Polysaccharide extracted from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) induce apoptosis in transplanted H22 cells in mice

Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz alleviates NAFLD-induced hepatic inflammation in mice by modulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) not only could cause abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver, but also could cause liver inflammation. Previous studies have shown that Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) could alleviate animal liver inflammatory damage and alleviate NAFLD in mice caused by high-fat diet(HFD), but regulation of liver inflammation caused by NAFLD has rarely been reported. In this study, an animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver inflammation in the liver of mice was established to explore the protective effect of PAMK on the liver of mice. The results showed that PAMK could alleviate the abnormal increase of body weight and liver weight of mice caused by HFD, alleviate the abnormal liver structure of mice, reduce the level of oxidative stress and cytokine secretion in the liver of mice, and downregulate the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB and protein expression of P-IκB, P-NF-κB-P65, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB in the liver. These results indicate that PAMK could alleviate hepatocyte fatty degeneration and damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory response of the liver caused by NAFLD in mice.

Anti-liver cancer effects and mechanisms and its application in nano DDS of polysaccharides: A review

Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death, with high incidence and poor treatment effect. In recent years, polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention in the research field of anti-liver cancer because of their high efficiency, low toxicity, good biocompatibility, wide sources and low cost. Polysaccharides have been proven to have good anti-liver cancer activity. In this paper, the pathways and molecular mechanisms of polysaccharides against liver cancer were reviewed in detail. Polysaccharides exert anti-liver cancer activity by blocking cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, regulating immunity, inhibiting cancer cell metastasis, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and so on. The primary structure and chain conformation of polysaccharides have an important influence on their anti-liver cancer activity. Structural modification enhanced the anti-liver cancer activity of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides have good attenuated and synergistic effects on chemotherapy drugs. Polysaccharides can be used as functional carriers to construct intelligent nano drug delivery systems (DDS) targeting liver cancer. This review can provide theoretical support for the further development and application of polysaccharides in the field of anti-liver cancer, and provide theoretical reference and clues for relevant researchers in food, nutrition, medicine and other fields.

Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-Fe (III) complex promotes intestinal development as a new iron supplement

Iron is a crucial micronutrient, and its deficiency can have detrimental effects on the health of infants. Dietary polysaccharide-iron (III) complexes (PICs) are promising for addressing iron deficiency due to their minimal adverse reactions and high iron absorption rate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-Fe (III) complex (EP-Fe) on newborns, using 3-day weaned piglets as the iron-deficiency model. Results showed that EP-Fe improved iron levels and promoted intestinal development in piglets. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that EP-Fe increased the survival of intestinal epithelial cells under hypoxia by upregulating the expression of genes that promote the development of the vascular system. Additionally, EP-Fe enhanced the mucosal barrier functions by inhibiting myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)/phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC) signaling pathway to increase the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing of gut microbiota showed that EP-Fe promoted the enrichment of Bacteroides_fragilis and other gut microbes that can metabolize carbohydrates. In conclusion, EP-Fe is an effective iron supplement for newborns, and it can be developed as a comprehensive nutritional supplement.

Protective Effects of Polysaccharide of Atractylodes Macrocephala Koidz against Porcine Aortic Valve Endothelial Cells Damage Induced by di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate

The activation, injury, and dysfunction of endothelial cells are considered to be the initial key events in the development of atherosclerosis. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a prevalent organic pollutant, can cause damage to multiple organs. Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) is a bioactive compound extracted from A. macrocephala Koidz with various biological activities. This study investigates the protective effects of PAMK on porcine aortic valve endothelial cells (PAVEC) damaged by DEHP. PAVECs treated with DEHP alone or with PAMK showed reduced cell apoptosis and death in PAMK-pretreated cells. PAMK up-regulated Bcl-2 expression and down-regulated Bax protein, suppressing apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that PAMK protected PAVECs from DEHP-induced damage. These findings suggest that PAMK inhibits cell apoptosis and protects against DEHP damage in endothelial cells.

Effects of Crude Extract of Glycyrrhiza Radix and Atractylodes macrocephala on Immune and Antioxidant Capacity of SPF White Leghorn Chickens in an Oxidative Stress Model

The natural edible characteristics of Chinese herbs have led more and more people to study them as an alternative product to antibiotics. In this study, crude extracts of Glycyrrhiza radix and Atractylodes macrocephala (abbreviated as GRAM) with glycyrrhizic acid content not less than 0.2 mg/g were selected to evaluate the effects of GRAM on the immune and antioxidant capacity of model animals. Thirty 21-day-old male Leghorn chickens were weighed and randomly assigned to one of three groups of ten animals each. The treatments comprised a control group (CON), in which saline was injected at day 31, day 33, and day 35, an LPS-treated group (LPS), in which LPS (0.5 mg/kg of BW) was injected at day 31, day 33, and day 35, and finally a GRAM and LPS-treated group, (G-L) in which a GRAM-treated diet (at GRAM 2 g/kg) was fed from day 21 to day 35 with LPS injection (0.5 mg/kg of BW) at day 31, day 33, and day 35. The results of diarrhea grade and serum antioxidant measurement showed that the LPS group had obvious diarrhea symptoms, serum ROS and MDA were significantly increased, and T-AOC was significantly decreased. The oxidative stress model of LPS was successfully established. The results of immune and antioxidant indexes showed that feeding GRAM significantly decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05) and significantly increased levels of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10 and levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH-Px and CAT (p < 0.05). GRAM resisted the influence of LPS on ileum morphology, liver, and immune organs and maintained normal index values for ileum morphology, liver, and immune organs. In summary, this study confirmed the antidiarrheal effect of GRAM, which improved the immune and antioxidant capacity of model animals by regulating inflammatory cytokine levels and antioxidant enzyme activity in poultry.

The surface morphology of Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide and its inhibitory effect on PCV2 replication

BACKGROUND

Porcine infection with Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes immunosuppression, which is easy to cause concurrent or secondary infection, making the disease complicated and difficult to treat, and causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. Total polysaccharide from the rhizoma of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (PAMK) is outstanding in enhancing non-specific immunity and cellular immunity, and effectively improving the body's disease resistance, indicating its potential role in antiviral immunotherapy.

RESULTS

PAMK had the characteristics of compact, polyporous and agglomerated morphology, but does not have triple helix conformation. PCV2 infection led to the increase in LC3-II, degradation of p62 and the increase of viral Cap protein expression and viral copy number. PAMK treatment significantly alleviated PCV2-induced autophagy and inhibited PCV2 replication. Moreover, PAMK treatment significantly attenuated the increase of PINK1 protein expression and the decrease of TOMM20 protein expression caused by PCV2 infection, alleviated Parkin recruitment from cytoplasm to mitochondria and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, restored mitochondrial membrane charge, alleviated viral Cap protein expression.

CONCLUSION

PAMK alleviates PCV2-induced mitophagy to suppress PCV2 replication by inhibiting the Pink 1/Parkin pathway. These findings may provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of PCV2. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-Fe/Zn complexes

The structure of polysaccharide has a great influence on its biological functions, and the chelation with metal ions is an effective way to change polysaccharide structural configuration. Herein, the structure of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide (EP)-Fe/Zn complexes were characterized and the results showed that the iron (III) existed in form of β-FeOOH in EP-Fe (III) complex and the zinc (II) existed in form of C-O-Zn in EP-Zn (II) complex. Besides, the chelation with iron (III) or zinc (II) completely changed the apparent forms, and improved the thermal stability of EP. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activities of EP, EP-Fe and EP-Zn were proved by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages model. The results showed that EP, EP-Fe (III) and EP-Zn (II) could decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential and the secretion of NO and cytokines induced by LPS. One of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of EP, EP-Fe (III) and EP-Zn (II) was that they could inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway via increasing its inhibitor content in cells. Collectively, the research suggested that the chelation with iron (III) or zinc (II) could change the structure and improve the anti-inflammatory activities of EP.

Simultaneous Analysis of Hydrophobic Atractylenolides, Atractylon and Hydrophilic Sugars in Bai-Zhu Using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Column Tandem Technique

An analytical method was established using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and evaporative light scattering detectors (HPLC-DAD-ELSD) with -C18 and -NH2 column tandem for the simultaneous determination of hydrophobic atractylenolide I, II, III, atractylone and hydrophilic compounds glucose, fructose and sucrose in the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (a natural raw material for health foods, Bai-Zhu aka. in Chinese). The method combines the different separation capabilities of reversed-phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. It can provides a new choice for the simultaneous determination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds in traditional Chinese medicines and health foods. It provided a reference method for the quality control of Bai-Zhu. The results showed that the linear correlation coefficients of the established column tandem chromatographic method were all greater than 0.9990, the relative standard deviation was 0.1-2.8%, and the average recovery was 96.7-103.1%. The contents of atractylenolide I, II, III, atractylone, fructose, glucose, and sucrose in 17 batches of Baizhu were 172.3-759.8 μg/g, 201.4-612.8 μg/g, 160.3-534.2 μg/g, 541.4-8723.1 μg/g, 6.9-89.7 mg/g, 0.7-7.9 mg/g, and 1.2-21.0 mg/g, respectively.

Advances on novel iron saccharide-iron (III) complexes as nutritional supplements

Iron deficiency is prevalent worldwide, and iron supplementation is a promising strategy to address iron needs of the body. However, traditional oral supplements such as ferrous sulfate, ferrous succinate, and ferrous gluconate are absorbed in the form of ferrous ions, leading to lipid peroxidation and side effects due to other reasons. In recent years, saccharide-iron (III) complexes (SICs) as novel iron supplements have aroused attention for the high iron absorption rate and no gastrointestinal irritation at oral doses. In addition, research on the biological activities of SICs revealed that they also exhibited good abilities in treating anemia, eliminating free radicals, and regulating the immune response. This review focused on the preparation, structural characterization, and bioactivities of these new iron supplements, as promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency.

Preparation and structural characterization of acid-extracted polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa and antitumor activity on S180 tumor-bearing mice

In this study, an acid-extracted polysaccharide (GFP-A) was extracted from the fruiting bodies of G. frondosa with 1 % hydrochloric acid solution. Our study aimed to imitate the processes of digestion, absorption and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from G. frondosa under the acid environment of stomach in the body. The preliminary structural analysis resulted that GFP-A (about 1.10 × 10⁶ Da) was a neutral polysaccharide composed of xylose, mannose, glucose (molar ratio: 0.12:1.00:6.98) with α-type glycosidic linkages. Additionally, antitumor activities on S180 tumor-bearing mice showed that GFP-A could effectively inhibit the growth of S180 tumor cells by protecting immune organs (thymus and spleen), activating immune cells (NK cells, lymphocytes and macrophages), upregulating the secretion of serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ) in vivo. H & E staining and cell cycle determination further demonstrated that GFP-A could induce S180 tumor cells apoptosis via arresting them in G₁ phase. These results demonstrated that GFP-A could provide a theoretical basis for treatment of cancer.

Lemon gum: Non-toxic arabinogalactan isolated from Citrus × latifolia with antiproliferative property against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells

Lemon gum (LG) obtained from Citrus × latifolia in Brazil was isolated and characterized. In addition, gum biocompatibility was evaluated in vitro and in vivo by Galleria mellonella and mice model. The cytotoxicity against tumor cells was also evaluated. The ratio of arabinose:galactose: rhamnose:4-OMe-glucuronic acid was 1:0.65:0.06:0.15. Small traces of protein were detected, emphasizing the isolate purity. Molar mass was 8.08 × 10⁵ g/mol, with three different degradation events. LG showed antiproliferative activity against human prostate adenocarcinoma cancer cells, with percentage superior to 50 %. In vivo toxicity models demonstrated that LG is biocompatible polymer, with little difference in the parameters compared to control group. These results demonstrate advance in the study of LG composition and toxicity, indicating a potential for several biomedical and biotechnological future applications.

Research progress on the mechanisms underlying poultry immune regulation by plant polysaccharides

With the rapid development of poultry industry and the highly intensive production management, there are an increasing number of stress factors in poultry production. Excessive stress will affect their growth and development, immune function, and induce immunosuppression, susceptibility to a variety of diseases, and even death. In recent years, increasing interest has focused on natural components extracted from plants, among which plant polysaccharides have been highlighted because of their various biological activities. Plant polysaccharides are natural immunomodulators that can promote the growth of immune organs, activate immune cells and the complement system, and release cytokines. As a green feed additive, plant polysaccharides can not only relieve stress and enhance the immunity and disease resistance of poultry, but also regulate the balance of intestinal microorganisms and effectively alleviate all kinds of stress faced by poultry. This paper reviews the immunomodulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of different plant polysaccharides (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz polysaccharide, Astragalus polysaccharides, Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide, and alfalfa polysaccharide) in poultry. Current research results reveal that plant polysaccharides have potential uses as therapeutic agents for poultry immune abnormalities and related diseases.

A water-soluble polysaccharide from Eucommia folium: the structural characterization and anti-tumor activity in vivo

In this study, a water-soluble polysaccharide from Eucommia folium was extracted by hot water and purified using Sephadex G-200 gel columns. The results showed that the purified fraction (EFP) has a molecular weight of 9.98 × 10⁵ Da and consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid (molar ratio: 0.226: 1.739: 2.183: 1: 0.155: 0.321: 0.358: 0.047). The combination of infrared spectroscopy and NMR analysis proved that EFP is an acidic polysaccharide whose main chain consists of α-L-Araf-(1 → , → 3,5)-α-Araf-(1 → , → 3)-β-Galp-(1 → , → 3,6)-β-Glcp-(1 → , → 2)-α-D-Manp-(1 → , → 4)-α-GalpA-(1 → , → 2,4)-α-Rhap-(1 → . In addition, the in vivo antitumoral activity of EFP was studied using a H22 tumor-bearing mice model. EFP effectively inhibited tumor growth in mice following intragastric administration. By Combining with the results of the apoptosis assay and JC-1 staining analysis, we confirmed that EFP induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis demonstrated that EFP blocks the cell cycle at S phase.

Isolation, structure and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Atractylodes macrocephala: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Polysaccharides from Atractylodes macrocephala are important components isolated and extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine named Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Traditionally, A. macrocephala has been used to strengthen the spleen, benefit qi, dry dampness and promote water circulation, and prevent miscarriage. As the main components, polysaccharides from A. macrocephala have a variety of related pharmacological activities, such as the ability to regulate the gastrointestinal tract, protect the liver and so on.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review aims to compile the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics and pharmacological activities of polysaccharides from A. macrocephala and the mechanisms of actions to explore the future application potential of polysaccharides from A. macrocephala.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Valid and comprehensive relevant information was collected from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, Pubmed and so on.

RESULTS

More than 20 polysaccharides have been extracted from A. macrocephala, different extraction and purification methods have been described, and the composition structures and pharmacological activities of polysaccharides from A. macrocephala have been reviewed. Polysaccharides, as important components of A. macrocephala, were mainly extracted by four methods such as water decoction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, complex enzyme method and microwave-assisted extraction, and then were obtained through decolorization, deproteinization and separation and purification by various chromatographic columns. The chemical compositions and structures of polysaccharides from A. macrocephala show diversification, and three structural formulae have been confirmed at this stage. Polysaccharides from A. macrocephala have a variety of pharmacological activities, such as immunomodulation, antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotection, gastrointestinal mucosa protection, neuroprotection, hypoglycemia, growth promotion and so on.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a diversity in the compositional structures of polysaccharides from A. macrocephal, which have multiple biological activities and promising applications. Therefore, further understanding of the relationship between structures and functions of polysaccharides from A. macrocephaly, and potential synergistic effects with other substances is especially important for its development and utilization.

The chemistry and efficacy benefits of polysaccharides from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AM), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with many medicinal values, has a long usage history in China and other oriental countries. The phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of volatile oils, polysaccharides, lactones, flavonoids, and others. The polysaccharides from AM are important medicinal components, mainly composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara), mannose (Man), galacturonic acid (GalA) and xylose (Xyl). It also showed valuable bioactivities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumour, gastroprotective and intestinal health-promoting, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic as well as other activities. At the same time, based on its special structure and pharmacological activity, it can also be used as immune adjuvant, natural plant supplement and vaccine adjuvant. The aim of this review is to summarize and critically analyze up-to-data on the chemical compositions, biological activities and applications of polysaccharide from AM based on scientific literatures in recent years.

Polysaccharides from Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae: A Review on Their Extraction, Purification, Structure, and Bioactivities

Rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide (RAMP), the main bioactive compound extracted from Rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephala (RAM), exhibits various biological activities in in vivo and in vitro methods, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective effects, and other functions. This review systematically summarizes the recent research progress on the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of RAMP. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for further research on the application of RAMP in the fields of biomedicine and food.

Tolerance Assessment of Atractylodes macrocephala Polysaccharide in the Diet of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide (AMP) can enhance antioxidant defense and anti-inflammation, as the tolerance levels of AMP in aquaculture is important for additive utilization. However, the tolerance dose of AMP is unknown. We assess the tolerance levels of AMP in juvenile largemouth bass (3.38 ± 0.11 g) by feeding them a 0, 400, 4000, or 8000 mg/kg AMP supplemented diet for 10 weeks. The 400 mg/kg AMP dose increased growth performance. The Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway was activated, as indicated by Keap1 and Nrf2 protein levels in the liver. Enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx), together with increased mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (sod, gpx) and decreased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA, was found in the liver, implying the antioxidant effect of AMP. Nutrient absorption was enhanced by AMP, as reflected by the increased length of intestinal villi and microvilli. However, 4000 and 8000 mg/kg AMP induced oxidant stress, as indicated by increased plasma ALT and AST content and decreased mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (sod, gpx) in the liver and intestinal tissues. Inflammatory reactions were also induced by high doses of AMP, as reflected by enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tnfα, nfκb) in the liver, intestinal, and kidney tissues and inhibited levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (tgfβ, iκb). Histological analysis reveals inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue damage. Thus, the safe tolerance margin of AMP supplement for largemouth bass was 400–4000 mg/kg.

Structural characteristics and immunomodulatory effects of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae

Marine algae are becoming an important source of valuable candidates of functional food that remain unexplored. Compositional analysis showed that marine algae contain essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals, of which polysaccharides are the main bioactive component. Depending on the source, marine algae polysaccharides are sulfated, which have diverse structures and compositions that influence their biological activities. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae (SPs) exhibit various bioactivities, especially immunomodulation. This review aims at summarizing the structural characteristics of SPs, their immunomodulatory effects, and the structural-immunomodulatory activity relationships between them from articles in recent decade, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the further applications of SPs as promising food or feed additives and possible health products to modulate the immune response.

Efficacy of erzhu jiedu recipe on hepatitis B cirrhosis with hyperalphafetoproteinemia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis B cirrhosis with hyperalphafetoproteinemia is the intermediate stage of liver cirrhosis progressing to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there is no effective way to treat precancerous lesions of liver in modern medicine. In recent decades, clinical and experimental evidence shows that Chinese medicine (CM) has a certain beneficial effect on Hepatitis B Cirrhosis. Therefore, this trial aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a CM erzhu jiedu recipe (EZJDR) for the treatment of Hepatitis B Cirrhosis with Hyperalphafetoproteinemia.

METHODS

We designed a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 72 patients of Hepatitis B Cirrhosis with hyperalphafetoproteinemia were randomized in 2 parallel groups. Patients in the control group received placebo granules similar to the EZJDR. In the EZJDR group, patients received EZJDR twice a day, after meals, for 48 weeks. The primary efficacy measures were changes in serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and alpha-fetoprotein alloplasm (AFP-L3); The secondary indicators of efficacy are changes in liver function indicators, HBV-DNA level; Liver stiffness measurement (LSM); Hepatic portal vein diameter; T lymphocyte subgroup indexes during treatment. All data will be recorded in case report forms and analyzed by Statistical Analysis System software. Adverse events will also be evaluated.

RESULTS

The results showed that EZJDR can significantly inhibit the levels of AFP and AFP-L3 in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis and hyperalphafetoproteinemia and have good security.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shuguang Hospital, affiliated with University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai (NO.2018-579-08-01).

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This trial was registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Center (NO.ChiCTR1800017165).

Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz regulates LPS-mediated mouse hepatitis through the TLR4-MyD88-NFκB signaling pathway

Feed corruption and poor breeding environment could cause widespread bacterial infection which could cause severe liver inflammation and lead to liver damage, even death. It has been proved that Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) could improve the immunity of animal, but the mechanism of its protective effect on hepatitis has been rarely reported. This study investigated the protective effect of PAMK on mouse liver through LPS-induced liver inflammatory. The results showed that LPS caused swelling of hepatocytes, disappearance of hepatic cord structure and infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells, and LPS could up-regulated mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, IKBα and NFκB, increased cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, enhance the levels of antioxidant enzymes CAT, GSH-PX, SOD, iNOs and MDA. PAMK pretreatment could relieved histopathological damage caused by LPS, and could activate the TLR4-MyD88-NFκB signalling pathway, reduce the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, increase IL-4 levels, inhibit the levels of GSH-PX and MDA. These results indicate that PAMK could reduce inflammatory damage and oxidative stress in mice and play a protective role in the early stages of LPS invasion of the liver.

Structural Characterization of an Alkali-Soluble Polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis and Its Antitumor Activity in Vivo

A novel alkali-soluble polysaccharide (AASP) was isolated from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels under aqueous alkali treatment, and its structural characterization and antitumor activity in Vivo were evaluated in present study. Results of HPGPC and IC revealed that AASP was a neutral polysaccharide containing Ara, Gal and Glc in the mole ratio of 1.00 : 2.26 : 24.43, with the average molecular weight of 4.7 kDa. Periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation, FT-IR, and NMR analyses further demonstrated that a preliminary structure of AASP was proposed as follows: (1→3)-linked arabinose, (1→6)-linked galactose, and (1→), (1→4), (1→6), (1→3,6)-linked glucose with α- and β-configuration. In Vivo antitumor assays, AASP exhibited prominent antitumor effects on H22 hepatoma cells with an inhibitory ratio of 48.57 % and effectively protected thymuses and spleens of tumor-bearing mice. Besides, AASP displayed a proliferation stimulating activity of immunocytes (splenocytes, peritoneal macrophages and natural killer cells), and an auxo-action for cytokines release (TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ), leading to the apoptosis of H22 solid tumors cells via G0/G1 phase arrested. The above data demonstrated that AASP holds great application potential to be a safe and effective antitumor supplement in the future.

The Structural Characterization of a Novel Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Edible Mushroom Leucopaxillus giganteus and Its Antitumor Activity on H22 Tumor-Bearing Mice

In the present study, a novel cold water-soluble polysaccharide fraction (LGP) with the average molecular weight of 1.78×10⁶  Da was extracted and purified from Leucopaxillus giganteus and its primary structure as well as in vivo antitumor activity was evaluated. The monosaccharide composition of LGP was determined by ion chromatography to be galactose, xylose, glucose and fucose in a molar ratio of 2.568 : 1.209 : 1 : 0.853. Its backbone was composed of α-D-Glu, α-D-Xyl, α-D-Gal and α-L-Fuc. The results of in vivo antitumor experiment demonstrated that LGP could effectively protect immune organs, has excellent antitumor activity, and inhibit the proliferation of H22 solid tumors in a dose-dependent manner. By analyzing Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential detection assay, we concluded that LGP induced apoptosis of H22 cells via S phase arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. Our results could provide valuable information for the potential application of LGP as an anti-hepatoma agent.

Atractylenolides, essential components of Atractylodes-based traditional herbal medicines: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties

The rhizome of the plant Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz is the major constituent of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Baizhu, frequently used to treat gastro-intestinal diseases. Many traditional medicine prescriptions based on Baizhu and the similar preparation Cangzhu are used in China, Korea and Japan as Qi-booster. These preparations contain atractylenolides, a small group of sesquiterpenoids endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Atractylenolides I, II and III also display significant anticancer properties, reviewed here. The capacity of AT-I/II/IIII to inhibit cell proliferation and to induce cancer cell death have been analyzed, together with their effects of angiogenesis, metastasis, cell differentiation and stemness. The immune-modulatory properties of ATs are discussed. AT-I has been tested clinically for the treatment of cancer-induced cachexia with encouraging results. ATs, alone or combined with cytotoxic drugs, could be useful to treat cancers or to reduce side effects of radio and chemotherapy. Several signaling pathways have been implicated in their multi-targeted mechanisms of action, in particular those involving the central regulators TLR4, NFκB and Nrf2. A drug-induced reduction of inflammatory cytokines production (TNFα, IL-6) also characterizes these molecules which are generally weakly cytotoxic and well tolerated in vivo. Inhibition of Janus kinases (notably JAK2 and JAK3 targeted by AT-I and AT-III, respectively) has been postulated. Information about their metabolism and toxicity are limited but the long-established traditional use of the Atractylodes and the diversity of anticancer effects reported with AT-I and AT-III should encourage further studies with these molecules and structurally related natural products.

Erzhu Jiedu decoction ameliorates liver precancerous lesions in a rat model of liver cancer

Precancerous lesions are the intermediate stage in the development of liver cancer from cirrhosis. Early intervention measures can effectively prevent the occurrence of liver cancer and prolong the lives of patients, resulting in greater economic effects. Erzhu Jiedu decoction (EJD) is a semiempirical formula that is used in the treatment of cirrhosis and liver cancer according to the academic philosophy of "Preventive treatment of disease" and has achieved good curative effects in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EJD on liver precancerous lesions induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. The results showed that EJD improved the general conditions (body weight, ALT, AST, and GGT) and reduced the number of precancerous lesions in the rat model. Notably, the medium dose of EJD (1.05 g/kg) had better treatment effects than the low dose of EJD, and the high dose of EJD did not further improve the liver lesions compared to the medium dose of EJD. Moreover, EJD effectively reduced the DEN-induced GST-Pi, AFP, CK19, c-Myc, and Ki67 protein expression in liver precancerous tissues. Interestingly, EJD significantly reduced YAP and TAZ mRNA expression in the liver precancerous lesions. Collectively, EJD protects against in the initiation of liver cancer and the regulation of c-Myc and Hippo signaling pathways may be the underlying mechanism.

Apoptosis induction activity of polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes in H22-bearing mice through ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of tubulin polymerization

Background

Lentinus edodes is a medicinal mushroom widely used in Asian countries for protecting people against some types of cancer and other diseases.

Objective

The objective of the present study was to investigate the direct antiproliferation activity and the antitumor mechanisms of water-extracted polysaccharide (WEP1) purified from L. edodes in H22 cells and H22-bearing mice.

Design

The extraction, isolation, purification, and structure determination of the water-soluted L. edodes polysaccharide WEP1 were performed. The growth inhibitory effects of WEP1 on H22 cells and H22-bearing mice were determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) method and animal studies. Flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy, and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to observe the morphological characteristics of apoptotic cells. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-3',6'-diacetate (DCFH-DA). Western blot was used to determine the expressions of cell cycle proteins and apoptosis-related proteins.

Results

Results showed that WEP1 with a molecular weight of 662.1 kDa exhibited direct antiproliferation activity on H22 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, WEP1 significantly inhibited the growth of tumor at different doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and the inhibition rates were 28.27, 35.17, and 51.72%, respectively. Furthermore, morphological changes of apoptosis and ROS overproduction were observed in H22 cells by WEP1 treatment. Cell cycle assay and western blot analyses indicated that the apoptosis induction activity of WEP1 was associated with arresting cell cycle at G2/M phase and activating mitochondrial-apoptotic pathway. Besides, WEP1 disrupted the microtubule network accompanied by alteration of cellular morphology.

Conclusion

Results suggested that the antitumor mechanisms of WEP1 might be related to arresting cell cycle at G2/M phase, inhibiting tubulin polymerization and inducing mitochondrial apoptosis. Therefore, WEP1 possibly could be used as a promising functional food for preventing or treating liver cancer.

Isolation, purification, and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and their immunostimulatory activity in RAW264.7 cells

Three water-soluble polysaccharides (AMAP-1, AMAP-2 and AMAP-3) were isolated and purified from Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma by using the combination of ion-exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. The structures of the polysaccharides were characterized by chemical derivatization, HPGC, GC-MS, FT-IR, and NMR techniques. Structural analyses show that the three polysaccharides are pectin-type macromolecules consisting of homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan type I (RG-I) regions in different ratios. Immunostimulatory assay highlighted that the RG-I-rich AMAP-1 and AMAP-2 with high molecular weights can stimulate RAW264.7 macrophages to release nitric oxide, but HG-rich AMAP-3 with a low molecular weight cannot. This finding suggests that the immune activity may be related to the side chains of the RG-I region, which provides a certain theoretical guidance for further exploring the structure-activity relationship. Meanwhile, AMAP-1 and AMAP-2, especially AMAP-2, from Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma show potential as immune adjuvants.

Gehua Jiecheng Decoction Inhibits Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice by Improving Tumor Immunosuppression Microenvironment

Gehua Jiecheng Decoction (GHJCD), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, has been used in the prevention and treatment of precancerous lesion of liver cancer, but its active mechanism has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of GHJCD on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice and the mechanism of this effect. We found that GHJCD effectively inhibited the occurrence of liver cancer and reduced the tumor area. The ratio of regulatory cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in HCC microenvironment was down-regulated, whereas that of CD8 T and effective CD8 T cells was up-regulated. In addition, the expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CCL-2 in the liver were inhibited, whereas those of the angiogenesis related molecules CD31 and VEGF were decreased. Moreover, WNT1, β-catenin, NF-kB, p-MAPK, p-AKT, and p-SRC content in the liver decreased, whereas APC content increased. These results suggested that GHJCD exerted a good inhibitory effect on liver cancer induced by DEN and thus may have a multi-target effect; GHJCD not only antagonized the immunosuppressive effect of the microenvironment of liver cancer but also exerted strong anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis effects.