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Zhou J, Ma H, Guan M, Feng J, Dong X, Wei Y, Zhang T. Anti-inflammatory Fucoidan-ConA oral insulin nanosystems for smart blood glucose regulation. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124250. [PMID: 38777304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The smart oral administration Insulin device has the potential to improve glycemic management. It can reduce the risk of hypoglycemia associated with exogenous Insulin (INS) therapy while also avoiding many of the disadvantages associated with subcutaneous injections. Furthermore, diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine illness characterized by inflammation, and it is critical to minimize the amount of inflammatory markers in diabetic patients while maintaining average blood glucose. In this study, a responsive nanosystem vitamin B12-Fucoidan-Concanavalin A (VB12-FU-ConA NPs) with anti-inflammatory action was developed for smart oral delivery of Insulin. Con A has high sensitivity and strong specificity as a glucose-responsive material. Fucoidan has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and hypoglycemic functions, and it can bind to Con A to form a reversible complex. Under high glucose conditions, free glucose competitively binds to Con A, which swells the nanocarrier and promotes Insulin release. Furthermore, in the low pH environment of the gastrointestinal tract, positively charged VB12 and anionic fucoidan bind tightly to protect the Insulin wrapped in the carrier, and VB12 can also bind to intestinal epithelial factors to improve transit rate, thereby promoting INS absorption. In vitro tests showed that the release of nanoparticles in hyperglycemic solutions was significantly higher than the drug release in normoglycemic conditions. Oral delivery of the nanosystems dramatically lowered blood glucose levels in type I diabetic mice (T1DM) during in vivo pharmacodynamics, minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia. Blood glucose levels reached a minimum of 8.1 ± 0.4 mmol/L after 8 h. Administering the nanosystem orally notably decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in diabetic mice. The nano delivery system can be degraded and metabolized in the intestinal tract after being taken orally, demonstrating good biodegradability and biosafety. In conclusion, the present study showed that VB12-FU-ConA nanocarriers are expected to be a novel system for rationalizing blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Huili Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Min Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junfen Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuxin Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Bercea M, Lupu A. Recent Insights into Glucose-Responsive Concanavalin A-Based Smart Hydrogels for Controlled Insulin Delivery. Gels 2024; 10:260. [PMID: 38667679 PMCID: PMC11048858 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many efforts are continuously undertaken to develop glucose-sensitive biomaterials able of controlling glucose levels in the body and self-regulating insulin delivery. Hydrogels that swell or shrink as a function of the environmental free glucose content are suitable systems for monitoring blood glucose, delivering insulin doses adapted to the glucose concentration. In this context, the development of sensors based on reversible binding to glucose molecules represents a continuous challenge. Concanavalin A (Con A) is a bioactive protein isolated from sword bean plants (Canavalia ensiformis) and contains four sugar-binding sites. The high affinity for reversibly and specifically binding glucose and mannose makes Con A as a suitable natural receptor for the development of smart glucose-responsive materials. During the last few years, Con A was used to develop smart materials, such as hydrogels, microgels, nanoparticles and films, for producing glucose biosensors or drug delivery devices. This review is focused on Con A-based materials suitable in the diagnosis and therapeutics of diabetes. A brief outlook on glucose-derived theranostics of cancer is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bercea
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Lupu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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Mansoor S, Adeyemi SA, Kondiah PPD, Choonara YE. A Closed Loop Stimuli-Responsive Concanavalin A-Loaded Chitosan-Pluronic Hydrogel for Glucose-Responsive Delivery of Short-Acting Insulin Prototyped in RIN-5F Pancreatic Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2545. [PMID: 37760986 PMCID: PMC10526345 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal treatment of diabetes (in particular, type 1 diabetes-T1D) remains a challenge. Closed-loop systems (implants/inserts) provide significant advantages for glucose responsivity and providing real-time sustained release of rapid-acting insulin. Concanavalin A (ConA), a glucose affinity agent, has been used to design closed-loop insulin delivery systems but not without significant risk of leakage of ConA from the matrices and poor mechanical strength of the hydrogels impacting longevity and control of insulin release. Therefore, this work focused on employing a thermoresponsive co-forming matrix between Pluronic F-127 (PL) and structurally robust chitosan (CHT) via EDC/NHS coupling (i.e., covalent linkage of -NH2 from CHT and ConA to the -COOH of PL). The system was characterized for its chemical structure stability and integrity (FTIR, XRD and TGA), injectability, rheological parameters and hydrogel morphology (Texture Analysis, Elastosens TM Bio2 and SEM). The prepared hydrogels demonstrated shear-thinning for injectability with a maximum force of 4.9 ± 8.3 N in a 26G needle with sol-gel transitioning from 25 to 38 °C. The apparent yield stress value of the hydrogel was determined to be 67.47 Pa. The insulin loading efficiency within the hydrogel matrix was calculated to be 46.8%. Insulin release studies revealed glucose responsiveness in simulated glycemic media (4 and 10 mg/mL) over 7 days (97%) (305 nm via fluorescence spectrophotometry). The MTT studies were performed over 72 h on RIN-5F pancreatic cells with viability results >80%. Results revealed that the thermoresponsive hydrogel is a promising alternative to current closed-loop insulin delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2093, South Africa; (S.M.); (S.A.A.); (P.P.D.K.)
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High-Linearity Hydrogel-Based Capacitive Sensor Based on Con A–Sugar Affinity and Low-Melting-Point Metal. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204302. [PMID: 36297880 PMCID: PMC9610871 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) plays an important role in the treatment of diabetes. Affinity sensing based on the principle of reversible binding to glucose does not produce intermediates, and the specificity of concanavalin A (Con A) to glucose molecules helps to improve the anti-interference performance and long-term stability of CGM sensors. However, these affinity glucose sensors have some limitations in their linearity with a large detection range, and stable attachment of hydrogels to sensor electrodes is also challenging. In this study, a capacitive glucose sensor with high linearity and a wide detection range was proposed based on a glucose-responsive DexG–Con A hydrogel and a serpentine coplanar electrode made from a low-melting-point metal. The results show that within the glucose concentration range of 0–20 mM, the sensor can achieve high linearity (R2 = 0.94), with a sensitivity of 33.3 pF mM−1, and even with the larger glucose concentration range of 0–30 mM the sensor can achieve good linearity (R2 = 0.84). The sensor also shows resistance to disturbances of small molecules, good reversibility, and long-term stability. Due to its low cost, wide detection range, high linearity, good sensitivity, and biocompatibility, the sensor is expected to be used in the field of continuous monitoring of blood glucose.
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Liu G, He S, Ding Y, Chen C, Cai Q, Zhou W. Multivesicular Liposomes for Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:21. [PMID: 35056918 PMCID: PMC8781467 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An intelligent insulin delivery system is highly desirable for diabetes management. Herein, we developed a novel glucose-responsive multivesicular liposome (MVL) for self-regulated insulin delivery using the double emulsion method. Glucose-responsive MVLs could effectively regulate insulin release in response to fluctuating glucose concentrations in vitro. Notably, in situ released glucose oxidase catalyzed glucose enrichment on the MVL surface, based on the combination of (3-fluoro-4-((octyloxy)carbonyl)phenyl)boronic acid and glucose. The outer MVL membrane was destroyed when triggered by the local acidic and H2O2-enriched microenvironment induced by glucose oxidase catalysis in situ, followed by the further release of entrapped insulin. Moreover, the Alizarin red probe and molecular docking were used to clarify the glucose-responsive mechanism of MVLs. Utilizing chemically induced type 1 diabetic rats, we demonstrated that the glucose-responsive MVLs could effectively regulate blood glucose levels within a normal range. Our findings suggest that glucose-responsive MVLs with good biocompatibility may have promising applications in diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (G.L.); (S.H.); (Y.D.); (C.C.); (Q.C.)
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Cai Y, Yang D, Yin R, Gao Y, Zhang H, Zhang W. An enzyme-free capacitive glucose sensor based on dual-network glucose-responsive hydrogel and coplanar electrode. Analyst 2021; 146:213-221. [PMID: 33099585 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucose sensors are vital devices for blood glucose detection in the diabetes care. Different from traditional electrochemical devices based on glucose oxidase, the glucose sensor based on the glucose-responsive hydrogel is more robust owing to its enzyme-free principle. However, integrating the high sensitivity, fast response, wide measuring range and low-cost fabrication into a hydrogel sensor is still challenging. In this study, we present a physical capacitive sensor, which consists of interdigital carbon electrodes (ICEs) fabricated by a direct laser writing technology and glucose-responsive hydrogel (DexG-Con A hydrogel) built by UV curing in situ. The dielectric property of DexG-Con A hydrogel changes accordingly with the change in environmental glucose concentration. Experimental results demonstrate that in a glucose concentration range of 0-30 mM, the proposed hydrogel sensor is capable of measuring the glucose level in a repeatable and reversible manner, showing a short responsive time of less than 2 min and a high sensitivity of 8.81 pF mM-1 at a glucose range of 0-6 mM. Owing to its simple fabrication process, low-cost and high performance, the proposed glucose sensor shows great potential on batch production for continuous glucose monitoring application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Cai
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Valuev IL, Vanchugova LV, Valuev LI. Polymeric Hydrogels for Controlled Insulin Release. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Wang S, Liu R, Fu Y, Kao WJ. Release mechanisms and applications of drug delivery systems for extended-release. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1289-1304. [PMID: 32619149 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1788541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug delivery systems with extended-release profiles are ideal in improving patient compliance with enhanced efficacy. To develop devices capable of a prolonged delivery kinetics, it is crucial to understand the various underlying mechanisms contributing to extended drug release and the impact thereof on modulating the long-term performance of such systems in a practical application environment. AREAS COVERED This review article intends to provide a comprehensive summary of release mechanisms in extended-release drug delivery systems, particularly polymer-based systems; however, other material types will also be mentioned. Selected current research in the delivery of small molecule drugs and macromolecules is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the combined impact of different release mechanisms and drug properties on the long-term release kinetics in vitro and in vivo. EXPERT OPINION The development of drug delivery systems over an extended duration is promising but also challenging when considering the numerous interrelated delivery-related parameters. Achieving a well-controlled extended drug release requires advanced techniques to minimize burst release and lag phase, a better understanding of the dynamic interrelationship between drug properties and release profiles over time, and a thorough elucidation of the impact of multiple in vivo conditions to methodically evaluate the eventual clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Renhe Liu
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute , Beijing, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - W John Kao
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Programme, Chemical Biology Centre, and Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, China
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Shen D, Yu H, Wang L, Khan A, Haq F, Chen X, Huang Q, Teng L. Recent progress in design and preparation of glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems. J Control Release 2020; 321:236-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Sergeeva TY, Mukhitova RK, Nizameev IR, Kadirov MK, Sapunova AS, Voloshina AD, Mukhametzyanov TA, Ziganshina AY, Antipin IS. A Glucose-Responsive Polymer Nanocarrier Based on Sulfonated Resorcinarene for Controlled Insulin Delivery. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1560-1566. [PMID: 31943934 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A nanocarrier (p(6SRA-5B)) for glucose-controlled insulin delivery consists of sulfonated resorcinarenes (SRA) that are assembled into a spherical shell and are attached to each other with phenylboronate linkers. p(6SRA-5B) is stable in water and blood plasma at normal glucose concentrations. At high glucose levels (>5 mM), p(6SRA-5B) dissociates into SRA and phenylboronates through competitive interaction with excess glucose. Insulin was successfully encapsulated into the cavity of p(6SRA-5B) and its release was investigated in water and blood plasma by NMR, UV, CD, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that the dissociation of the nanocarrier and the insulin release occurs with an increase in glucose concentration. At 5 mM glucose, the nanocarrier is stable, and the insulin release does not exceed 10 %. Increasing the glucose concentration to 7.5-10 mM results in a 40-100 % insulin release. p(6SRA-5B) is thus a promising insulin nanocarrier for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Yu Sergeeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russia
| | - Rezeda K Mukhitova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russia
| | - Irek R Nizameev
- Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev - KAI, K. Marx str. 10, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Marsil K Kadirov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Sapunova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russia
| | - Alexandra D Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russia
| | - Timur A Mukhametzyanov
- A. M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Albina Y Ziganshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russia
| | - Igor S Antipin
- A. M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
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Lin K, Yi J, Mao X, Wu H, Zhang LM, Yang L. Glucose-sensitive hydrogels from covalently modified carboxylated pullulan and concanavalin A for smart controlled release of insulin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Zhang T, Luo J, Peng Q, Dong J, Wang Y, Gong T, Zhang Z. Injectable and biodegradable phospholipid-based phase separation gel for sustained delivery of insulin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 176:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yin R, Bai M, He J, Nie J, Zhang W. Concanavalin A-sugar affinity based system: Binding interactions, principle of glucose-responsiveness, and modulated insulin release for diabetes care. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:724-732. [PMID: 30502436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The glucose-responsive behavior of the Con A-sugar affinity based hydrogels, microgels, films and nanoparticles has been widely investigated in the application of drug delivery and biosensors. However, the principle or mechanism of such systems is not well known in literature. In this study, for the first time, the glucose-responsive principle (or principle) of the Con A-sugar based system was detailedly explained through the binding interactions test by isothermal titration calorimetry and ligand binding theory. The study also successfully resolved the controversy regarding the principle of such systems in literature. The other contribution of the study is the experimental validation that the insulin-loaded microgels with different hydrogel-network compositions (based on Con A-sugar affinity) respond to different glucose concentrations. Particularly, the result of the in vitro insulin release suggests that the microgels be able to maintain bolus and basal insulin release in response to different glucose concentrations and the network composition be able to affect the burst release, release rate and overall release amount of insulin. Further, the released insulin has been shown to remain active and the microgels possess no in vitro cytotoxicity to HDF cells. The second contribution is a first step towards the realization of personalized diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Yin
- Complex and Intelligent Systems Research Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Meirong Bai
- Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Complex and Intelligent Systems Research Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Nie
- Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Machado ND, Silva OF, de Rossi RH, Fernández MA. Cyclodextrin modified niosomes to encapsulate hydrophilic compounds. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29909-29916. [PMID: 35547321 PMCID: PMC9085284 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05021j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Niosomes were prepared from equimolar mixtures of two non-ionic surfactants, Span 80 and Tween 80. The capability of the vesicular systems was studied through the encapsulation of two azo dyes as molecular probes of different hydrophobicity (methyl orange (MO) and methyl yellow (MY)). To improve the efficiency of the niosomes to encapsulate the dyes, we employed an additional modification of the vesicular system, adding β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) or a modified amphiphilic β-CD (Mod-β-CD) to the niosomes. Neither the inclusion of dyes nor the incorporation of β-CD to the niosomes produces considerable modifications in size and morphology of the vesicles. However, in the presence of Mod-β-CD the niosomes became smaller, probably due to the anchoring of the cyclodextrin at the surface of vesicles through the hydrophobic chain, altering the curvature of the outer monolayer and reducing the surface charge of the interphase. The entrapment efficiency (EE) for MY was higher than that for MO in niosomes without cyclodextrin, however, the content of MO in the presence of β-CD increased considerably. Besides, the release of this dye under the same conditions was faster and reached 70% in 24 hours whereas in the absence of the macrocycle, the release was 15%, in the same time. UV-visible spectrophotometry and induced circular dichroism analysis allowed it to be established that MO is complexed with cyclodextrins inside vesicles, whereas MY interacts mainly with the niosome bilayer instead of with CD. Besides, the cavity of cyclodextrins is probably located in the interphase and preferably in the polar region of niosomes. Incorporation of β-cyclodextrin into niosomes considerably increased the encapsulated amount and the delivery rate of a hydrophilic molecular probe.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia D. Machado
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - O. Fernando Silva
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Rita H. de Rossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Mariana A. Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Ciudad Universitaria
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