Investigation of efficiency of a novel, zinc oxide loaded TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber based hemostat for topical bleeding

Neutrophil extracellular traps-inspired DNA hydrogel for wound hemostatic adjuvant

Severe traumatic bleeding may lead to extremely high mortality rates, and early intervention to stop bleeding plays as a critical role in saving lives. However, rapid hemostasis in deep non-compressible trauma using a highly water-absorbent hydrogel, combined with strong tissue adhesion and bionic procoagulant mechanism, remains a challenge. In this study, a DNA hydrogel (DNAgel) network composed of natural nucleic acids with rapid water absorption, high swelling and instant tissue adhesion is reported, like a band-aid to physically stop bleeding. The excellent swelling behavior and robust mechanical performance, meanwhile, enable the DNAgel band-aid to fill the defect cavity and exert pressure on the bleeding vessels, thereby achieving compression hemostasis for deep tissue bleeding sites. The neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)-inspired DNAgel network also acts as an artificial DNA scaffold for erythrocytes to adhere and aggregate, and activates platelets, promoting coagulation cascade in a bionic way. The DNAgel achieves lower blood loss than commercial gelatin sponge (GS) in male rat trauma models. In vivo evaluation in a full-thickness skin incision model also demonstrates the ability of DNAgel for promoting wound healing. Overall, the DNAgel band-aid with great hemostatic capacity is a promising candidate for rapid hemostasis and wound healing.

Controlling the Magnetic Responsiveness of Cellulose Nanofiber Particles Embedded with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN) particles, an innovative biobased material derived from wood biomass, have garnered significant interest, particularly in the biomedical field, for their distinctive properties as biocompatible particle adsorbents. However, their microscopic size complicates their separation in liquid media, thereby impeding their application in various domains. In this study, superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles (NPs), specifically iron oxide Fe3O4 NPs with an average size of 15 nm, were used to enhance the collection efficiency of TOCN-Fe3O4 composite particles synthesized through spray drying. These composite particles exhibited a remarkable ζ-potential (approximately -50 mV), indicating their high stability in water, as well as impressive magnetization properties (up to 47 emu/g), and rapid magnetic responsiveness within 60 s in water (3 wt % Fe3O4 to TOCN, 1 T magnet). Furthermore, the influence of Fe3O4 NP concentrations on the measurement of the speed of magnetic separation was quantitatively discussed. Additionally, the binding affinity of the synthesized particles for proteins was assessed on a streptavidin-biotin binding system, offering crucial insights into their binding capabilities with specific proteins and underscoring their significant potential as functionalized biomedical materials.

Recent advances and biomedical application of 3D printed nanocellulose-based adhesive hydrogels: A review

Nanocellulose-based tissue adhesives show promise for achieving rapid hemostasis and effective wound healing. Conventional methods, such as sutures and staples, have limitations, prompting the exploration of bioadhesives for direct wound adhesion and minimal tissue damage. Nanocellulose, a hydrolysis product of cellulose, exhibits superior biocompatibility and multifunctional properties, gaining interest as a base material for bioadhesive development. This study explores the potential of nanocellulose-based adhesives for hemostasis and wound healing using 3D printing techniques. Nanocellulose enables the creation of biodegradable adhesives with minimal adverse effects and opens avenues for advanced wound healing and complex tissue regeneration, such as skin, blood vessels, lungs, cartilage, and muscle. This study reviews recent trends in various nanocellulose-based 3D printed hydrogel patches for tissue engineering applications. The review also introduces various types of nanocellulose and their synthesis, surface modification, and bioadhesive fabrication techniques via 3D printing for smart wound healing.

Recent Advances in Topical Hemostatic Materials

Untimely or improper treatment of traumatic bleeding may cause secondary injuries and even death. The traditional hemostatic modes can no longer meet requirements of coping with complicated bleeding emergencies. With scientific and technological advancements, a variety of topical hemostatic materials have been investigated involving inorganic, biological, polysaccharide, and carbon-based hemostatic materials. These materials have their respective merits and defects. In this work, the application and mechanism of the major hemostatic materials, especially some hemostatic nanomaterials with excellent adhesion, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and high adsorption capacity, are summarized. In the future, it is the prospect to develop multifunctional hemostatic materials with hemostasis and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties for promoting wound healing.

Transparent biodegradable composite plastic packaging film from TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers

In this research, we develop a method to create biodegradable food packaging films. Initially, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCNF) undergoes sonication to produce well-dispersed single-strain nanofibers. These nanofibers are then blended with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) to enhance their extensibility. To further enhance compatibility between these two components, a non-ionic surfactant, Tween 80, is introduced into the TOCNF/WPU mixture to improve the dispersion of the WPU within the blend. The addition of Tween 80 significantly increases the transparency of the resulting film (Transmittance: 89.4 %, Haze: 2.2 %). Furthermore, the incorporation of the surfactant effectively reduces the formation of wrinkles and cracks during the film drying process, preventing adverse impacts on the film's barrier properties. The thin film further undergoes esterification crosslinking with citric acid to remove its hydrophilic groups for better water vapor barrier properties. The resulting bio-based packaging film exhibits remarkable transparency, strong biodegradability, and superior gas-barrier properties (water vapor and oxygen) compared to commonly used food packaging.

Hemoadhican, a Tissue Adhesion Hemostatic Material Independent of Blood Coagulation

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is a leading cause of death, emphasizing the need for novel hemostatic agents. Here, a novel hemostatic polysaccharide hemoadhican (HD) is screened out by analyzing the rheological properties of screened material mixed blood sludges, which is prepared by mixing polysaccharide granules and whole blood to mimic the coagulation in vitro. HD is produced by a bacterial isolate Paenibacillus sp.1229, and the repeating units of HD are →)-α-L-Rhap-(1→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→4)[4,6-ethylidene-α-D-Galp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→3)]-α-D-Manp-(1→. Compared to chitosan and celox, HD achieves more effective hemostasis in animal models with mouse and rat femoral arteries, rat carotid arteries, and rabbit femoral arteries. Especially, HD maintains an excellent hemostatic capability in animals with heparin-induced hemorrhage diathesis. In vitro experiments show HD granules can quickly absorb a small amount of blood component to create a hemophobic blood sludge resistant to high pressure. The blood sludge firmly adheres to damaged tissue and efficiently repels blood. In vitro experiments show that HD does not actively trigger blood coagulation cascade and is independent of blood conditions including heparin treatment. In addition, HD moisturizes wounds and accelerates wound healing, exhibiting excellent biodegradability, and hemocompatibility. The results indicate that HD is a promising hemostatic material for treating traumatic hemorrhages and uncontrollable surgical bleeding.

Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Hemostatic Applications: A Review of Recent Advances

Hemorrhage is a detrimental event present in traumatic injury, surgery, and disorders of bleeding that can become life-threatening if not properly managed. Moreover, uncontrolled bleeding can complicate surgical interventions, altering the outcome of surgical procedures. Therefore, to reduce the risk of complications and decrease the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with hemorrhage, it is necessary to use an effective hemostatic agent that ensures the immediate control of bleeding. In recent years, there have been increasingly rapid advances in developing a novel generation of biomaterials with hemostatic properties. Nowadays, a wide array of topical hemostatic agents is available, including chitosan-based biomaterials that have shown outstanding properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, hemostatic, and analgesic activity in addition to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and wound-healing effects. This review provides an analysis of chitosan-based hemostatic biomaterials and discusses the progress made in their performance, mechanism of action, efficacy, cost, and safety in recent years.

In Vivo and In Vitro Investigation of a Novel Gelatin/Sodium Polyacrylate Composite Hemostatic Sponge for Topical Bleeding

Designing a functional and efficient blood-clotting agent is a major challenge. In this research, hemostatic scaffolds (GSp) were prepared from the superabsorbent, inter-crosslinked polymer sodium polyacrylate (Sp) bound to a natural protein gelatin (G) loaded with thrombin (Th) by a cost-effective freeze-drying method. Five compositions were grafted (GSp0.0, Gsp0.1, GSp0.2, GSp0.3, GSp0.3-Th) where the concentration of Sp varied but the ratios of G remained the same. The fundamental physical characteristics that increased the amounts of Sp with G gave synergistic effects after interacting with thrombin. Due to the presence of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) swelling capacities in GSp0.3 and GSp0.3-Th surge forward 6265% and 6948%, respectively. Pore sizes became uniform and larger (ranging ≤ 300 μm) and well-interconnected. The water-contact angle declined in GSp0.3 and GSp0.3-Th to 75.73 ± 1.097 and 75.33 ± 0.8342 degrees, respectively, thus increasing hydrophilicity. The pH difference was found to be insignificant as well. In addition, an evaluation of the scaffold in in vitro biocompatibility with the L929 cell line showed cell viability >80%, so the samples were nontoxic and produced a favorable environment for cell proliferation. The composite GSp0.3-Th revealed the lowest HR (%) (2.601%), and the in vivo blood-clotting time (s) and blood loss (gm) supported hemostasis. Overall, the results showed that a novel GSp0.3-Th scaffold can be a potential candidate as a hemostatic agent.

Fabrication of a Chitosan-Based Wound Dressing Patch for Enhanced Antimicrobial, Hemostatic, and Wound Healing Application

Wounds are a serious life threat that occurs in daily life. The complex cascade of synchronized cellular and molecular phases in wound healing is impaired by different means, involving infection, neuropathic complexes, abnormal blood circulation, and cell proliferation at the wound region. Thus, to overcome these problems, a multifunctional wound dressing material is fabricated. In the current research work, we have fabricated a wound dressing polymeric patch, with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan (Cs) incorporated with a photocatalytic graphene nanocomposite (GO/TiO₂(V-N)) and curcumin by a gel casting method, that focuses on multiple stages of the healing process. The morphology, swelling, degradation, moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR), porosity, light-induced antibacterial activity, hemolysis, blood clotting, blood abortion, light-induced biocompatibility, migration assay, and drug release were analyzed for the polymeric patches under in vitro conditions. PVA/Cs/GO/TiO₂(V-N)/Cur patches have shown enhanced wound healing in in vivo wound healing experiments on Wister rats. They show higher collagen deposition, thicker granulation tissue, and higher fibroblast density than conventional dressing. A histological study shows excellent re-epithelialization ability and dense collagen deposition. In vitro and in vivo analysis confirmed that PVA/Cs/GO/TiO₂(V-N) and PVA/Cs/GO/TiO₂(V-N)/Cur patches enhance the wound healing process.

Silk Fibroin/Tannin/ZnO Nanocomposite Hydrogel with Hemostatic Activities

The inevitable bleeding and infections caused by disasters and accidents are the main causes of death owing to extrinsic trauma. Hemostatic agents are often used to quickly suppress bleeding and infection, and they can solve this problem in a short time. Silk fibroin (SF) has poor processibility in water, owing to incomplete solubility therein. In this study, aiming to overcome this disadvantage, a modified silk fibroin (SF-BGE), easily soluble in water, was prepared by introducing butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) into its side chain. Subsequently, a small amount of tannic acid (TA) was introduced to prepare an SF-BGE /TA solution, and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were added to the solution to form the coordination bonds between the ZnO and TA, leading to an SF-based nanocomposite hydrogel. A structural characterization of the SF-BGE, SF-BGE/TA, SF-BGE/TA/ZnO, and the coordination bonds between ZnO/TA was observed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and the phase change was observed by rheological measurements. The pore formation of the SF-BGE/TA/ZnO hydrogel and dispersibility of ZnO were verified through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytocompatible and hemostatic performances of the SF-BGE/TA/ZnO NPs composite hydrogels were evaluated, and the hydrogels showed superior hemostatic and cytocompatible activities. Therefore, the SF-based nanocomposite hydrogel is considered as a promising material for hemostasis.

Design of nanoconstructs that exhibit enhanced hemostatic efficiency and bioabsorbability

Hemorrhage is a prime cause of death in civilian and military traumatic injuries, whereby a significant proportion of death and complications occur prior to paramedic arrival and hospital resuscitation. Hence, it is crucial to develop hemostatic materials that are able to be applied by simple processes and allow control over bleeding by inducing rapid hemostasis, non-invasively, until subjects receive necessary medical care. This tutorial review discusses recent advances in synthesis and fabrication of degradable hemostatic nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Control of assembly and fine-tuning of composition of absorbable (i.e., degradable) hemostatic supramolecular structures and nanoconstructs have afforded the development of smart devices and scaffolds capable of efficiently controlling bleeding while degrading over time, thereby reducing surgical operation times and hospitalization duration. The nanoconstructs that are highlighted have demonstrated hemostatic efficiency pre-clinically in animal models, while also sharing characteristics of degradability, bioabsorbability and presence of nano-assemblies within their compositions.

Bioactive Poly(4-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(ethylene glycol) Fibrous Dressings Incorporated with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Efficient Antibacterial Therapy and Rapid Clotting

Antibacterial and hemostatic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Nanocellulose, a versatile platform: From the delivery of active molecules to tissue engineering applications

Nanocellulose, a biopolymer, has received wide attention from researchers owing to its superior physicochemical properties, such as high mechanical strength, low density, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Nanocellulose can be extracted from wide range of sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. Depending on the extraction process and dimensions (diameter and length), they are categorized into three main types: cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs are a highly crystalline and needle-like structure, whereas CNFs have both amorphous and crystalline regions in their network. BNC is the purest form of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose properties can be tuned by chemical functionalization, which increases its applicability in biomedical applications. This review highlights the fabrication of different surface-modified nanocellulose to deliver active molecules, such as drugs, proteins, and plasmids. Nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules is profoundly affected by its topographical structure and the interaction between the loaded molecules and nanocellulose. The applications of nanocellulose and its composites in tissue engineering have been discussed. Finally, the review is concluded with further opportunities and challenges in nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules.

Nanofibers of cellulose acetate containing ZnO nanoparticles/graphene oxide for wound healing applications

A combination of nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) or graphene oxide or both of them with cellulose acetate (CA) enhances a new functionality of nanofibers aiming to improve bio-composite materials for wound healing application. The obtained nanofibers have been investigated using XRD, FTIR, and FESEM. It was observed that the maximum height of the roughness increased from 253 to 651.9 nm for both GO and ZnO/GO in the powdered phase, while it plunged from 613 to 482 nm and developed to 801 nm for ZnO@CA, GO@CA, and ZnO/GO@CA, receptively. Further, the mechanical properties of the obtained scaffolds have been tested and displayed a tremendous variation of tensile strength from 5.44 ± 0.81 to 12.87 ± 0.93 and 8.82 ± 1.2 MPa, while the toughness increased from 23.29 ± 1.4 to 68.95 ± 4.5 and 57.75 ± 3.6 MJ/m³ for ZnO@CA, GO@CA and ZnO/GO@CA, receptively. Moreover, the cell viability was investigated and showed a progression of 97.38 ± 3.9% for ZnO/GO@CA. Furthermore, the adhesion of human fibroblasts cell line towards the obtained nanofibrous scaffolds were examined and displayed that cells were proliferated and spread considerably through the scaffolds, whereas their filopodia have followed the morphology of the fibers.

Scaffolds for Wound Healing Applications

In order to overcome the shortcomings related to unspecific and partially efficient conventional wound dressings, impressive efforts are oriented in the development and evaluation of new and effective platforms for wound healing applications. In situ formed wound dressings provide several advantages, including proper adaptability for wound bed microstructure and architecture, facile application, patient compliance and enhanced therapeutic effects. Natural or synthetic, composite or hybrid biomaterials represent suitable candidates for accelerated wound healing, by providing proper air and water vapor permeability, structure for macro- and microcirculation, support for cellular migration and proliferation, protection against microbial invasion and external contamination. Besides being the most promising choice for wound care applications, polymeric biomaterials (either from natural or synthetic sources) may exhibit intrinsic wound healing properties. Several nanotechnology-derived biomaterials proved great potential for wound healing applications, including micro- and nanoparticulate systems, fibrous scaffolds, and hydrogels. The present paper comprises the most recent data on modern and performant strategies for effective wound healing.

Fabrication of oxidized bacterial cellulose by nitrogen dioxide in chloroform/cyclohexane as a highly loaded drug carrier for sustained release of cisplatin

Carboxylated bacterial cellulose (OBC) was fabricated by oxidation with nitrogen dioxide in chloroform/cyclohexane and employed as a carrier for sustained release of antitumor substance cisplatin (CDDP). The influence of removing water method, solvent used in the synthesis, concentration of N₂O₄, and duration of the oxidation on content of carboxyl groups in reaction products was established. Due to the possibility of nitrogen dioxide to penetrate into cellulose crystallites, the carboxyl group content of the OBC reaches high values up to 4 mmol/g. In vitro degradation of OBC was determined under simulated physiological conditions. The immobilization of CDDP on OBC was studied in detail. The initial burst release of the drug from the polymer was depressed. The cytotoxicity of CDDP-loaded OBC was evaluated with HeLa cells. The unique structure and properties of OBC make it a great candidate as drug delivery carrier.

Cellulose from sources to nanocellulose and an overview of synthesis and properties of nanocellulose/zinc oxide nanocomposite materials

Recently, environmental and ecological concerns are increasing due to the usage of petroleum-based products so the synthesis of ultra-fine chemicals and functional materials from natural resources is drawing a tremendous level of attention. Nanocellulose, a unique and promising natural material extracted from native cellulose, may prove to be most ecofriendly materials that are technically and economically feasible in modern times, minimizing the pollution generation. Nanocellulose has gained tremendous attention for its use in various applications, due to its excellent special surface chemistry, physical properties, and remarkable biological properties (biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity). Various types of nanocellulose, viz. cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), are deeply introduced and compared in this work in terms of sources, production, structures and properties. The metal and metal oxides especially zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are broadly used in various fields due to the diversity of functional properties such as antimicrobial and ultraviolet (UV) properties. Thus, the advancement of nanocellulose and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs)-based composites materials are summarized in this article in terms of the preparation methods and remarkable properties with the help of recent knowledge and significant findings (especially from the past six years reports). The nanocellulose materials complement zinc oxide nanoparticles, where they impart their functional properties to the nanoparticle composites. As a result hybrid nanocomposite containing nanocellulose/zinc oxide composite has shown excellent mechanical, UV barrier, and antibacterial properties. The nanocellulose based hybrid nanomaterials have huge potential applications in the area of food packaging, biopharmaceuticals, biomedical, and cosmetics. Thus the functional composite materials containing nanocellulose and zinc oxide will determine the potential biomedical application for nanocellulose.

Oxidized cellulose-based hemostatic materials

The application of hemostatic agents is essential to prevent significant blood loss and death from excessive bleeding in surgical or emergency scenarios. Oxidized cellulose is an excellent biodegradable and biocompatible derivate of cellulose, which has become one of the most important hemostatic agents used in surgical procedures. However, to date, there has been no comprehensive report assessing oxidized cellulose-based hemostatic materials. Hence, this paper first reviewed the oxidation preparation, cellulose origin and structure, as well as biodegradability and safety of oxidized cellulose. Then a comprehensive review regarding the hemostatic mechanisms, various forms, modification, and current commercially available products of oxidized cellulose is discussed, which emphatically presents the most significant developments in the recent scientific literature. In conclusion, this paper summarizes the latest developments in oxidized cellulose-based hemostatic materials and provides a reference for further research and development in this field.