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Liu X, Gilbert RG. Normal and abnormal glycogen structure - A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 338:122195. [PMID: 38763710 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen, a complex branched glucose polymer, is found in animals and bacteria, where it serves as an energy storage molecule. It has linear (1 → 4)-α glycosidic bonds between anhydroglucose monomer units, with branch points connected by (1 → 6)-α bonds. Individual glycogen molecules are referred to as β particles. In organs like the liver and heart, these β particles can bind into larger aggregate α particles, which exhibit a rosette-like morphology. The mechanisms and bonding underlying the aggregation process are not fully understood. For example, mammalian liver glycogen has been observed to be molecularly fragile under certain conditions, such as glycogen from diabetic livers fragmenting when exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while glycogen from healthy livers is much less fragile; this indicates some difference, as yet unknown, in the bonding between β particles in healthy and diabetic glycogen. This fragility may have implications for blood sugar regulation, especially in pathological conditions such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovations (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovations (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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2
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Kim D, Patel S, Duhamel J. Glycogen β-particles surface characterized by a combination of size exclusion chromatography and pyrene excimer fluorescence before and after β-amylolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 338:122090. [PMID: 38763704 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and pyrene excimer formation (PEF) experiments were conducted to characterize the local density profile inside a glycogen sample before (Glycogen) and after (Gly-β-LD) treatment with β-amylase. These experiments were conducted to assess whether the density at the periphery of the glycogen particles was very high to limit access to proteins involved in the metabolism of glycogen as predicted by the Tier model or low as suggested by the Gilbert model. SEC analysis indicated that the density inside the Glycogen and Gly-β-LD samples remained constant with particle size and was not affected by β-amylolysis. Analysis of the PEF experiments conducted on the Glycogen and Gly-β-LD samples labeled with 1-pyrenebutyric acid showed that the particles have a dense interior and loose corona. The conclusions reached by the SEC and PEF experiments agree with the Gilbert model and have implications for the association of glycogen β-particles into larger α-particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damin Kim
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jean Duhamel
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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3
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Xu C, Li C, Li E, Gilbert RG. Insights into wheat-starch biosynthesis from two-dimensional macromolecular structure. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122190. [PMID: 38710564 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Starch structure is often characterized by the chain-length distribution (CLD) of the linear molecules formed by breaking each branch-point. More information can be obtained by expanding into a second dimension: in the present case, the total undebranched-molecule size. This enables answers to questions unobtainable by considering only one variable. The questions considered here are: (i) are the events independent which control total size and CLD, and (ii) do ultra-long amylopectin (AP) chains exist (these chains cannot be distinguished from amylose chains using simple size separation). This was applied here to characterize the structures of one normal (RS01) wheat and two high-amylose (AM) mutant wheats (an SBEIIa knockout and an SBEIIa and SBEIIb knockout). Absolute ethanol was used to precipitate collected fractions, then size-exclusion chromatography for total molecular size and for the size of branches. The SBEIIa and SBEIIb mutations significantly increased AM and IC contents and chain length. The 2D plots indicated the presence of small but significant amounts of long-chain amylopectin, and the asymmetry of these plots shows that the corresponding mechanisms share some causal effects. These results could be used to develop plants producing improved starches, because different ranges of the chain-length distribution contribute independently to functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China; Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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4
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Tan X, Wang Z, Cheung U, Hu Z, Liu Q, Wang L, Sullivan MA, Cozzolino D, Gilbert RG. Liver glycogen fragility in the presence of hydrogen-bond breakers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131741. [PMID: 38649083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen, a complex branched glucose polymer, is responsible for sugar storage in blood glucose homeostasis. It comprises small β particles bound together into composite α particles. In diabetic livers, α particles are fragile, breaking apart into smaller particles in dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO; they are however stable in glycogen from healthy animals. We postulate that the bond between β particles in α particles involves hydrogen bonding. Liver-glycogen fragility in normal and db/db mice (an animal model for diabetes) is compared using various hydrogen-bond breakers (DMSO, guanidine and urea) at different temperatures. The results showed different degrees of α-particle disruption. Disrupted glycogen showed changes in the mid-infra-red spectrum that are related to hydrogen bonds. While glycogen α-particles are only fragile under harsh, non-physiological conditions, these results nevertheless imply that the bonding between β particles in α particles is different in diabetic livers compared to healthy, and is probably associated with hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Tan
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Ut Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Zhenxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qinghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4012, Australia.
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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5
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Besford QA. The sweetest polymer nanoparticles: opportunities ahead for glycogen in nanomedicine. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3577-3584. [PMID: 38629336 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00261j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Most cells take simple sugar (α-D-glucose) and assemble it into highly dense polysaccharide nanoparticles called glycogen. This is achieved through the action of multiple coupled-enzymatic reactions, yielding the cellular store of polymerised glucose to be degraded in times of metabolic need. These nanoparticles can be readily isolated from various animal tissues and plants, and are commercially available on a large scale. Importantly, glycogen is highly water soluble, non-toxic, low-fouling, and biodegradable, making it an attractive nanoparticle for use in nanomedicine, for both diagnosing and treating disease. This concept has been pursued actively recently, with exciting results on a variety of fronts, especially for targeting specific tissues and delivering nucleic acid and peptide cargo. In this perspective, the role of glycogen in nanomedicine going forward is discussed, with opportunities highlighted of where these sugary nanoparticles fit into the problem of treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A Besford
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany.
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6
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Cifuente JO, Colleoni C, Kalscheuer R, Guerin ME. Architecture, Function, Regulation, and Evolution of α-Glucans Metabolic Enzymes in Prokaryotes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4863-4934. [PMID: 38606812 PMCID: PMC11046441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired sophisticated mechanisms for assembling and disassembling polysaccharides of different chemistry. α-d-Glucose homopolysaccharides, so-called α-glucans, are the most widespread polymers in nature being key components of microorganisms. Glycogen functions as an intracellular energy storage while some bacteria also produce extracellular assorted α-glucans. The classical bacterial glycogen metabolic pathway comprises the action of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, whereas extracellular α-glucans are mostly related to peripheral enzymes dependent on sucrose. An alternative pathway of glycogen biosynthesis, operating via a maltose 1-phosphate polymerizing enzyme, displays an essential wiring with the trehalose metabolism to interconvert disaccharides into polysaccharides. Furthermore, some bacteria show a connection of intracellular glycogen metabolism with the genesis of extracellular capsular α-glucans, revealing a relationship between the storage and structural function of these compounds. Altogether, the current picture shows that bacteria have evolved an intricate α-glucan metabolism that ultimately relies on the evolution of a specific enzymatic machinery. The structural landscape of these enzymes exposes a limited number of core catalytic folds handling many different chemical reactions. In this Review, we present a rationale to explain how the chemical diversity of α-glucans emerged from these systems, highlighting the underlying structural evolution of the enzymes driving α-glucan bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier O. Cifuente
- Instituto
Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of
the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University
of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF -Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural
Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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7
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Chen L, Zhao N, McClements DJ, Hamaker BR, Miao M. Advanced dendritic glucan-derived biomaterials: From molecular structure to versatile applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4107-4146. [PMID: 37350042 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the development of advanced biomaterials with improved or novel functionality for diversified applications. Dendritic glucans, such as phytoglycogen and glycogen, are abundant biomaterials with highly branched three-dimensional globular architectures, which endow them with unique structural and functional attributes, including small size, large specific surface area, high water solubility, low viscosity, high water retention, and the availability of numerous modifiable surface groups. Dendritic glucans can be synthesized by in vivo biocatalysis reactions using glucosyl-1-phosphate as a substrate, which can be obtained from plant, animal, or microbial sources. They can also be synthesized by in vitro methods using sucrose or starch as a substrate, which may be more suitable for large-scale industrial production. The large numbers of hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of dendritic glucan provide a platform for diverse derivatizations, including nonreducing end, hydroxyl functionalization, molecular degradation, and conjugation modifications. Due to their unique physicochemical and functional attributes, dendritic glucans have been widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. For instance, they have been used as delivery systems, adsorbents, tissue engineering scaffolds, biosensors, and bioelectronic components. This article reviews progress in the design, synthesis, and application of dendritic glucans over the past several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ningjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - David J McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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8
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Pan B, Zhao N, Xie Q, Li Y, Hamaker BR, Miao M. Molecular structure and characteristics of phytoglycogen, glycogen and amylopectin subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:27. [PMID: 37291152 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and properties of phytoglycogen and glycogen subjected to acid hydrolysis was investigated using amylopectin as a reference. The degradation took place in two stages and the degree of hydrolysis was in the following order: amylopectin > phytoglycogen > glycogen. Upon acid hydrolysis, the molar mass distribution of phytoglycogen or glycogen gradually shifted to the smaller and broadening distribution region, whereas the distribution of amyopectin changed from bimodal to monomodal shape. The kinetic rate constant for depolymerization of phytoglycogen, amylopectin, and glycogen were 3.45 × 10-5/s, 6.13 × 10-5/s, and 0.96 × 10-5/s, respectively. The acid-treated sample had the smaller particle radius, lower percentage of α-1,6 linkage as well as higher rapidly digestible starch fractions. The depolymerization models were built to interpret the structural differences of glucose polymer during acid treatment, which would provide guideline to improve the structure understanding and precise application of branched glucan with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Ningjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Qiuqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yungao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2009, USA
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China.
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9
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Rousset Y, Ebenhöh O, Raguin A. Stochastic modelling of a three-dimensional glycogen granule synthesis and impact of the branching enzyme. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010694. [PMID: 37205718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, glycogen storage diseases result from metabolic inborn errors, and can lead to severe phenotypes and lethal conditions. Besides these rare diseases, glycogen is also associated to widely spread societal burdens such as diabetes. Glycogen is a branched glucose polymer synthesised and degraded by a complex set of enzymes. Over the past 50 years, the structure of glycogen has been intensively investigated. Yet, the interplay between the detailed three-dimensional glycogen structure and the related enzyme activity is only partially characterised and still to be fully understood. In this article, we develop a stochastic coarse-grained and spatially resolved model of branched polymer biosynthesis following a Gillespie algorithm. Our study largely focusses on the role of the branching enzyme, and first investigates the properties of the model with generic parameter values, before comparing it to in vivo experimental data in mice. It arises that the ratio of glycogen synthase over branching enzyme reaction rates drastically impacts the structure of the granule. We deeply investigate the mechanism of branching and parametrise it using distinct lengths. Not only do we consider various possible sets of values for these lengths, but also distinct rules to apply them. We show how combining various values for these lengths finely tunes glycogen macromolecular structure. Comparing the model with experimental data confirms that we can accurately reproduce glycogen chain length distributions in wild type mice. Additional granule properties obtained for this fit are also in good agreement with typically reported values in the experimental literature. Nonetheless, we find that the mechanism of branching must be more flexible than usually reported. Overall, our model provides a theoretical basis to quantify the effect that single enzymatic parameters, in particular of the branching enzyme, have on the chain length distribution. Our generic model and methods can be applied to any glycogen data set, and could in particular contribute to characterise the mechanisms responsible for glycogen storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Rousset
- Institute for Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Computational Cell Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institute for Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adélaïde Raguin
- Institute for Computational Cell Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Biomimetic synthesis of maltodextrin-derived dendritic nanoparticle and its structural characterizations. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 312:120816. [PMID: 37059544 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The maltodextrin-derived dendritic nanoparticle was fabricated using microbial branching enzyme and its structural characterizations were investigated. During biomimetic synthesis, molecular weight distribution of maltodextrin substrate with 6.8 × 104 g/mol shifted to the narrower and uniform distribution region with the larger molecular weight up to 6.3 × 106 g/mol (MD12). The enzyme-catalyzed product had the larger size, higher molecular density as well as higher percentage of α-1,6 linkage, accompanying by more chain accumulations of DP 6-12 and disappearance of DP > 24, suggesting the biosynthesized glucan dendrimer had a compact tighter branched structure. The interaction of molecular rotor CCVJ and local structure of dendrimer was monitored, displaying there was a higher intensity related with the numerous nano-pockets at the branch points of MD12. The maltodextrin-derived dendrimers had the single spherical particulate shape with the size range of 10-90 nm. The mathematical models were also established to reveal the chain structuring during enzymatic reaction. The above results showed that the biomimetic strategy for novel dendritic nanoparticle with controllable structure arising from branching enzyme treated maltodextrin, which would help to enlarge the panel of available dendrimer.
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11
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Interior of glycogen probed by pyrene excimer fluorescence. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120205. [PMID: 36876816 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A glycogen sample from oyster (O) and another from corn (C) were fluorescently labeled with 1-pyrenebutyric acid to yield two series of pyrene-labeled glycogen samples (Py-Glycogen(O/C)). Analysis of the time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) measurements of the Py-Glycogen(O/C) dispersions in dimethyl sulfoxide yielded the maximum number (<Nblobexp>) of anhydroglucose units (AGUs), that could separate two pyrene-labeled AGUs and still allow efficient pyrene excimer formation (PEF) between an excited and a ground-state pyrene. Molecular mechanics optimizations (MMOs) were conducted on a lattice of hexagonally close packed oligosaccharide helices to determine how the theoretical Nblobtheo varied as a function of the lattice density. Comparing <Nblobexp> and <Nblobtheo>, obtained after integrating Nblobtheo along the local density profile ρ(r) across the glycogen particles, led to the conclusion that ρ(r) took a maximum value at the center of the glycogen particles contrary to expectations based on the Tier Model.
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12
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Liu J, Bai Y, Ji H, Wang Y, Jin Z, Svensson B. Controlling the Fine Structure of Glycogen-like Glucan by Rational Enzymatic Synthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14951-14960. [PMID: 34847321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen-like glucan (GnG), a hyperbranched glucose polymer, has been receiving increasing attention to generate synthetic polymers and nanoparticles. Importantly, different branching patterns strongly influence the functionality of GnG. To uncover ways of obtaining different GnG branching patterns, a series of GnG with radius from 22.03 to 27.06 nm were synthesized using sucrose phosphorylase, α-glucan phosphorylase (GP), and branching enzyme (BE). Adjusting the relative activity ratio of GP and BE (GP/BE) made the molecular weight (MW) distribution of intermediate GnG products follow two different paths. At a low GP/BE, the GnG developed from "small to large" during the synthetic process, with the MW increasing from 6.15 × 106 to 1.21 × 107 g/mol, and possessed a compact structure. By contrast, a high GP/BE caused the "large to small" model, with the MW reduction of GnG from 1.62 × 107 to 1.21 × 107 g/mol, and created a loose external structure. The higher GP activity promoted the elongation of external chains and restrained chain transfer by the BE to the inner zone of GnG, which would modulate the loose-tight structure of GnG. These findings provide new useful insights into the construction of structurally well-defined nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hangyan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Birte Svensson
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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13
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Liu QH, Tang JW, Wen PB, Wang MM, Zhang X, Wang L. From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes: Insights Into the Molecular Structure of Glycogen Particles. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:673315. [PMID: 33996916 PMCID: PMC8116748 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.673315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly-branched polysaccharide that is widely distributed across the three life domains. It has versatile functions in physiological activities such as energy reserve, osmotic regulation, blood glucose homeostasis, and pH maintenance. Recent research also confirms that glycogen plays important roles in longevity and cognition. Intrinsically, glycogen function is determined by its structure that has been intensively studied for many years. The recent association of glycogen α-particle fragility with diabetic conditions further strengthens the importance of glycogen structure in its function. By using improved glycogen extraction procedures and a series of advanced analytical techniques, the fine molecular structure of glycogen particles in human beings and several model organisms such as Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, and Rat rattus have been characterized. However, there are still many unknowns about the assembly mechanisms of glycogen particles, the dynamic changes of glycogen structures, and the composition of glycogen associated proteins (glycogen proteome). In this review, we explored the recent progresses in glycogen studies with a focus on the structure of glycogen particles, which may not only provide insights into glycogen functions, but also facilitate the discovery of novel drug targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jia-Wei Tang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Peng-Bo Wen
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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14
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes incidence continues to increase rapidly. This disease is characterized by a breakdown in blood glucose homeostasis. The impairment of glycemic control is linked to the structure of glycogen, a highly branched glucose polymer. Liver glycogen, a major controller of blood sugar, comprises small β particles which can link together to form larger α particles. These degrade to glucose more slowly than β particles, enabling a controlled release of blood glucose. The α particles in diabetic mice are however easily broken down into β particles, which degrade more quickly. Because this may lead to higher blood glucose, understanding this diabetes-associated breakdown of α-particle molecular structure may help in the development of diabetes therapeutics. We review the extraction of liver glycogen, its molecular structure, and how this structure is affected by diabetes and then use this knowledge to make postulates to guide the development of strategies to help mitigate type 2 diabetes. Diabetes involves uncontrolled blood glucose levels Liver glycogen acts as a blood glucose buffer Diabetes can lead to molecularly fragile liver glycogen particles Molecularly fragile liver glycogen may exacerbate poor blood glucose control
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15
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Besford QA, Cavalieri F, Caruso F. Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904625. [PMID: 31617264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological nanoparticles found in living systems possess distinct molecular architectures and diverse functions. Glycogen is a unique biological polysaccharide nanoparticle fabricated by nature through a bottom-up approach. The biocatalytic synthesis of glycogen has evolved over time to form a nanometer-sized dendrimer-like structure (20-150 nm) with a highly branched surface and a dense core. This makes glycogen markedly different from other natural linear or branched polysaccharides and particularly attractive as a platform for biomedical applications. Glycogen is inherently biodegradable, nontoxic, and can be functionalized with diverse surface and internal motifs for enhanced biofunctional properties. Recently, there has been growing interest in glycogen as a natural alternative to synthetic polymers and nanoparticles in a range of applications. Herein, the recent literature on glycogen in the material-based sciences, including its use as a constituent in biodegradable hydrogels and fibers, drug delivery vectors, tumor targeting and penetrating nanoparticles, immunomodulators, vaccine adjuvants, and contrast agents, is reviewed. The various methods of chemical functionalization and physical assembly of glycogen nanoparticles into multicomponent nanodevices, which advance glycogen toward a functional therapeutic nanoparticle from nature and back again, are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A Besford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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16
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Liu Q, Zhu Z, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang P, Wang H, Liang M, Li Y, Deng B, Tang D, Gilbert RG, Wang L. Characterization of glycogen molecular structure in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116181. [PMID: 32241425 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen, a glucose homopolymer with many glucose chains, is the primary blood-sugar reservoir in many organisms. It comprises β particles (∼20 nm) which can bind together to form large α particles with a rosette morphology. When dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added to glycogen from diabetic livers, α particles break apart to β particles ('fragility'), possibly due to H-bond disruption; this is not seen in healthy livers. Glycogen α and β particles, and α-particle fragility, are observed in mammals and bacteria, and are examined here in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, with glycogen from two C. elegans strains, cultured in normal and high-glucose conditions. There were mainly β particles, with some large α particles. Most particles were fragile in DMSO. Growing in a high-glucose medium results in more long chains and more fragility, consistent with previous observations in diabetic animal models. Why high glucose levels facilitate fragility is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Zuobin Zhu
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Yuechen Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Electronic Information and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408003, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of The First Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Mengyu Liang
- School of The First Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China.
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17
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Wang L, Liu Q, Wang M, Du Y, Tan X, Xu B, Cheung U, Li E, Gilbert RG, Tang D. Effects of fasting on liver glycogen structure in rats with type 2 diabetes. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116144. [PMID: 32241436 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Liver glycogen, a highly branched glucose polymer, is important for blood sugar homeostasis. It comprises α particles which are made of linked β particles; the molecular structure changes diurnally. In diabetic liver, the α particles are fragile, easily breaking apart into β particles in chaotropic agents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. We here use size-exclusion chromatography to study how fasting changes liver-glycogen structure in vivo for mice in which type-2 diabetes had previously been induced. Diabetic glycogen degraded enzymatically more quickly in the fasted animals than did glycogen without fasting, with fewer α particles, which however were still fragile. The glycogen had fewer long chains and more shorter chains after fasting. This study gives an overview of the in vivo dynamic changes in α-particles under starvation conditions in both normal and diabetic livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinle Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bingju Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ut Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Enpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
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18
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Some molecular structural features of glycogen in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115526. [PMID: 31826402 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen, a highly-branched glucose polymer, functions as a sugar reservoir in many organs and tissues. Liver glycogen comprises small β particles which can bind to form into large agglomerates (α particles) which readily degrade to β particles in diabetic livers. Muscle glycogen has only β particles, optimal for quick energy release. Healthy kidney contains negligible glycogen, but there is an abnormally high accumulation in diabetic kidneys. We here compare the molecular structure of glycogen in diabetic kidneys with that in liver and muscle, using a diabetic rat model. This involved exploring extraction techniques to minimize glycogen degradation. Using size exclusion chromatography and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that there were only β particles in diabetic kidneys. These are postulated to form during periods of abnormally high blood sugar, the driving force being the need to reduce blood sugar under such circumstances.
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19
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20
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Wang L, Liu Q, Tan X, Wang Z, Wang M, Wise MJ, Li C, Ma C, Li E, Deng B, Du Y, Tang D, Gilbert RG. Molecular Structure of Glycogen in Escherichia coli. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2821-2829. [PMID: 31244022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen, a randomly branched glucose polymer, provides energy storage in organisms. It forms small β particles which in animals bind to form composite α particles, which give better glucose release. Simulations imply β particle size is controlled only by activities and sizes of glycogen biosynthetic enzymes and sizes of polymer chains. Thus, storing more glucose requires forming more β particles, which are expected to sometimes form α particles. No α particles have been reported in bacteria, but the extraction techniques might have caused degradation. Using milder glycogen extraction techniques on Escherichia coli, transmission electron microscopy and size-exclusion chromatography showed α particles, consistent with this hypothesis for α-particle formation. Molecular density and size distributions show similarities with animal glycogen, despite very different metabolic processes. These general polymer constraints are such that any organism which needs to store and then release glucose will have similar α and β particle structures: a type of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Xinle Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Michael J Wise
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, and Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Chengcheng Li
- School of Bioengineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430030 , China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , Jiangsu Province , China
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21
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Liu Y, Chen J, Wu J, Luo S, Chen R, Liu C, Gilbert RG. Modification of retrogradation property of rice starch by improved extrusion cooking technology. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 213:192-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Hu Z, Li E, Sullivan MA, Tan X, Deng B, Gilbert RG, Li C. Glycogen structure in type 1 diabetic mice: Towards understanding the origin of diabetic glycogen molecular fragility. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:665-672. [PMID: 30708007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a complex branched glucose polymer. Liver glycogen in db/db mouse, a type-2 diabetic mouse model, has been found to be more molecularly fragile than in healthy mice. Size-exclusion chromatography was employed in this study to investigate the molecular structure of liver glycogen in two types of type 1 diabetic mouse models (NOD and C57BL/6J mice), sacrificed at various times throughout the diurnal cycle, and the fragility of liver glycogen after exposure to a hydrogen-bond disruptor were tested. Type 1 diabetic mice exhibit a similar glycogen fragility with that observed for db/db mice. This eliminates many of the potential causes for glycogen molecular fragility; the most likely explanation is that it is caused by high blood-glucose level and/or insulin deficiency, both phenotypes being common to both type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. This result suggests ways towards new drug targets for the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes, Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Xinle Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Cheng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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