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Van Delen M, Derdelinckx J, Wouters K, Nelissen I, Cools N. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing safety and efficacy of human extracellular vesicle-based therapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12458. [PMID: 38958077 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it has become clear that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are not a cellular waste disposal vesicle but are an essential part of an intercellular communication system. Besides the use of EVs in biomarker studies and diagnostics, the potential of EV-therapeutics has been seen by many. They provide unique properties for disease therapy, including strong immune-modulatory actions, the possibility of engineering, low immunogenicity, and the capability of crossing biological barriers. Proof-of-concept of EV-therapeutics for various pathologies has been achieved in preclinical studies. However, clinical trials with EVs have only been emerging slowly. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art concerning clinical studies using EVs in human therapy. By approaching the current knowledge in a systematic manner, we were able to include 21 reports for meta-analysis of safety and evaluation of efficacy outcomes. Overall, we have shown that EV-based therapy is safe with a low incidence of serious adverse events (SAE; 0.7% (95%-CI: 0.1-5.2%), and adverse events (AE; 4.4% (95%-CI: 0.7-22.2%). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in SAE when comparing autologous versus allogeneic administration, as well as engineered versus non-engineered EV products. A significantly higher number of AE was seen in autologous versus allogeneic administration. However, the clinical relevance remains questionable. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes of immunostimulatory, immunosuppressive or regenerative EV-therapies indicated improvement in the majority of treated patients. Despite these promising results, data need to be approached with caution due to a high heterogeneity in the EVs manufacturing methods, study design, and reporting of (S)AE. Overall, we conclude that EV-based therapy is safe and presents a promising opportunity in therapy. More efforts are needed in the standardization and harmonization of reporting of EV isolation and characterization data as well as in the reporting of (S)AE to allow inter-study comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Van Delen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Judith Derdelinckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Clinical Trial Center (CTC), CRC Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kristien Wouters
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCRG), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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2
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Li Q, Zhang Y, Jin P, Chen Y, Zhang C, Geng X, Mun KS, Phang KC. New insights into the potential of exosomal circular RNAs in mediating cancer chemotherapy resistance and their clinical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117027. [PMID: 38925018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance typically leads to tumour recurrence and is a major obstacle to cancer treatment. Increasing numbers of circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been confirmed to be abnormally expressed in various tumours, where they participate in the malignant progression of tumours, and play important roles in regulating the sensitivity of tumours to chemotherapy drugs. As exosomes mediate intercellular communication, they are rich in circRNAs and exhibit a specific RNA cargo sorting mechanism. By carrying and delivering circRNAs, exosomes can promote the efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs and reduce intracellular drug concentrations in recipient cells, thus affecting the cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion and migration. The mechanisms that affect the phenotype of tumour stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and DNA damage repair also mediate chemotherapy resistance in many tumours. Exosomal circRNAs are diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for reversing chemotherapy resistance in tumours. Currently, the rise of new fields, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, and new technologies such as biosensors, multimolecular diagnostic systems and platforms based on circRNAs, as well as the application of exosome-based vaccines, has provided novel ideas for precision cancer treatment. In this review, the recent progress in understanding how exosomal circRNAs mediate tumour chemotherapy resistance is reviewed, and the potential of exosomal circRNAs in tumour diagnosis, treatment and immune regulation is discussed, providing new ideas for inhibiting tumour chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China; Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Peikan Jin
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Yepeng Chen
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Xiuchao Geng
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
| | - Kein Seong Mun
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kean Chang Phang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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3
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He S, Zhao Z. Genetically engineered cell-derived nanovesicles for cancer immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8317-8334. [PMID: 38592744 PMCID: PMC11075450 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of immunotherapy has marked a new epoch in cancer treatment, presenting substantial clinical benefits. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as natural nanocarriers, can deliver biologically active agents in cancer therapy with their inherent biocompatibility and negligible immunogenicity. However, natural EVs have limitations such as inadequate targeting capability, low loading efficacy, and unpredictable side effects. Through progress in genetic engineering, EVs have been modified for enhanced delivery of immunomodulatory agents and antigen presentation with specific cancer targeting ability, deepening the role of EVs in cancer immunotherapy. This review briefly describes typical EV sources, isolation methods, and adjustable targeting of EVs. Furthermore, this review highlights the genetic engineering strategies developed for delivering immunomodulatory agents and antigen presentation in EV-based systems. The prospects and challenges of genetically engineered EVs as cancer immunotherapy in clinical translation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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4
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Gonzalez-Melero L, Santos-Vizcaino E, Varela-Calvino R, Gomez-Tourino I, Asumendi A, Boyano MD, Igartua M, Hernandez RM. PLGA-PEI nanoparticle covered with poly(I:C) for personalised cancer immunotherapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01557-2. [PMID: 38427275 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma is the main cause of death among skin cancers and its incidence worldwide has been experiencing an appalling increase. However, traditional treatments lack effectiveness in advanced or metastatic patients. Immunotherapy, meanwhile, has been shown to be an effective treatment option, but the rate of cancers responding remains far from ideal. Here we have developed a personalized neoantigen peptide-based cancer vaccine by encapsulating patient derived melanoma neoantigens in polyethylenimine (PEI)-functionalised poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) and coating them with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). We found that PLGA NPs can be effectively modified to be coated with the immunoadjuvant poly(I:C), as well as to encapsulate neoantigens. In addition, we found that both dendritic cells (DCs) and lymphocytes were effectively stimulated. Moreover, the developed NP was found to have a better immune activation profile than NP without poly(I:C) or without antigen. Our results demonstrate that the developed vaccine has a high capacity to activate the immune system, efficiently maturing DCs to present the antigen of choice and promoting the activity of lymphocytes to exert their cytotoxic function. Therefore, the immune response generated is optimal and specific for the elimination of melanoma tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gonzalez-Melero
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Edorta Santos-Vizcaino
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Varela-Calvino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Iria Gomez-Tourino
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago, Spain
| | - Aintzane Asumendi
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Boyano
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Li L, Wang C, Li Q, Guan Y, Zhang X, Kong F, Feng Z, Lu Y, Wang D, Wang N. Exosomes as a modulator of immune resistance in human cancers. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:135-149. [PMID: 37543438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomes secreted by cells form interactive networks between the tumor cells and immune cells, thereby regulating immune signaling cascades in the TME. As key messengers of cell-to-cell communication in the TME, exosomes not only take charge of tumor cell antigen presentation to the immune cells, but also regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit immune function, and, especially, promote immune resistance, all of which affects the therapeutic outcomes of tumors. Exosomes, which are small-sized vesicles, possess some remarkable advantages, including strong biological activity, a lack of immunogenicity and toxicity, and a strong targeting ability. Based on these characteristics, research on exosomes as biomarkers or carriers of tumor therapeutic drugs has become a research hotspot in related fields. This review describes the role of exosomes in cell communications in the TME, summarizes the effectiveness of exosome-based immunotherapy in overcoming immune resistance in cancer treatment, and systematically summarizes and discusses the characteristics of exosomes from different cell sources. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of exosome-related therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanzhou Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Chunyue Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Qiucheng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yue Guan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Fange Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Zixin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Di Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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6
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Wang X, Xia J, Yang L, Dai J, He L. Recent progress in exosome research: isolation, characterization and clinical applications. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1051-1065. [PMID: 37106070 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a kind of nano-vesicles released by various cell types, carry a variety of "cargos" including proteins, RNAs, DNAs and lipids. There is substantial evidence that exosomes are involved in intercellular communication by exchanging "cargos" among cells and play important roles in cancer development. Because of the different expressions of "cargos" carried by exosomes in biological fluids under physiological and pathological conditions, exosomes have the potential as a minimally invasive method of liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In addition, due to their good biocompatibility, safety, biodistribution and low immunogenicity, exosomes also have potential applications in the development of promising cancer treatment methods. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the isolation and characterization techniques of exosomes. Moreover, we review the biological functions of exosomes in regulating tumor metastasis, drug resistance and immune regulation during cancer development and outline the applications of exosomes in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jingyi Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The people's hospital of jianyang city, Jianyang, 641400, China
| | - Jingying Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Lin He
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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7
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Zhang F, Jiang J, Qian H, Yan Y, Xu W. Exosomal circRNA: emerging insights into cancer progression and clinical application potential. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:67. [PMID: 37365670 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomal circRNA serves a novel genetic information molecule, facilitating communication between tumor cells and microenvironmental cells, such as immune cells, fibroblasts, and other components, thereby regulating critical aspects of cancer progression including immune escape, tumor angiogenesis, metabolism, drug resistance, proliferation and metastasis. Interestingly, microenvironment cells have new findings in influencing tumor progression and immune escape mediated by the release of exosomal circRNA. Given the intrinsic stability, abundance, and broad distribution of exosomal circRNAs, they represent excellent diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for liquid biopsy. Moreover, artificially synthesized circRNAs may open up new possibilities for cancer therapy, potentially bolstered by nanoparticles or plant exosome delivery strategies. In this review, we summarize the functions and underlying mechanisms of tumor cell and non-tumor cell-derived exosomal circRNAs in cancer progression, with a special focus on their roles in tumor immunity and metabolism. Finally, we examine the potential application of exosomal circRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, highlighting their promise for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on sEVs Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Jiang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on sEVs Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Qian
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on sEVs Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, No. 2 North Yongning Road, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on sEVs Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Kwantwi LB. Exosome-mediated crosstalk between tumor cells and innate immune cells: implications for cancer progression and therapeutic strategies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04833-9. [PMID: 37154928 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of cancer-associated deaths despite the substantial improvement in diagnosis and treatment has sparked discussions on the need for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for cancer. Exosomes have become crucial players in tumor development and progression, largely due to the diverse nature of their cargo content released to recipient cells. Importantly, exosome-mediated crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells is essential in reprogramming the tumor microenvironment to facilitate tumor progression. As a result, exosomes have gradually become a marker for the early diagnosis of many diseases and an important tool in drug delivery systems. However, the precise mechanisms by which exosomes participate in tumor progression remain elusive, multifaceted, and a double-edged sword, thus requiring further clarification. The available evidence suggests that exosomes can facilitate communication between innate immune cells and tumor cells to either support or inhibit tumor progression. Herein, this review focused on exosome-mediated intercellular communication between tumor cells and macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Specifically, how such intercellular communication affects tumor progression has been described. It has also been discussed that, depending on their cargo, exosomes can suppress or promote tumor cell progression. In addition, the potential application of exosomes and strategies to target exosomes in cancer treatment has been comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boafo Kwantwi
- Department of Medical Imaging Sciences, Klintaps College of Health and Allied Sciences, Accra, DTD. TDC, 30A Klagon, Com. 19, Tema, Ghana.
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Ghorbaninezhad F, Alemohammad H, Najafzadeh B, Masoumi J, Shadbad MA, Shahpouri M, Saeedi H, Rahbarfarzam O, Baradaran B. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes: A new horizon in personalized cancer immunotherapy? Cancer Lett 2023; 562:216168. [PMID: 37031915 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) release nanometer-sized membrane vesicles known as dexosomes, containing different molecules, particularly proteins, for presenting antigens, i.e., major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I/II and CD86. Dexosomes can, directly and indirectly, stimulate antigen-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Antigen-loaded dexosomes can lead to the development of potent anti-tumoral immune responses. Notably, developing dexosome-based cell-free vaccines could serve as a new vaccination platform in the era of immunotherapy for various cancers. Furthermore, combining dexosomes vaccination strategies with other treatment approaches can considerably increase tumor-specific T cell responses. Herein, we aimed to review how dexosomes interact with immune cells, e.g., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Besides, we discussed the limitations of this approach and suggested potential strategies to improve its effectiveness for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ghorbaninezhad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Shahpouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Rahbarfarzam
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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10
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Wang M, Fu L, Xu Y, Ma S, Zhang X, Zheng L. A comprehensive overview of exosome lncRNAs: Emerging biomarkers and potential therapeutics in gynecological cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1138142. [PMID: 37007117 PMCID: PMC10063919 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1138142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer are common gynecologic malignancies, and their incidence is increasing year after year, with a younger patient population at risk. An exosome is a tiny “teacup-like” blister that can be secreted by most cells, is highly concentrated and easily enriched in body fluids, and contains a large number of lncRNAs carrying some biological and genetic information that can be stable for a long time and is not affected by ribonuclease catalytic activity. As a cell communication tool, exosome lncRNA has the advantages of high efficiency and high targeting. Changes in serum exosome lncRNA expression in cancer patients can accurately reflect the malignant biological behavior of cancer cells. Exosome lncRNA has been shown in studies to have broad application prospects in cancer diagnosis, monitoring cancer recurrence or progression, cancer treatment, and prognosis. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for clinical research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of gynecologic malignant tumors by reviewing the role of exosome lncRNA in gynecologic cancers and related molecular mechanisms.
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11
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Avila JP, Carvalho BM, Coimbra EC. A Comprehensive View of the Cancer-Immunity Cycle (CIC) in HPV-Mediated Cervical Cancer and Prospects for Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041333. [PMID: 36831674 PMCID: PMC9954575 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with more than 500,000 new cases each year and a mortality rate of around 55%. Over 80% of these deaths occur in developing countries. The most important risk factor for CC is persistent infection by a sexually transmitted virus, the human papillomavirus (HPV). Conventional treatments to eradicate this type of cancer are accompanied by high rates of resistance and a large number of side effects. Hence, it is crucial to devise novel effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have aimed to develop immunotherapeutic methods for treating cancer. However, these strategies have not proven to be effective enough to combat CC. This means there is a need to investigate immune molecular targets. An adaptive immune response against cancer has been described in seven key stages or steps defined as the cancer-immunity cycle (CIC). The CIC begins with the release of antigens by tumor cells and ends with their destruction by cytotoxic T-cells. In this paper, we discuss several molecular alterations found in each stage of the CIC of CC. In addition, we analyze the evidence discovered, the molecular mechanisms and their relationship with variables such as histological subtype and HPV infection, as well as their potential impact for adopting novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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12
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Wang S, Shi Y. Exosomes Derived from Immune Cells: The New Role of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Tumor Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6527-6550. [PMID: 36575698 PMCID: PMC9790146 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s388604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by living cells, with a typical lipid bilayer structure. They carry a variety of proteins, lipids, RNA and other important information, play an important role in the transmission of substances and information between cells, and gradually become a marker for early diagnosis of many diseases and an important tool in drug delivery system. Immune cells are an important part of tumor microenvironment, and they can affect tumor progression by secreting a variety of immunoreactive substances. This review focuses on the effects of various immune cell-derived exosomes on tumor cells, different immune cells and other stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Exosomes derived from different immune cells can not only reshape a pro-inflammatory microenvironment to inhibit tumor progression, but also promote tumor progression by inhibiting the killing effect of NK cells, CD8+T cells and other cells or promoting tumor cells and immunosuppressive immune cells. In addition, we also discussed that some exosomes derived from immune cells (such as DC, M1 macrophages and neutrophils) play a tumor inhibitory role after being engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Wang
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yue Shi, Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13842073309, Email
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13
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Zhou X, Lian H, Li H, Fan M, Xu W, Jin Y. Nanotechnology in cervical cancer immunotherapy: Therapeutic vaccines and adoptive cell therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1065793. [PMID: 36588709 PMCID: PMC9802678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1065793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an emerging method for the treatment of cervical cancer and is more effective than surgery and radiotherapy, especially for recurrent cervical cancer. However, immunotherapy is limited by adverse effects in clinical practice. In recent years, nanotechnology has been widely used for tumor diagnosis, drug delivery, and targeted therapy. In the setting of cervical cancer, nanotechnology can be used to actively or passively target immunotherapeutic agents to tumor sites, thereby enhancing local drug delivery, reducing drug adverse effects, achieving immunomodulation, improving the tumor immune microenvironment, and optimizing treatment efficacy. In this review, we highlight the current status of therapeutic vaccines and adoptive cell therapy in cervical cancer immunotherapy, as well as the application of lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and exosomes in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haiying Lian
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meiling Fan
- Gynecology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Meiling Fan, ; Wei Xu, ; Ye Jin,
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Meiling Fan, ; Wei Xu, ; Ye Jin,
| | - Ye Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Meiling Fan, ; Wei Xu, ; Ye Jin,
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14
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Reale A, Khong T, Spencer A. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Roles in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11236892. [PMID: 36498469 PMCID: PMC9737553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11236892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells actively incorporate molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, RNA) into particles named extracellular vesicles (EVs). Several groups have demonstrated that EVs can be transferred to target (recipient) cells, making EVs an important means of intercellular communication. Indeed, EVs are able to modulate the functions of target cells by reprogramming signaling pathways. In a cancer context, EVs promote the formation of a supportive tumor microenvironment (TME) and (pre)metastatic niches. Recent studies have revealed that immune cells, tumor cells and their secretome, including EVs, promote changes in the TME and immunosuppressive functions of immune cells (e.g., natural killer, dendritic cells, T and B cells, monocytes, macrophages) that allow tumor cells to establish and propagate. Despite the growing knowledge on EVs and on their roles in cancer and as modulators of the immune response/escape, the translation into clinical practice remains in its early stages, hence requiring improved translational research in the EVs field. Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge and most recent research on the roles of EVs in tumor immune evasion and immunosuppression in both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. We also highlight the clinical utility of EV-mediated immunosuppression targeting and EV-engineering. Importantly, we discuss the controversial role of EVs in cancer biology, current limitations and future perspectives to further the EV knowledge into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Reale
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University—Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Tiffany Khong
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University—Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Andrew Spencer
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University—Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Haematology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.S.)
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15
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Chen W, Wu Y, Deng J, Yang Z, Chen J, Tan Q, Guo M, Jin Y. Phospholipid-Membrane-Based Nanovesicles Acting as Vaccines for Tumor Immunotherapy: Classification, Mechanisms and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112446. [PMID: 36432636 PMCID: PMC9698496 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles, a group of nano- or microsized vesicles, can be internalized or interact with the recipient cells, depending on their parental cells, size, structure and content. Membrane vesicles fuse with the target cell membrane, or they bind to the receptors on the cell surface, to transfer special effects. Based on versatile features, they can modulate the functions of immune cells and therefore influence immune responses. In the field of tumor therapeutic applications, phospholipid-membrane-based nanovesicles attract increased interest. Academic institutions and industrial companies are putting in effort to design, modify and apply membrane vesicles as potential tumor vaccines contributing to tumor immunotherapy. This review focuses on the currently most-used types of membrane vesicles (including liposomes, bacterial membrane vesicles, tumor- and dendritic-cell-derived extracellular vesicles) acting as tumor vaccines, and describes the classification, mechanism and application of these nanovesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yali Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zimo Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiangbin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengfei Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-5436-1146
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16
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CircRNA-Based Cervical Cancer Prognosis Model, Immunological Validation and Drug Prediction. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:7994-8018. [PMID: 36354693 PMCID: PMC9689098 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) is a common cancer in female, which is associated with problems like poor prognosis. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a kind of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) that has an important role in regulating microRNA (miRNA) in many cancers. The regulatory mechanisms of CC immune microenvironment and the transcriptome level remain to be fully explored. METHODS In this study, we constructed the ceRNA network through the interaction data and expression matrix of circRNA, miRNA and mRNA. Meanwhile, based on the gene expression matrix, CIBERSORT algorithm was used to reveal contents of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs). Then, we screened prognostic markers based on ceRNA network and immune infiltration and constructed two nomograms. In order to find immunological differences between the high- and low-risk CC samples, we examined multiple immune checkpoints and predicted the effect of PD-L1 ICI immunotherapy. In addition, the sensitive therapeutics for high-risk patients were screened, and the potential agents with anti-CC activity were predicted by Connective Map (CMap). RESULTS We mapped a ceRNA network including 5 circRNAs, 17 miRNAs and 129 mRNAs. From the mRNA nodes of the network six genes and two kind of cells were identified as prognostic makers for CC. Among them, there was a significant positive correlation between CD8+ T cells and SNX10 gene. The results of TIDE and single sample GSEA (ssGSEA) showed that T cells CD8 do play a key role in inhibiting tumor progression. Further, our study screened 24 drugs that were more sensitive to high-risk CC patients and several potential therapeutic agents for reference. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified several circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes and six prognostic genes based on the ceRNA network. In addition, through TIIC, survival analysis and a series of immunological analyses, T cells were proved to be good prognostic markers, besides play an important role in the immune process. Finally, we screened 24 potentially more effective drugs and multiple potential drug compounds for high- and low-risk patients.
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Advances in Exosomes as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarkers for Gynaecological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194743. [PMID: 36230667 PMCID: PMC9563301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The three major gynaecological cancers are ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer, which endanger women’s health worldwide. Significant progress has been made in the study of exosomes, which have been proven to be an important form of intercellular communication, as well as an important carrier for the uptake, transport, and release of cargo. Exosomes may also be promising diagnostic or prognostic markers for gynaecologic malignancies, which may improve the level of treatment of gynaecologic malignancies. This article reviews the latest research progress and systematic knowledge of exosomes in gynaecological malignant tumours in recent years, in order to provide a new perspective for the treatment of gynaecological tumours and promote the clinical application of exosomes in gynaecological malignancies. Abstract Background: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that can be released by practically all types of cells. They have a diameter of 30–150 nm. Exosomes control the exchange of materials and information between cells. This function is based on its special cargo-carrying and transporting functions, which can load a variety of useful components and guarantee their preservation. Recently, exosomes have been confirmed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of gynaecological malignancies. Particularly, participation in liquid biopsy was studied extensively in gynaecological cancer, which holds the advantages of noninvasiveness and individualization. Literature Review: This article reviews the latest research progress of exosomes in gynaecological malignancies and discusses the involvement of humoral and cell-derived exosomes in the pathogenesis, progression, metastasis, drug resistance and treatment of ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and endometrial cancer. Advances in the clinical application of exosomes in diagnostic technology, drug delivery, and overcoming tumour resistance are also presented. Conclusion: Exosomes are potentially diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in gynaecological malignancies, and also provide new directions for the treatment of gynaecological tumours, showing great clinical potential.
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M1 macrophage-derived exosomes synergistically enhance the anti- bladder cancer effect of gemcitabine. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7364-7377. [PMID: 35929830 PMCID: PMC9550252 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM) is one of the first choice drugs for treating bladder cancer. In this study, we loaded M1 macrophage-derived exosomes (M1-Exo) with GEM by ultrasonication technique to derive an M1-Exo-GEM drug delivery system, and then explored its effects on bladder cancer. After inducing M1 polarization of macrophages in vitro, ultracentrifugation was performed to obtain M1-Exo, followed by construction of M1-Exo-GEM via ultrasonication technique. Mouse bladder cancer MB49 cells were chosen for study. CCK-8, PI staining and flow cytometry (FCM) assays were employed to assess the cell viability and apoptosis level. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA, while the protein expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 were examined through Western-Blotting. After injecting M1-Exo-GEM into the tumor-bearing mouse model, the pathological changes were observed by H&E staining, the cancer cell damage was detected by TUNEL staining, and the apoptosis pathway activation was analyzed through immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and protein expression assays for Caspase-3 and Bax. Our results showed that M1-Exo and GEM had cytotoxic effects on MB49 cells, which increased the apoptosis level and the inflammatory cytokine expressions. Compared to M1-Exo and GEM, M1-Exo-GEM was significantly more cytotoxic to MB49 cells while markedly up-regulating the expressions of inflammatory cytokines. In the tumor-bearing mouse model, M1-Exo-GEM significantly inhibited tumor growth and damaged tumor cells, which outperformed GEM. Meanwhile, it also increased the tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines. This study finds that the drug delivery system composed of M1-Exo and GEM can act synergistically with GEM to exert cytotoxicity and induce inflammatory damage of bladder cancer cells.
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19
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Xia J, Miao Y, Wang X, Huang X, Dai J. Recent progress of dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) as an anti-cancer nanovaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113250. [PMID: 35700679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer vaccines such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines and peptide vaccines have become appealing and attractive anticancer immunotherapy options in recent decades, some obstacles have hindered their successful application in the clinical setting. The difficulties associated with the high cost of DC preparation, storage of DC vaccines, tumor-mediated immunosuppressive environment, identification of specific tumor antigens, and high degradation of antigen peptides in vivo limit the clinical application and affect the outcomes of these cancer vaccines. Recently, nanocarriers have been considered as a new approach for vaccine delivery. As biogenic nanocarriers, exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by cells that carry various proteins, RNAs, and lipids. More importantly, DC-derived exosomes (Dex) express tumor antigens, MHC molecules, and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface, which trigger the release of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. With their membrane structure, Dex can avoid high degradation while ensuring favorable biocompatibility and biosafety in vivo. In addition, Dex can be stored in vitro for a longer period, which facilitates a significant reduction in production costs. Furthermore, they have shown better antitumor efficacy in preclinical studies compared with DC vaccines owing to their higher immunogenicity and stronger resistance to immunosuppressive effects. However, the clinical efficacy of Dex vaccines remains limited. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Dex as an anticancer nanovaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xia
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Yangbao Miao
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xiaobing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Jingying Dai
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
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20
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Panigrahi AR, Srinivas L, Panda J. Exosomes: Insights and therapeutic applications in cancer. Transl Oncol 2022; 21:101439. [PMID: 35551002 PMCID: PMC9108525 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer refers to the division of abnormal cells at an uncontrollable rate that possesses the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal tissues. It frequently spreads to normal tissues throughout the body, a condition known as metastasis, which is a significant concern. It is the second leading cause of mortality globally and treatment therapy can assist in improving survival rates. Exosomes are the extracellular vesicles secreted by several cells that act as messengers between cells. When engineered, exosomes act as promising drug delivery vehicles that help achieve targeted action at the tumour site and reduce the limitations of conventional treatments such as castration, chemotherapy, radiation, etc. The present review provides an overview of exosomes, the biogenesis, sources, isolation methods and characterization. The current status and applications of chemotherapeutic agents loaded, engineered exosomes in cancer treatment were convoluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Raj Panigrahi
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, India
| | - Lankalapalli Srinivas
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, India.
| | - Jagadeesh Panda
- Raghu College of Pharmacy, Dakamarri, Visakhapatnam - 531162, India
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21
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Ye J, Liu X. Macrophage-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Multiple Diseases: Biogenesis, Function, and Therapeutic Applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:913110. [PMID: 35832790 PMCID: PMC9271994 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.913110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφs), as immune cells, play a pivotal role against pathogens and many diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, orthopedic diseases, and metabolic disorders. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from Mφs (M-sEVs) play important roles in these diseases, suggesting that Mφs carry out their physiological functions through sEVs. This paper reviews the mechanisms underlying M-sEVs production via different forms of polarization and their biological functions in multiple diseases. In addition, the prospects of M-sEVs in disease diagnosis and treatment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Ye
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuehong Liu,
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22
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Ran Z, Wu S, Ma Z, Chen X, Liu J, Yang J. Advances in exosome biomarkers for cervical cancer. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4966-4978. [PMID: 35578572 PMCID: PMC9761094 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) ranks as the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignancy in females worldwide. Exosomes are a subclass of extracellular vesicles released by nearly all types of cells that act as cargo transport vehicles, carrying proteins, and genetic material (such as miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and mRNAs) derived from their parent cells may affect receiving cells and thus have emerged as key players in several biological processes, including inflammatory pathways. In this review, we concentrated on the findings of exosome investigations in CC, particularly their components. They direct the actions of CC cells by inducing surface molecules associated with various biological pathways. We summarized the current knowledge of exosomal RNAs and proteins from CC cells and discussed the feasibility of exosomes as potential biomarkers for CC. We suggest that cancer-derived exosomes promote metastasis in CC by supporting EMT, controlling the proliferation, invasion, or migration of cancer cells, as well as influencing immune escape and aiding angiogenesis. Overall, cancer-derived exosomes are critical in the progression of CC, and further studies are necessary to advance our understanding of the clinical value of exosomes in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Ran
- Department of ResearchShanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu HospitalShanghaiChina,Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina,The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Shaobo Wu
- Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina,The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Zijng Ma
- Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina,The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Xiuwen Chen
- Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina,The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Liu
- Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Jingcheng Yang
- The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences and Shanghai Cancer CenterFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision MedicineGuangzhouChina
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23
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Chen L, Wang L, Zhu L, Xu Z, Liu Y, Li Z, Zhou J, Luo F. Exosomes as Drug Carriers in Anti-Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:728616. [PMID: 35155421 PMCID: PMC8826094 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.728616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, there has been a high demand for developing new safe and effective drug carriers for cancer therapy. Emerging studies have indicated that exosomes can serve as potent therapeutic carriers since they offer low immunogenicity, high stability, innate and acquired targetability, and the stimulation of anti-cancer immune responses. Yet, the development of exosome-based drug delivery systems remains challenging due to their heterogeneity, low yield, and limited drug loading efficiency. Herein, we summarized the current application of exosomes derived from different cells as drug carriers in anti-cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo. We also discussed the challenges and prospects of exosome-based drug delivery systems in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Jin Zhou, ; Feng Luo,
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixi Li
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Jin Zhou, ; Feng Luo,
| | - Feng Luo
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Jin Zhou, ; Feng Luo,
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24
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Lei W, Yang C, Wu Y, Ru G, He X, Tong X, Wang S. Nanocarriers surface engineered with cell membranes for cancer targeted chemotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:45. [PMID: 35062958 PMCID: PMC8781141 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Inspired by nature, the biomimetic approach has been incorporated into drug nanocarriers for cancer targeted chemotherapy. The nanocarriers are cloaked in cell membranes, which enables them to incorporate the functions of natural cells.
Key scientific concepts of review
Nanocarriers surface engineered with cell membranes have emerged as a fascinating source of materials for cancer targeted chemotherapy. A distinctive characteristic of cell membrane-coated nanocarriers (CMCNs) is that they include carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, in addition to being biocompatible. CMCNs are capable of interacting with the complicated biological milieu of the tumor because they contain the signaling networks and intrinsic functions of their parent cells. Numerous cell membranes have been investigated for the purpose of masking nanocarriers with membranes, and various tumor-targeting methods have been devised to improve cancer targeted chemotherapy. Moreover, the diverse structure of the membrane from different cell sources broadens the spectrum of CMCNs and offers an entirely new class of drug-delivery systems.
Aim of review
This review will describe the manufacturing processes for CMCNs and the therapeutic uses for different kinds of cell membrane-coated nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems, as well as addressing obstacles and future prospects.
Graphical Abstract
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25
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Wang X, Tang W, Lu Y, You J, Han Y, Zheng Y. Prognostic Significance of Alternative Splicing Genes in Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Endocervical Adenocarcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:7933-7949. [PMID: 34785939 PMCID: PMC8590485 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s335475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing (AS) acts on many tumors and its relationship with cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) needs to be researched. Methods RNA sequencing data and clinical information of CESC cohorts were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and SpliceSeq was used to analyze the splicing profile of mRNA in CESC. UpSetR displayed the intersections among AS events and univariate analysis chose survival-associated AS and splicing factor (SF) genes. Functional analysis was operated on Enrichr, STRING database and MCODE analysis were used to evaluate protein-protein interaction (PPI) information. LASSO and multivariate analysis constructed prognostic model and risk analysis of tumor infiltrating immune cells was also conducted. Results A total of 402 AS-generated genes were found to be associated with CESC prognosis. Functional analysis showed that Golgi to lysosome transport was enriched. PPI network suggested that UBA52 was most functional. Dendritic cells activated, dendritic cells resting, macrophages M0, mast cells resting, T cells CD4 memory activated and T cells CD8 were most correlative with the risk score. Conclusion SFs and AS events can directly or indirectly affect the prognosis of CESC patients and this study identified SNRPA and CELF2 as two CESC-engaged SFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weichun Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun You
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
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Hodge AL, Baxter AA, Poon IKH. Gift bags from the sentinel cells of the immune system: The diverse role of dendritic cell-derived extracellular vesicles. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:903-920. [PMID: 34699107 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru1220-801r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs of the immune system that continuously sample their environment and function to stimulate an adaptive immune response by initiating Ag-specific immunity or tolerance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small membrane-bound structures, are released from DCs and have been discovered to harbor functional peptide-MHC complexes, T cell costimulatory molecules, and other molecules essential for Ag presentation, immune cell regulation, and stimulating immune responses. As such, DC-derived EVs are being explored as potential immunotherapeutic agents. DC-derived EVs have also been implicated to function as a trafficking mechanism of infectious particles aiding viral propagation. This review will explore the unique features that enable DC-derived EVs to regulate immune responses and interact with recipient cells, their roles within Ag-presentation and disease settings, as well as speculating on a potential immunological role of apoptotic DC-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Hodge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zhao Y, Liu P, Tan H, Chen X, Wang Q, Chen T. Exosomes as Smart Nanoplatforms for Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743189. [PMID: 34513718 PMCID: PMC8427309 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane, containing proteins, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, etc., derived from donor cells. They have a size range of approximately 30-150 nm. The intrinsic characteristics of exosomes, including efficient cellular uptake, low immunogenicity, low toxicity, intrinsic ability to traverse biological barriers, and inherent targeting ability, facilitate their application to the drug delivery system. Here, we review the generation, uptake, separation, and purification methods of exosomes, focusing on their application as carriers in tumor diagnosis and treatment, especially in brain tumors, as well as the patent applications of exosomes in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Piaoxue Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanxu Tan
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Pelissier Vatter FA, Cioffi M, Hanna SJ, Castarede I, Caielli S, Pascual V, Matei I, Lyden D. Extracellular vesicle- and particle-mediated communication shapes innate and adaptive immune responses. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212439. [PMID: 34180950 PMCID: PMC8241538 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication among immune cells is vital for the coordination of proper immune responses. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) act as messengers in intercellular communication, with important consequences for target cell and organ physiology in both health and disease. Under normal physiological conditions, immune cell-derived EVPs participate in immune responses by regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. EVPs play a major role in antigen presentation and immune activation. On the other hand, immune cell-derived EVPs exert immunosuppressive and regulatory effects. Consequently, EVPs may contribute to pathological conditions, such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, graft rejection, and cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we provide an overview of the role of EVPs in immune homeostasis and pathophysiology, with a particular focus on their contribution to innate and adaptive immunity and their potential use for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny A Pelissier Vatter
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michele Cioffi
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Samer J Hanna
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ines Castarede
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Caielli
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health and Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health and Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Irina Matei
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Liu J, Liang T, Peng Y, Peng G, Sun L, Li L, Dong H. Segmentation of acetowhite region in uterine cervical image based on deep learning. Technol Health Care 2021; 30:469-482. [PMID: 34180439 DOI: 10.3233/thc-212890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetowhite (AW) region is a critical physiological phenomenon of precancerous lesions of cervical cancer. An accurate segmentation of the AW region can provide a useful diagnostic tool for gynecologic oncologists in screening cervical cancers. Traditional approaches for the segmentation of AW regions relied heavily on manual or semi-automatic methods. OBJECTIVE To automatically segment the AW regions from colposcope images. METHODS First, the cervical region was extracted from the original colposcope images by k-means clustering algorithm. Second, a deep learning-based image semantic segmentation model named DeepLab V3+ was used to segment the AW region from the cervical image. RESULTS The results showed that, compared to the fuzzy clustering segmentation algorithm and the level set segmentation algorithm, the new method proposed in this study achieved a mean Jaccard Index (JI) accuracy of 63.6% (improved by 27.9% and 27.5% respectively), a mean specificity of 94.9% (improved by 55.8% and 32.3% respectively) and a mean accuracy of 91.2% (improved by 38.6% and 26.4% respectively). A mean sensitivity of 78.2% was achieved by the proposed method, which was 17.4% and 10.1% lower respectively. Compared to the image semantic segmentation models U-Net and PSPNet, the proposed method yielded a higher mean JI accuracy, mean sensitivity and mean accuracy. CONCLUSION The improved segmentation performance suggested that the proposed method may serve as a useful complimentary tool in screening cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Information Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, China
| | - Tong Liang
- Department of Information Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, China
| | - Yun Peng
- San Diego, California, CA 91355, USA
| | - Gengyou Peng
- Department of Information Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, China
| | - Lechan Sun
- Department of Information Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Hua Dong
- Department of Information Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, China
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Li A, Zhao Y, Li Y, Jiang L, Gu Y, Liu J. Cell-derived biomimetic nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy: cell membranes and extracellular vesicles. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1237-1255. [PMID: 34142930 PMCID: PMC8216268 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1938757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology provides synthetic carriers for cancer drug delivery that protect cargos from degradation, control drug release and increase local accumulation at tumors. However, these non-natural vehicles display poor tumor targeting and potential toxicity and are eliminated by the immune system. Recently, biomimetic nanocarriers have been widely developed based on the concept of ‘mimicking nature.’ Among them, cell-derived biomimetic vehicles have become the focus of bionics research because of their multiple natural functions, such as low immunogenicity, long circulation time and targeting ability. Cell membrane-coated carriers and extracellular vesicles are two widely used cell-based biomimetic materials. Here, this review summarizes the latest progress in the application of these two biomimetic carriers in targeted cancer therapy. Their properties and performance are compared, and their future challenges and development prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangdi Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongwei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Mehanny M, Lehr CM, Fuhrmann G. Extracellular vesicles as antigen carriers for novel vaccination avenues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:164-180. [PMID: 33775707 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antigen delivery has always been a challenge in scientific practice of vaccine formulation. Yet, mammalian extracellular vesicles (EVs) or bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) provide an innovative avenue for safe and effective delivery of antigenic material. They include intrinsically loaded antigens from EV-secreting cells or extrinsically loaded antigens onto pre-formed vesicles. Interestingly, many studies shed light on potential novel anti-cancer vaccination immunotherapy for therapeutic applications from mammalian cell host-derived EVs, as well as conventional vaccination for prophylactic applications using bacterial cell-derived MVs against infectious diseases. Here, we discuss the rationale, status quo and potential for both vaccine applications using EVs.
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Wang R, Yan H, Yu A, Ye L, Zhai G. Cancer targeted biomimetic drug delivery system. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation and tumor progression. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:560-570. [PMID: 33753940 PMCID: PMC9389600 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have emerged as prominent regulators of the immune response during tumor progression. EVs contain a diverse repertoire of molecular cargo that plays a critical role in immunomodulation. Here, we identify the role of EVs as mediators of communication between cancer and immune cells. This expanded role of EVs may shed light on the mechanisms behind tumor progression and provide translational diagnostic and prognostic tools for immunologists.
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Tang Y, Zong S, Zeng H, Ruan X, Yao L, Han S, Hou F. MicroRNAs and angiogenesis: a new era for the management of colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:221. [PMID: 33865381 PMCID: PMC8052662 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules containing only 20–22 nucleotides. MiRNAs play a role in gene silencing and translation suppression by targeting and binding to mRNA. Proper control of miRNA expression is very important for maintaining a normal physiological environment because miRNAs can affect most cellular pathways, including cell cycle checkpoint, cell proliferation, and apoptosis pathways, and have a wide range of target genes. With these properties, miRNAs can modulate multiple signalling pathways involved in cancer development, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration pathways. MiRNAs that activate or inhibit the molecular pathway related to tumour angiogenesis are common topics of research. Angiogenesis promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis by providing oxygen and diffusible nutrients and releasing proangiogenic factors and is one of the hallmarks of tumour progression. CRC is one of the most common tumours, and metastasis has always been a difficult issue in its treatment. Although comprehensive treatments, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, have prolonged the survival of CRC patients, the overall response is not optimistic. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new therapeutic targets to improve CRC treatment. In a series of recent reports, miRNAs have been shown to bidirectionally regulate angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. Many miRNAs can directly act on VEGF or inhibit angiogenesis through other pathways (HIF-1a, PI3K/AKT, etc.), while some miRNAs, specifically many exosomal miRNAs, are capable of promoting CRC angiogenesis. Understanding the mechanism of action of miRNAs in angiogenesis is of great significance for finding new targets for the treatment of tumour angiogenesis. Deciphering the exact role of specific miRNAs in angiogenesis is a challenge due to the high complexity of their actions. Here, we describe the latest advances in the understanding of miRNAs and their corresponding targets that play a role in CRC angiogenesis and discuss possible miRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Tang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Shaoqi Zong
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China.,Graduate School of Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailun Zeng
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ruan
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Liting Yao
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Susu Han
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Fenggang Hou
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China.
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Tian C, Yang Y, Bai B, Wang S, Liu M, Sun RC, Yu T, Chu XM. Potential of exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic carriers for doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1328-1338. [PMID: 33867849 PMCID: PMC8040474 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a kind of representative anthracyclines. It has greatly prolonged lifespan of cancer patients. However, a long course of DOX chemotherapy could induce various forms of deaths of cardiomyocytes, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, contributing to varieties of cardiac complications called cardiotoxicity. It has become a major concern considering the large number of cancer patients' worldwide and increased survival rates after chemotherapy. Exosomes, a subgroup of extracellular vesicles (EVs), are secreted by nearly all cells and consist of lipid bilayers, nucleic acids and proteins. They can serve as mediators between intercellular communication via the transfer of bioactive molecules from secretory to recipient cells, modulating multiple pathophysiological processes. It has been proven that exosomes in body fluids can serve as biomarkers for doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). Moreover, exosomes have attracted considerable attention because of their capacity as carriers of certain proteins, genetic materials (miRNA and lncRNA), and chemotherapeutic drugs to decrease the dosage of DOX and alleviate cardiotoxicity. This review briefly describes the characteristics of exosomes and highlights their clinical application potential as diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles for DIC, thus providing a strategy for addressing it based on exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Baochen Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Meixin Liu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Rui-Cong Sun
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.,Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xian-Ming Chu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266032, China
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Exosomes in Immune Regulation. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7010004. [PMID: 33435564 PMCID: PMC7838779 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transferring their cargo including DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids from cell to cell. Notably, in the immune system, they have protective functions. However in cancer, exosomes acquire new, immunosuppressive properties that cause the dysregulation of immune cells and immune escape of tumor cells supporting cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, current investigations focus on the regulation of exosome levels for immunotherapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomes in immunomodulation of lymphoid and myeloid cells, and their use as immune stimulatory agents to elicit specific cytotoxic responses against the tumor.
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Bai Y, Guo J, Liu Z, Li Y, Jin S, Wang T. The Role of Exosomes in the Female Reproductive System and Breast Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12567-12586. [PMID: 33324075 PMCID: PMC7733408 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s281909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles released by nearly all cell types. Exosomes were originally considered as waste receptacles for discarding unwanted cellular products; however, these organelles are now considered to be important for cell communication by delivering biologically active molecules such as proteins, DNA, non-coding RNA and mRNA. Studies have revealed that exosomes are closely related to several diseases, especially cancers. Exosomes are indispensable for the emergence and progression of tumor. Here, we review the status of research on exosomes in the female reproductive system cancers and breast cancer, focusing on their biological roles in chemical resistance and immune responses, as well as their underlying applications in drug delivery and nanotherapy and as biological markers for tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunzi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Yong T, Li X, Wei Z, Gan L, Yang X. Extracellular vesicles-based drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2020; 328:562-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Immune Regulation by Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy and Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123558. [PMID: 33260499 PMCID: PMC7761478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication as vehicles for the transport of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids including different RNAs. Dendritic cells (DCs)-derived EVs (DEVs), albeit variably, express major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface that enable the interaction with other immune cells such as CD8+ T cells, and other ligands that stimulate natural killer (NK) cells, thereby instructing tumor rejection, and counteracting immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. Malignant cells oppose this effect by secreting EVs bearing a variety of molecules that block DCs function. For instance, tumor-derived EVs (TDEVs) can impair myeloid cell differentiation resulting in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) generation. Hence, the unique composition of EVs makes them suitable candidates for the development of new cancer treatment approaches including prophylactic vaccine targeting oncogenic pathogens, cancer vaccines, and cancer immunotherapeutics. We offer a perspective from both cell sides, DCs, and tumor cells, on how EVs regulate the antitumor immune response, and how this translates into promising therapeutic options by reviewing the latest advancement in DEV-based cancer therapeutics.
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Gutierrez-Millan C, Calvo Díaz C, Lanao JM, Colino CI. Advances in Exosomes-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000269. [PMID: 33094544 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, a subgroup of extracellular vesicles, are important mediators of long-distance intercellular communication and are involved in a diverse range of biological processes such as the transport of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Researchers, seeing the problems caused by the toxic effects and clearance of synthetic nanoparticles, consider exosomes as an interesting alternative to such nanoparticles in the specific and controlled transport of drugs. In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in the use of exosomes in cancer therapeutics or for treating neurological diseases, among other applications. The objective of this work is to analyze studies focused on exosomes used in drug delivery system, present and future applications in this field of research are discussed based on the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gutierrez-Millan
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
- The Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Clara Calvo Díaz
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - José M Lanao
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
- The Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Clara I Colino
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
- The Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Spain
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41
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Li M, Li S, Du C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chu L, Han X, Galons H, Zhang Y, Sun H, Yu P. Exosomes from different cells: Characteristics, modifications, and therapeutic applications. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112784. [PMID: 33007722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cystic vesicles secreted by living cells with a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Importantly, these vesicles could serve to carry lipids, proteins, genetic materials, and transmit biological information in vivo. The cell-specific proteins and genetic materials in exosomes are capable of reflecting their cell origin and physiological status. Based on the different tissues and cells (macrophage, dendritic cells, tumor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, various body fluids, and so on), exosomes exhibit different characteristics and functions. Furthermore, owing to their high delivery efficiency, biocompatibility, and multifunctional properties, exosomes are expected to become a new means of drug delivery, disease diagnosis, immunotherapy, and precise treatment. At the same time, in order to supplement or enhance the therapeutic applicability of exosomes, chemical or biological modifications can be used to broaden, change or improve their therapeutic capabilities. This review focuses on three aspects: the characteristics and original functions of exosomes secreted by different cells, the modification and transformation of exosomes, and the application of exosomes in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Li
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Chunyang Du
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Liqiang Chu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hervé Galons
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Hua Sun
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Biotechnology, China International Science and Technology, Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology/Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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42
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Li C, Donninger H, Eaton J, Yaddanapudi K. Regulatory Role of Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: The Message Is in the Envelope. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1525. [PMID: 32765528 PMCID: PMC7378739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous group of membrane-surrounded structures. Besides serving as a harbor for the unwanted material exocytosed by cells, EVs play a critical role in conveying intact protein, genetic, and lipid contents that are important for intercellular communication. EVs, broadly comprised of microvesicles and exosomes, are released to the extracellular environment from nearly all cells either via shedding from the plasma membrane or by originating from the endosomal system. Exosomes are 40–150 nm, endosome-derived small EVs (sEVs) that are released by cells into the extracellular environment. This review focuses on the biological properties of immune cell-derived sEVs, including composition and cellular targeting and mechanisms by which these immune cell-derived sEVs influence tumor immunity either by suppressing or promoting tumor growth, are discussed. The final section of this review discusses how the biological properties of immune cell-derived sEVs can be manipulated to improve their immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Howard Donninger
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - John Eaton
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Immuno-Oncology Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Immuno-Oncology Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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43
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Extracellular Vesicles Mediate B Cell Immune Response and Are a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061518. [PMID: 32580358 PMCID: PMC7349483 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly understood to participate directly in many essential aspects of host antitumor immune response. Tumor- and immune-cell-derived EVs function in local and systemic contexts with roles in immune processes including cancer antigen conveyance, immune cell priming and activation, as well as immune escape. Current practice of cancer immunotherapy has de facto focused on eliciting T-cell-mediated cytotoxic responses. Humoral immunity is also known to exert antitumor effects, and B cells have been demonstrated to have functions that extend beyond antibody production to include antigen presentation and activation and modulation of T cells and innate immune effectors. Evidence of B cell response against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) is observed in early stages of tumorigenesis and in most solid tumor types. It is known that EVs convey diverse TAAs, express antigenic-peptide-loaded MHCs, and complex with circulating plasma antitumoral autoantibodies. In this review, we will consider the relationships between EVs, B cells, and other antigen-presenting cells, especially in relation to TAAs. Understanding the intersection of EVs and the cancer immunome will enable opportunities for developing tumor antigen targets, antitumor vaccines and harnessing the full potential of multiple immune system components for next-generation cancer immunotherapies.
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44
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Zhang L, Mao Z, Lai Y, Wan T, Zhang K, Zhou B. A review of the research progress in T-lymphocyte immunity and cervical cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:2026-2036. [PMID: 35117549 PMCID: PMC8797462 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.01.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer develops as a result of T-cell immune evasion by human papillomavirus (HPV). T-cell immunity requires the participation of many factors, such as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules, etc. HPV vaccines are promising treatments to prevent HPV infection and cervical cancer. This article mainly provides a summary of the number and function changes of T cells during HPV infection and cervical cancer development. Studies on t-cell immunotherapy, which is expected to become a new treatment for cervical cancer after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are also reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China.,Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Diseases, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China.,Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Diseases, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Yiqing Lai
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China.,Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Diseases, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Keliang Zhang
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Beibei Zhou
- Department of Cervical Diseases Treatment, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China.,Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Diseases, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China
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45
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Nahand JS, Moghoofei M, Salmaninejad A, Bahmanpour Z, Karimzadeh M, Nasiri M, Mirzaei HR, Pourhanifeh MH, Bokharaei‐Salim F, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Pathogenic role of exosomes and microRNAs in HPV-mediated inflammation and cervical cancer: A review. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:305-320. [PMID: 31566705 PMCID: PMC6999596 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women. The most important risk factor for the development of CC is cervical infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). Inflammation is a protective strategy that is triggered by the host against pathogens such as viral infections that acts rapidly to activate the innate immune response. Inflammation is beneficial if it is brief and well controlled; however, if the inflammation is excessive or it becomes of chronic duration, it can produce detrimental effects. HPV proteins are involved, both directly and indirectly, in the development of chronic inflammation, which is a causal factor in the development of CC. However, other factors may also have a potential role in stimulating chronic inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) (a class of noncoding RNAs) are strong regulators of gene expression. They have emerged as key players in several biological processes, including inflammatory pathways. Abnormal expression of miRNAs may be linked to the induction of inflammation that occurs in CC. Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles shed by almost all types of cells, which can function as cargo transfer vehicles. Exosomes contain proteins and genetic material (including miRNAs) derived from their parent cells and can potentially affect recipient cells. Exosomes have recently been recognized to be involved in inflammatory processes and can also affect the immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of HPV proteins, miRNAs and exosomes in the inflammation associated with CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahmanpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Nasiri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei‐Salim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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46
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Hu Y, Zhang R, Chen G. Exosome and Secretion: Action On? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:455-483. [PMID: 32185722 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Originally treated as part of a cellular waste, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being shown to possess a vast variety of functions, of which exosome is the most studied one. Most cells, such as tumor cells, immunocytes, and fibroblasts can secrete exosomes, especially under certain stresses the amount is much higher, and the contents of exosome represent the status of the donor cells and the tumor microenvironment. As crucial transporters for cells' content exchange, much attention has been raised in the utilities of exosomes to suppress immune response, and to modify a microenvironment favorable for cancer progression. Exosomal immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), contribute to immunosuppression and are associated with anti-PD-1 response. Many forms of soluble immune checkpoint receptors have also been shown to influence efficacy mediated by their therapeutic antibodies. Therefore, targeting pro-tumorous exosomes may achieve antitumor effect supplementary to existing therapies. Exosome, itself natural liposome-like structure, allows it to be a potential drug delivery tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200093, China.
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
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47
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Zhou K, Guo S, Li F, Sun Q, Liang G. Exosomal PD-L1: New Insights Into Tumor Immune Escape Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:569219. [PMID: 33178688 PMCID: PMC7593554 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.569219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a classical immune checkpoint molecule, PD-L1 on the surface of tumor cells plays a pivotal role in tumor immunosuppression, primarily by inhibiting the antitumor activities of T cells by binding to its receptor PD-1. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have demonstrated unprecedented promise in treating various human cancers with impressive efficacy. However, a significant portion of cancer patients remains less responsive. Therefore, a better understanding of PD-L1-mediated immune escape is imperative. PD-L1 can be expressed on the surface of tumor cells, but it is also found to exist in extracellular forms, such as on exosomes. Recent studies have revealed the importance of exosomal PD-L1 (ExoPD-L1). As an alternative to membrane-bound PD-L1, ExoPD-L1 produced by tumor cells also plays an important regulatory role in the antitumor immune response. We review the recent remarkable findings on the biological functions of ExoPD-L1, including the inhibition of lymphocyte activities, migration to PD-L1-negative tumor cells and immune cells, induction of both local and systemic immunosuppression, and promotion of tumor growth. We also discuss the potential implications of ExoPD-L1 as a predictor for disease progression and treatment response, sensitive methods for detection of circulating ExoPD-L1, and the novel therapeutic strategies combining the inhibition of exosome biogenesis with PD-L1 blockade in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijian Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Guo,
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoxin Liang
- Cancer Therapy Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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48
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Immature dendritic cells derived exosomes promotes immune tolerance by regulating T cell differentiation in renal transplantation. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8911-8924. [PMID: 31655796 PMCID: PMC6834404 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the mechanism of immature dendritic cells-derived exosomes (imDECs) in the regulation of T cell differentiation and immune tolerance in renal allograft model mice. Results: imDECs significantly improved the percent of survival, relieved inflammatory response, and reduced CD4+T cell infiltration. In addition, imDECs reduced the rejection associated cytokines in allograft mice, and increased the percentage of Foxp3+CD4+T cells in spleen and kidney tissues. imDECs suppressed the IL17+CD4+T cells and promoted the Foxp3+CD4+T cells under Th17 polarization condition. Moreover, miR-682 was found to be highly expressed in imDECs which suppressed the IL17+CD4+T cells and promoted the Foxp3+CD4+T cells. Luciferase reporter assay showed ROCK2 was a target of miR-682, and ROCK mRNA level was negative correlated with miR-682 mRNA level. Conclusion: miR-682 was highly expressed in imDECs, and imDECs-secreted miR-682 promoted Treg cell differentiation by negatively regulating ROCK2 to promote immune tolerance in renal allograft model mice. Methods: Renal allograft model mice were established, and imDECs or mature dendritic cells-derived exosomes (mDECs) were injected into model mice. Rejection associated cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17 levels in plasma were detected by ELISA. IL-17A, Foxp3, miR-682, ROCK2, p-STAT3, p-STAT5 expressions were measured by qRT-PCR or western blot.
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49
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Mohammadi S, Yousefi F, Shabaninejad Z, Movahedpour A, Mahjoubin Tehran M, Shafiee A, Moradizarmehri S, Hajighadimi S, Savardashtaki A, Mirzaei H. Exosomes and cancer: From oncogenic roles to therapeutic applications. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:724-748. [PMID: 31618516 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes belong to extracellular vehicles that were produced and secreted from most eukaryotic cells and are involved in cell-to-cell communications. They are an effective delivery system for biological compounds such as mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, lipids, saccharides, and other physiological compounds to target cells. In this way, they could influence on cellular pathways and mediate their physiological behaviors including cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, differentiation, and so on. Many research studies focused on their role in cancers and also on potentially therapeutic and biomarker applications. In the current study, we reviewed the exosomes' effects on cancer progression based on their cargoes including miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, DNAs, mRNAs, proteins, and lipids. Moreover, their therapeutic roles in cancer were considered. In this regard, we have given a brief overview of challenges and obstacles in using exosomes as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Shafiee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sanaz Moradizarmehri
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Hajighadimi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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50
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Markov O, Oshchepkova A, Mironova N. Immunotherapy Based on Dendritic Cell-Targeted/-Derived Extracellular Vesicles-A Novel Strategy for Enhancement of the Anti-tumor Immune Response. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1152. [PMID: 31680949 PMCID: PMC6798004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-tumor vaccines have great potential for the treatment of cancer. To date, a large number of clinical trials involving DC-based vaccines have been conducted with a view to treating tumors of different histological origins. However, DC-based vaccines had several drawbacks, including problems with targeted delivery of tumor antigens to DCs and prolong storage of cellular vaccines. Therefore, the development of other immunotherapeutic approaches capable of enhancing the immunogenicity of existing DC-based vaccines or directly triggering anti-tumor immune responses is of great interest. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by almost all types of eukaryotic cells for paracrine signaling. EVs can interact with target cells and change their functional activity by delivering different signaling molecules including mRNA, non-coding RNA, proteins, and lipids. EVs have potential benefits as natural vectors for the delivery of RNA and other therapeutic molecules targeted to DCs, T-lymphocytes, and tumor cells; therefore, EVs are a promising entity for the development of novel cell-free anti-tumor vaccines that may be a favourable alternative to DC-based vaccines. In the present review, we discuss the anti-tumor potential of EVs derived from DCs, tumors, and other cells. Methods of EV isolation are systematized, and key molecules carried by EVs that are necessary for the activation of a DC-mediated anti-tumor immune response are analyzed with a focus on the RNA component of EVs. Characteristics of anti-tumor immune responses induced by EVs in vitro and in vivo are reviewed. Finally, perspectives and challenges with the use of EVs for the development of anti-tumor cell-free vaccines are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Markov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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