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Bouzidi Y, Bosco M, Gao H, Pradeau S, Matheron L, Chantret I, Busca P, Fort S, Gravier-Pelletier C, Moore SEH. Transport of N-acetylchitooligosaccharides and fluorescent N-acetylchitooligosaccharide analogs into rat liver lysosomes. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad099. [PMID: 38070184 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Free polymannose-type oligosaccharides (fOS) are processed by cytosolic enzymes to generate Man5GlcNAc which is transferred to lysosomes and degraded. Lysosomal fOS import was demonstrated in vitro but is poorly characterized in part due to lack of convenient substrates. As chitooligosaccharides (COS, oligomers β1,4-linked GlcNAc) block [3H]Man5GlcNAc transport into lysosomes, we asked if COS are themselves transported and if so, can they be chemically modified to generate fluorescent substrates. We show that COS are degraded by lysosomal hydrolases to generate GlcNAc, and robust ATP-dependent transport of [3H]COS2/4 di and tetrasaccharides into intact rat liver lysosomes was observed only after blocking lysosomal [3H]GlcNAc efflux with cytochalasin B. As oligosaccharides with unmodified reducing termini are the most efficient inhibitors of [3H]COS2/4 and [3H]Man5GlcNAc transport, the non-reducing GlcNAc residue of COS2-4 was de-N-acetylated using Sinorhizobium meliloti NodB, and the resulting amine substituted with rhodamine B (RB) to yield RB-COS2-4. The fluorescent compounds inhibit [3H]Man5GlcNAc transport and display temperature-sensitive, ATP-dependent transport into a sedimentable compartment that is ruptured with the lysosomotropic agent L-methyl methionine ester. Once in this compartment, RB-COS3 is converted to RB-COS2 further identifying it as the lysosomal compartment. RB-COS2/3 and [3H]Man5GlcNAc transports are blocked similarly by competing sugars, and are partially inhibited by the vacuolar ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin and high concentrations of the P-type ATPase inhibitor orthovanadate. These data show that Man5GlcNAc, COS2/4 and RB-COS2/3 are transported into lysosomes by the same or closely related mechanism and demonstrate the utility of COS modified at their non-reducing terminus to study lysosomal oligosaccharide transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younès Bouzidi
- INSERM U1149, Université Paris Cité, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France
| | - Michaël Bosco
- CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris 75006, France
| | - Haifei Gao
- CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris 75006, France
| | - Stéphanie Pradeau
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 601 Rue de la Chimie, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Lucrèce Matheron
- Plateforme MS3U, Fédération de chimie moléculaire Paris centre FR2769, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
| | - Isabelle Chantret
- INSERM U1149, Université Paris Cité, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France
| | - Patricia Busca
- CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris 75006, France
| | - Sébastien Fort
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 601 Rue de la Chimie, 38610 Gières, France
| | | | - Stuart E H Moore
- INSERM U1149, Université Paris Cité, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France
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Wakita S, Sugahara Y, Nakamura M, Kobayashi S, Matsuda K, Takasaki C, Kimura M, Kida Y, Uehara M, Tabata E, Hiraoka K, Seki S, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Mouse Acidic Chitinase Effectively Degrades Random-Type Chitosan to Chitooligosaccharides of Variable Lengths under Stomach and Lung Tissue pH Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216706. [PMID: 34771117 PMCID: PMC8587675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides exhibit several biomedical activities, such as inflammation and tumorigenesis reduction in mammals. The mechanism of the chitooligosaccharides’ formation in vivo has been, however, poorly understood. Here we report that mouse acidic chitinase (Chia), which is widely expressed in mouse tissues, can produce chitooligosaccharides from deacetylated chitin (chitosan) at pH levels corresponding to stomach and lung tissues. Chia degraded chitin to produce N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) dimers. The block-type chitosan (heterogenous deacetylation) is soluble at pH 2.0 (optimal condition for mouse Chia) and was degraded into chitooligosaccharides with various sizes ranging from di- to nonamers. The random-type chitosan (homogenous deacetylation) is soluble in water that enables us to examine its degradation at pH 2.0, 5.0, and 7.0. Incubation of these substrates with Chia resulted in the more efficient production of chitooligosaccharides with more variable sizes was from random-type chitosan than from the block-type form of the molecule. The data presented here indicate that Chia digests chitosan acquired by homogenous deacetylation of chitin in vitro and in vivo. The degradation products may then influence different physiological or pathological processes. Our results also suggest that bioactive chitooligosaccharides can be obtained conveniently using homogenously deacetylated chitosan and Chia for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Yasusato Sugahara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Syunsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Kazuhisa Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Chinatsu Takasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yuta Kida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Maiko Uehara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Koji Hiraoka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Shiro Seki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
| | - Peter O. Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
- Bioinova JSC, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Hu C, Ma Z, Zhu J, Fan Y, Tuo B, Li T, Liu X. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of acidic mammalian chitinase (CHIA) in multiple organs. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111465. [PMID: 34311522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic mammalian chitinase (CHIA) belongs to the 18-glycosidase family and is expressed in epithelial cells and certain immune cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) in various organs. Under physiological conditions, as a hydrolase, CHIA can degrade chitin-containing pathogens, participate in Type 2 helper T (Th2)-mediated inflammation, and enhance innate and adaptive immunity to pathogen invasion. Under pathological conditions, such as rhinitis, ocular conjunctivitis, asthma, chronic atrophic gastritis, type 2 diabetes, and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, CHIA expression is significantly changed. In addition, studies have shown that CHIA has an anti-apoptotic effect, promotes epithelial cell proliferation and maintains organ integrity, and these effects are not related to chitinase degradation. CHIA can also be used as a biomolecular marker in diseases such as chronic atrophic gastritis, dry eye, and acute kidney damage caused by sepsis. Analysis of the authoritative TCGA database shows that CHIA expression in gastric adenocarcinoma, liver cancer, renal clear cell carcinoma and other tumors is significantly downregulated compared with that in normal tissues, but the specific mechanism is unclear. This review is based on all surveys conducted to date and summarizes the expression patterns and functional diversity of CHIA in various organs. Understanding the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of CHIA in multiple organs opens new possibilities for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Endoscopy center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Endoscopy center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China.
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Endoscopy center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China.
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Du C, Zhao X, Song W, He N, Jiang S, Zhou Y, Zhang G. Combined strategies to improve the expression of acidic mammalian chitinase in Pichia pastoris for the production of N, N'-diacetylchitobiose. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kimura M, Watanabe T, Sekine K, Ishizuka H, Ikejiri A, Sakaguchi M, Kamaya M, Yamanaka D, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Comparative functional analysis between human and mouse chitotriosidase: Substitution at amino acid 218 modulates the chitinolytic and transglycosylation activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2895-2902. [PMID: 32853624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (Chit1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) have been attracting research interest due to their involvement in various pathological conditions such as Gaucher's disease and asthma, respectively. Both enzymes are highly expressed in mice, while the level of AMCase mRNA was low in human tissues. In addition, the chitinolytic activity of the recombinant human AMCase was significantly lower than that of the mouse counterpart. Here, we revealed a substantially higher chitinolytic and transglycosylation activity of human Chit1 against artificial and natural chitin substrates as compared to the mouse enzyme. We found that the substitution of leucine (L) by tryptophan (W) at position 218 markedly reduced both activities in human Chit1. Conversely, the L218W substitution in mouse Chit1 increased the activity of the enzyme. These results suggest that Chit1 may compensate for the low of AMCase activity in humans, while in mice, highly active AMCase may supplements low Chit1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Sekine
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Aoi Ikejiri
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Minori Kamaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter O Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic; Bioinova Ltd., Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan.
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Liu T, Han H, Wang D, Guo X, Zhou Y, Fukamizo T, Yang Q. Potent Fungal Chitinase for the Bioconversion of Mycelial Waste. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5384-5390. [PMID: 32275147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger mycelial waste is a good raw material for production of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc). In this study, AnChiB, an A. niger chitinase which is upregulated during autolysis, was found to degrade A. niger mycelial waste with high efficiency. It could produce 1.45 mM (GlcNAc)2 in 8 h from raw mycelial waste, outperforming other chitinases, including bacterial SmChiA, human HsCht, and insect OfChtI and OfChi-h. The crystal structure of AnChiB was determined, and residues Trp106 and Trp118 were found to be important for the activity of AnChiB toward mycelial waste; mutation of either Trp106 or Trp118 into phenylalanine or alanine resulted in dramatically decreased activity. A recombinant strain of Bacillus subtilis was constructed to extracellularly produce AnChiB, and the culture supernatant was used to treat mycelial waste. This eco-friendly strategy could produce 3.7 mM of GlcNAc from 10 g of mycelial waste in 94 h with a yield of 71.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoguang Guo
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Kimura M, Umeyama T, Wakita S, Okawa K, Sakaguchi M, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Quantification of chitooligosaccharides by FACE method: Determination of combinatory effects of mouse chitinases. MethodsX 2020; 7:100881. [PMID: 32346528 PMCID: PMC7183225 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FACE is a simple, qualitative and quantitative method. The standard curve warrants quantification of chitooligosaccharides of up to 10 nmol regardless on used buffer system. Our improved FACE method enable us to quantify chitooligosaccharides produced by chitinases at pH 2.0–8.0. Determination of the combinatory effects of the Chit1 and AMCase using the FACE method.
Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) enables detection and quantification of degradation products from artificial and natural chitin substrates such as 4-NP-(GlcNAc)2, (GlcNAc)4 and colloidal chitin. The FACE method has been improved by our group for analysis of chitooligosaccharides in the presence of several buffer systems commonly used in the biochemical evaluation of chitinolytic activities of enzymes at pH 2.0–8.0. FACE is a very sensitive technique detecting picomolar amounts of molecules. We optimized the detection conditions as follows: exposure type, precision; sensitivity, high resolution; exposure time, 5 s. We evaluated the (GlcNAc)2 levels using a standard curve that allows chitooligosaccharides quantification at up to 10 nmol amounts. Using the method presented here, the chitinolytic properties of different chitinases can be compared directly. Serratia chitinase A (ChiA) and chitinase B (ChiB), two well-studied bacterial chitinases, have been shown by HPLC to have a synergistic effect on the chitin degradation rate. Using the FACE method, we determined the combinatory effects of mouse chitotriosidase (Chit1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) in natural chitin substrates processing.FACE is a simple and quantitative method. Our improved procedure enables the quantification of chitooligosaccharides produced by chitinases at pH 2.0–8.0. FACE is able to quantify chitooligosaccharides at up to 10 nmol amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC2), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083 Japan
| | - Takatoshi Umeyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Okawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter O Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic.,Bioinova Ltd., Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Barad BA, Liu L, Diaz RE, Basilio R, Van Dyken SJ, Locksley RM, Fraser JS. Differences in the chitinolytic activity of mammalian chitinases on soluble and insoluble substrates. Protein Sci 2020; 29:966-977. [PMID: 31930591 PMCID: PMC7096708 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is an abundant polysaccharide used by many organisms for structural rigidity and water repulsion. As such, the insoluble crystalline structure of chitin poses significant challenges for enzymatic degradation. Acidic mammalian chitinase, a processive glycosyl hydrolase, is the primary enzyme involved in the degradation of environmental chitin in mammalian lungs. Mutations to acidic mammalian chitinase have been associated with asthma, and genetic deletion in mice increases morbidity and mortality with age. We initially set out to reverse this phenotype by engineering hyperactive acidic mammalian chitinase variants. Using a screening approach with commercial fluorogenic substrates, we identified mutations with consistent increases in activity. To determine whether the activity increases observed were consistent with more biologically relevant chitin substrates, we developed new assays to quantify chitinase activity with insoluble chitin, and identified a one-pot fluorogenic assay that is sufficiently sensitive to quantify changes to activity due to the addition or removal of a carbohydrate-binding domain. We show that the activity increases from our directed evolution screen were lost when insoluble substrates were used. In contrast, naturally occurring gain-of-function mutations gave similar results with oligomeric and insoluble substrates. We also show that activity differences between acidic mammalian chitinase and chitotriosidase are reduced with insoluble substrate, suggesting that previously reported activity differences with oligomeric substrates may have been driven by differential substrate specificity. These results highlight the need for assays against physiological substrates when engineering metabolic enzymes, and provide a new one-pot assay that may prove to be broadly applicable to engineering glycosyl hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Barad
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
- Biophysics Graduate ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Roberto E. Diaz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
- Tetrad Graduate ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Ralp Basilio
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
- Science Education Partnership High School Intern Program, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Steven J. Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of Medicine in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri
| | - Richard M. Locksley
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
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