT and SRT in reactors using photosynthetic microorganisms, limited literature is available regarding their performance, efficiencies, and potential issues. This review first introduces an overview into photosynthetic microorganisms cultivated and commonly exploited for use in biotechnological applications, with reference to bioreactor considerations specific to each organism. Following this, the existing technologies used for the separation of HRT and SRT in PBRs are explored. The respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed for each PBR design, which may inform an interested bioprocess engineer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Keet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - J P Du Toit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Watchmaker Genomics, Cape Town, South Africa
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Karakurt V, Samsa CG. Immobilization of protease on chitosan–silica gel beads for high detergent and surfactant stability and high tolerance against metallic ions and organic solvents. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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5
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Saratale RG, Cho SK, Bharagava RN, Patel AK, Varjani S, Mulla SI, Kim DS, Bhatia SK, Ferreira LFR, Shin HS, Saratale GD. A critical review on biomass-based sustainable biorefineries using nanobiocatalysts: Opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127926. [PMID: 36100182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts, including live microbial cells/enzymes, have been considered a predominant and advantageous tool for effectively transforming biomass into biofuels and valued biochemicals. However, high production costs, separation, and reusability limit its practical application. Immobilization of single and multi-enzymes by employing different nano-supports have gained massive attention because of its elevated exterior domain and high enzymatic performance. Application of nanobiocatalyst can overcome the drawbacks mainly, stability and reusability, thus reflecting the importance of biomass-based biorefinery to make it profitable and sustainable. This review provides an in-depth, comprehensive analysis of nanobiocatalysts systems concerning nano supports and biocatalytic performance characteristics. Furthermore, the effects of nanobiocatalyst on waste biomass to biofuel and valued bioproducts in the biorefinery approach and their critical assessment are discussed. Lastly, this review elaborates commercialization and market outlooks of the bioconversion process using nanobiocatalyst, followed by different strategies to overcome the limitations and future research directions on nanobiocatalytic-based industrial bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Kyung Cho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 025, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Sikandar I Mulla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Dong Su Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Han Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Tarasov SE, Plekhanova YV, Kitova AE, Bykov AG, Machulin AV, Kolesov VV, Klenova NA, Revin VV, Ponamoreva ON, Reshetilov AN. Bacterial Cellulose as a Matrix for Microorganisms in Bioelectrocatalytic Systems. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are outstanding (bio)catalysts, not solely on account of their ability to increase reaction rates by up to several orders of magnitude but also for the high degree of substrate specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. The use and development of enzymes as robust biocatalysts is one of the main challenges in biotechnology. However, despite the high specificities and turnover of enzymes, there are also drawbacks. At the industrial level, these drawbacks are typically overcome by resorting to immobilized enzymes to enhance stability. Immobilization of biocatalysts allows their reuse, increases stability, facilitates process control, eases product recovery, and enhances product yield and quality. This is especially important for expensive enzymes, for those obtained in low fermentation yield and with relatively low activity. This review provides an integrated perspective on (multi)enzyme immobilization that abridges a critical evaluation of immobilization methods and carriers, biocatalyst metrics, impact of key carrier features on biocatalyst performance, trends towards miniaturization and detailed illustrative examples that are representative of biocatalytic applications promoting sustainability.
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da S. Pereira A, Souza CPL, Moraes L, Fontes-Sant’Ana GC, Amaral PFF. Polymers as Encapsulating Agents and Delivery Vehicles of Enzymes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234061. [PMID: 34883565 PMCID: PMC8659040 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pH, or ionic strength. In this sense, the use of protective structures, as polymeric capsules, has been an excellent approach to maintain the catalytic stability of enzymes during their application. Thus, in this review, we report the use of polymeric materials as enzyme encapsulation agents, recent technological developments related to this subject, and characterization methodologies and possible applications of the formed bioactive structures. Our search detected that the most explored methods for enzyme encapsulation are ionotropic gelation, spray drying, freeze-drying, nanoprecipitation, and electrospinning. α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and β-galactosidase were the most used enzymes in encapsulations, with chitosan and sodium alginate being the main polymers. Furthermore, most studies reported high encapsulation efficiency, enzyme activity maintenance, and stability improvement at pH, temperature, and storage. Therefore, the information presented here shows a direction for the development of encapsulation systems capable of stabilizing different enzymes and obtaining better performance during application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejanildo da S. Pereira
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Camila P. L. Souza
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Lidiane Moraes
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Gizele C. Fontes-Sant’Ana
- Biochemical Processes Technology Department, Chemistry Institute, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil;
| | - Priscilla F. F. Amaral
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3938-7623
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9
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Bilal M, Qamar SA, Ashraf SS, Rodríguez-Couto S, Iqbal HMN. Robust nanocarriers to engineer nanobiocatalysts for bioprocessing applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 293:102438. [PMID: 34023567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic integration of bio-catalysis engineering with nanostructured materials, as unique multifunctional carrier matrices, has emerged as a new interface of nanobiocatalysis (NBC). NBC is an emerging innovation that offers significant considerations to expand the designing and fabrication of robust catalysts at the nanoscale with improved catalytic characteristics for multipurpose bioprocessing applications. In addition, nanostructured materials with unique structural, physical, chemical, and functional entities have manifested significant contributions in mimicking the enzyme microenvironment. A fine-tuned enzyme microenvironment with an added-value of NBC offers chemo- regio- and stereo- selectivities and specificities. Furthermore, NBC is growing rapidly and will become a powerful norm in bio-catalysis with much controlled features, such as selectivity, specificity, stability, resistivity, induce activity, reaction efficacy, multi-usability, improved mass transfer efficiency, high catalytic turnover, optimal yield, ease in recovery, and cost-effectiveness. Considering the above critics and unique structural, physicochemical, and functional attributes, herein, we present and discuss advances in NBC and its bioprocessing applications in different fields. Briefly, this review is focused on four parts, i.e., (1) NBC as a drive towards applied nanobiocatalysts (as an introduction with opportunities), (2) promising nanocarriers to develop nanobiocatalysts, (3) applications in the fields of biotransformation, biofuel production, carbohydrate hydrolysis, bio-/nanosensing, detergent formulations, and extraction and purification of value-added compounds, and (4) current challenges, concluding remarks, and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology (BTC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Couto
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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Vasconcelos H, Coelho LCC, Matias A, Saraiva C, Jorge PAS, de Almeida JMMM. Biosensors for Biogenic Amines: A Review. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11030082. [PMID: 33805834 PMCID: PMC8000219 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs) are well-known biomolecules, mostly for their toxic and carcinogenic effects. Commonly, they are used as an indicator of quality preservation in food and beverages since their presence in higher concentrations is associated with poor quality. With respect to BA’s metabolic pathways, time plays a crucial factor in their formation. They are mainly formed by microbial decarboxylation of amino acids, which is closely related to food deterioration, therefore, making them unfit for human consumption. Pathogenic microorganisms grow in food without any noticeable change in odor, appearance, or taste, thus, they can reach toxic concentrations. The present review provides an overview of the most recent literature on BAs with special emphasis on food matrixes, including a description of the typical BA assay formats, along with its general structure, according to the biorecognition elements used (enzymes, nucleic acids, whole cells, and antibodies). The extensive and significant amount of research that has been done to the investigation of biorecognition elements, transducers, and their integration in biosensors, over the years has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Vasconcelos
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (H.V.); (C.S.)
- INESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.C.C.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.S.J.)
| | - Luís C. C. Coelho
- INESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.C.C.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.S.J.)
| | - Ana Matias
- INESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.C.C.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.S.J.)
| | - Cristina Saraiva
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (H.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Pedro A. S. Jorge
- INESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.C.C.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.S.J.)
- Department. of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M. M. M. de Almeida
- INESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.C.C.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.S.J.)
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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11
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Production and immobilization of β-galactosidase isolated from Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC2190 by entrapment method using agar-agar organic matrix. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2198-2224. [PMID: 33686627 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC2190 was isolated from soil around a cattle shed area, which was capable of producing intracellular β-galactosidase. Partially purified β-galactosidase was immobilized by entrapment method in agar-agar gel matrix. Agar-agar entrapped beads were prepared by dropping the enzyme-agar solution to ice-cooled toluene-chloroform ((3:1 (v/v)). 45.88±0.11% activity of partially purified β-galactosidase was retained after immobilization (bead shape). Maximum immobilization yield was observed in the presence of 2.5% agar-agar concentration. After immobilization, optimum temperature required for the enzyme-substrate reaction was shifted from 50 to 60 °C and the optimum reaction time was shifted from 15 to 25 min. The optimum pH for both free and immobilized β-galactosidase was pH 7. Free enzyme showed lower activation energy in comparison with the immobilized one. For free as well as immobilized β-galactosidase thermal deactivation, rate constant (kd) increased with increasing temperature while the values of decimal reduction time (D-values) and half-lives (t1/2) decreased. Immobilization process increased the t1/2 and D-values of β-galactosidase while it decreased the kd. Thermostability of immobilized β-galactosidase was higher as they showed higher enthalpy (ΔΗ0) and Gibb's free energy (ΔG0)value than those of the free β-galactosidase. The negative entropy (ΔS0) of free and immobilized β-galactosidase established that both were in a more ordered state within the temperature range (50 to 70 °C) studied. Immobilized β-galactosidase was able to retain 51.65±1.61% of its initial activity after 7 batches of enzyme-substrate reaction. Immobilized β-galactosidase showed 78.09±3.69% of its initial activity even after 40 days of storage at 4 °C.
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Aggarwal S, Chakravarty A, Ikram S. A comprehensive review on incredible renewable carriers as promising platforms for enzyme immobilization & thereof strategies. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:962-986. [PMID: 33186644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are the highly versatile bio-catalysts having the potential for being employed in biotechnological and industrial sectors to catalyze biosynthetic reactions over a commercial point of view. Immobilization of enzymes has improved catalytic properties, retention activities, thermal and storage stabilities as well as reusabilities of enzymes in synthetic environments that have enthralled significant attention over the past few years. Dreadful efforts have been emphasized on the renewable and synthetic supports/composite materials to reserve their inherent characteristics such as biocompatibility, non-toxicity, accessibility of numerous reactive sites for profitable immobilization of biological molecules that often serve diverse applications in the pharmaceutical, environmental, and energy sectors. Supports should be endowed with unique physicochemical properties including high specific surface area, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, enantioselectivities, multivalent functionalization which professed them as competent carriers for enzyme immobilization. Organic, inorganic, and nano-based platforms are more potent, stable, highly recovered even after used for continuous catalytic processes, broadly renders the enzymes to get efficiently immobilized to develop an inherent bio-catalytic system that displays higher activities as compared to free-counter parts. This review highlights the recent advances or developments on renewable and synthetic matrices that are utilized for the immobilization of enzymes to deliver emerging applications around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Aggarwal
- Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Archana Chakravarty
- Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Saiqa Ikram
- Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Urbano BF, Bustamante S, Palacio DA, Vera M, Rivas BL. Polymer supports for the removal and degradation of hazardous organic pollutants: an overview. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F Urbano
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Saúl Bustamante
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Daniel A Palacio
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Myleidi Vera
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Bernabé L Rivas
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
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Pervez S, Nawaz MA, Jamal M, Jan T, Maqbool F, Shah I, Aman A, Ul Qader SA. Improvement of catalytic properties of starch hydrolyzing fungal amyloglucosidase: Utilization of agar-agar as an organic matrix for immobilization. Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107860. [PMID: 31683070 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, amyloglucosidase was immobilized within agar-agar through entrapment technique for the hydrolysis of soluble starch. Enzymatic activities of soluble and entrapped amyloglucosidase were compared using soluble starch as a substrate. Partially purified enzyme was immobilized and maximum immobilization yield (80%) was attained at 40 gL-1 of agar-agar. Enzyme catalysis reaction time shifted from 5.0 min to 10 min after immobilization. Similarly, a five-degree shift in temperature (60 °C-65 °C) and a 0.5 unit increase in pH (pH-5.0 to pH-5.5) were also observed. Substrate saturation kinetics revealed that Km of entrapped amyloglucosidase increased from 1.41 mg ml-1 (soluble enzyme) to 3.39 mg ml-1 (immobilized enzyme) whereas, Vmax decreased from 947 kU mg-1 (soluble enzyme) to 698 kU mg-1 (immobilized enzyme). Entrapped amyloglucosidase also exhibited significant catalytic performance during thermal and storage stability when compared with soluble enzyme. Reusability of entrapped amyloglucosidase for hydrolysis of soluble starch demonstrated its recycling efficiency up to six cycles which is an exceptional characteristic for continuous bioprocessing of soluble starch into glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Pervez
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (Upper), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Muhsin Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Garden Campus, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Tour Jan
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdrara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Farhana Maqbool
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ismail Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Garden Campus, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Aman
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shah Ali Ul Qader
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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15
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Sattar H, Bibi Z, Kamran A, Aman A, Ul Qader SA. Degradation of complex casein polymer: Production and optimization of a novel serine metalloprotease from Aspergillus niger KIBGE-IB36. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Covalent immobilization and characterization of penicillin G acylase on amino and GO functionalized magnetic Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4@SiO2 nanocomposite prepared via a novel rapid-combustion process. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:507-515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Naturally-derived biopolymers: Potential platforms for enzyme immobilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:462-482. [PMID: 30825566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Naturally-derived biopolymers such as alginate, chitosan, cellulose, agarose, guar gum/guaran, agar, carrageenan, gelatin, dextran, xanthan, and pectins, etc. have appealed significant attention over the past several years owing to their natural abundance and availability all over the years, around the globe. In addition, their versatile properties such as non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, flexibility, renewability, and the availability of numerous reactive sites offer significant functionalities with multipurpose applications. At present, intensive research efforts have been focused on engineering enzymes using natural biopolymers as novel support/composite materials for diverse applications in biomedical, environmental, pharmaceutical, food and biofuel/energy sectors. Immobilization appears as a straightforward and promising approach to developing biocatalysts with improved catalytic properties as compared to their free counterparts. Biopolymers-assisted enzymes are more stable, robust, and recoverable than that of free forms, and can be employed for continuous biocatalytic reactions. The present review highlights the recent developments and use of biopolymers and their advanced composites as support carriers for the immobilization of a variety of different enzymes to develop biocatalysts with desired catalytic activity and stability characteristics for emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
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18
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Mesbah NM, Wiegel J. Improvement of Activity and Thermostability of Agar-Entrapped, Thermophilic, Haloalkaliphilic Amylase AmyD8. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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