1
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Jie X, Lin C, Qian C, He G, Feng Y, Yin X. Preparation and properties of thermoplastic starch under the synergism of ultrasonic and elongational rheology. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133155. [PMID: 38880450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch, as an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics, possesses numerous advantages, including cost-effectiveness, complete biodegradability, and renewable sourcing. Nevertheless, the plasticizer dispersion and starch plasticization efficiency are poor via the processing method dominate by shear deformation. Thus, the aim of this study is proposing a new approach combining ultrasonic treatment and elongational rheology to prepare thermoplastic starch and evaluate its properties. This innovative approach facilitated the production of thermoplastic starch with glycerol as the plasticizer at varying rotor speeds. Furthermore, this study was carried out by using a self-developed ultrasonic-assisted vane mixer (UVM) based on elongational flow. The samples were analyzed using FTIR, WAXD, polarized optical microscope, dynamic rheometer, universal testing machine and thermogravimetric analysis. FTIR and dynamic rheological analysis showed that elongational rheology and ultrasonics stimulate hydrogen bond formation between starch and glycerol, elevating starch thermoplasticity. Tensile tests and thermogravimetric analysis highlighted that high-intensity elongational field improved the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the thermoplastic starch. Additionally, the incorporation of ultrasonic treatment yielded further improvements, yielding remarkable tensile strength (6.09 MPa) and elongation at break (139.3 %). This synergistic interplay between ultrasonics and elongational rheology holds immense potential for advancing thermoplastic starch manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jie
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, GuangZhou, 510640, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Dongguan Zhengxin Packaging Products Co., Ltd.,China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, GuangZhou, 510640, China
| | - Guangjian He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, GuangZhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, GuangZhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaochun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, GuangZhou, 510640, China.
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2
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Abdillah AA, Lee RC, Charles AL. Improving physicomechanical properties of arrowroot starch films incorporated with kappa-carrageenan: Sweet cherry coating application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133938. [PMID: 39029815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Arrowroot starch (AS)-based films potential is influenced by its low-cost processing and high transparency packaging material but low tensile strength; hence, AS was blended with kappa-carrageenan (KC) to improve mechanical properties of AS-based films and enhance its potential use in food packaging or coating applications. AS-KC-based films were characterized based on structural, physicomechanical, thermal, pasting properties, and coating application in sweet cherry. The films demonstrated high tensile strength from 3.2 to 29.4 MPa and low elongation properties from 160.3 % to 1.9 %. Moreover, AS/KC films exhibited peak viscosities of 18.7 to 34.8 RVU, and thermal analysis depicted lower weight losses (59-45 %) compared to AS-based films (62 %). In addition, sweet cherry samples coated with AS/KC films and stored at 20 °C for 15 days depicted lower weight losses (26.6 %) compared to non-coated samples (>41 %), which indicated the potential use of the film's coating application in extending the shelf life and quality of fresh fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annur Ahadi Abdillah
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Department of Marine, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Rui-Chen Lee
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Albert Linton Charles
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
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3
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Cataño FA, Moreno-Serna V, Cament A, Loyo C, Yáñez-S M, Ortiz JA, Zapata PA. Green composites based on thermoplastic starch reinforced with micro- and nano-cellulose by melt blending - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125939. [PMID: 37482162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a biodegradable biopolymer, a sustainable material that can replace conventional petrochemical-based plastics. However, starch has some limitations, as it must be processed by heating and treated mechanically with a plasticizer to become thermoplastic starch (TPS). Different variables such as mixing speeds, amount, and kind of plasticizers play a vital role in preparing TPS by melting. Despite this, the properties of the TPS are not comparable with those of traditional plastics. To overcome this limitation, microcellulose or nanocellulose is added to TPS by melt mixing, including the extrusion and internal mixing process, which enables large-scale production. This review aims to compile several studies that evaluate the effect of plasticizers, as well as the relevance of incorporating different cellulosic fillers of different dimensions on the properties of TPS obtained by melt mixing. Potential applications of these materials in food packaging, biomedical applications, and other opportunities are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Cataño
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile
| | - Viviana Moreno-Serna
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile; Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - Alejandro Cament
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile
| | - Carlos Loyo
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile; Yachay Tech University, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Mauricio Yáñez-S
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Avenida Rudecindo Ortega 2950, Campus San Pablo II, Chile
| | - J Andrés Ortiz
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Laboratorio Química de Biomateriales, Chile.
| | - Paula A Zapata
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile.
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4
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Juan-Polo A, Pavon C, de la Rosa-Ramírez H, López-Martínez J. Use of Raw Peach Gum as a Sustainable Additive for the Development of Water-Sensitive and Biodegradable Thermoplastic Starch Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3359. [PMID: 37631415 PMCID: PMC10458062 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, formulations of thermoplastic starch (TPS) with 5, 10, and 15 parts per hundred resin (phr) of raw peach gum (PG) were prepared by melt extrusion followed by injection molding to obtain standard specimens for characterization. In addition, biodegradable films were developed by compression molding. It was determined that TPS with 5 phr and 10 phr of PG presented similar mechanical behavior to pure TPS after the processing. However, results indicated that adding PG in 10 phr slowed down the starch's retrogradation, delaying the TPS structure's stiffening. Moreover, the TPS-PG formulations presented improved solubility, which increased by 24% with 10 and 15 phr of PG compared to that shown for TPS. Additionally, PG enhanced the compostability of TPS, causing the sample to disintegrate in a shorter period. In conclusion, it was determined that raw PG added in 10 phr could be added as a sustainable additive to modify the biodegradation and water sensitivity of TPS without affecting its mechanical behavior after processing and delaying the retrogradation of the TPS structure, increasing its shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Pavon
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 03801 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain; (A.J.-P.); (H.d.l.R.-R.); (J.L.-M.)
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5
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Perera KY, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Biopolymer-Based Sustainable Food Packaging Materials: Challenges, Solutions, and Applications. Foods 2023; 12:2422. [PMID: 37372632 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer-based packaging materials have become of greater interest to the world due to their biodegradability, renewability, and biocompatibility. In recent years, numerous biopolymers-such as starch, chitosan, carrageenan, polylactic acid, etc.-have been investigated for their potential application in food packaging. Reinforcement agents such as nanofillers and active agents improve the properties of the biopolymers, making them suitable for active and intelligent packaging. Some of the packaging materials, e.g., cellulose, starch, polylactic acid, and polybutylene adipate terephthalate, are currently used in the packaging industry. The trend of using biopolymers in the packaging industry has increased immensely; therefore, many legislations have been approved by various organizations. This review article describes various challenges and possible solutions associated with food packaging materials. It covers a wide range of biopolymers used in food packaging and the limitations of using them in their pure form. Finally, a SWOT analysis is presented for biopolymers, and the future trends are discussed. Biopolymers are eco-friendly, biodegradable, nontoxic, renewable, and biocompatible alternatives to synthetic packaging materials. Research shows that biopolymer-based packaging materials are of great essence in combined form, and further studies are needed for them to be used as an alternative packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpani Y Perera
- Sustainable Packaging and Bioproducts Research (SPBR) Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- Sustainable Packaging and Bioproducts Research (SPBR) Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Swarna Jaiswal
- Sustainable Packaging and Bioproducts Research (SPBR) Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Bangar SP, Esua OJ, Nickhil C, Whiteside WS. Microcrystalline cellulose for active food packaging applications: A review. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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7
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Song Y, Wang X, Luo H, Wang M, Chen J. Reducing the Flocculation of Milk Tea Using Different Stabilizers to Regulate Tea Proteins. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071484. [PMID: 37048305 PMCID: PMC10094277 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of flocs derived from polyphenol–protein formation in milk tea has not been fully explored. In this study, the flocculation of milk tea was regulated by adding 10 kinds of stabilizers with different characteristics. The stability coefficient and centrifugal precipitation rate were used as indexes. The optimal concentration ratio of the complex stabilizer was identified using the response surface methodology (RSM), being 0.04% for Arabic gum, 0.02% for β-cyclodextrin and 0.03% for Agar. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the characteristics of different stabilizers in milk tea, and our findings were as follows: (1) The relative strength of the peaks in different stable systems was different. The absorption peaks were mainly near the wave numbers 3376 cm−1, 2928 cm−1, 1655 cm−1, 1542 cm−1, 1408 cm−1, 1047 cm−1 and 925 cm−1. (2) The milk tea system was an amorphous structure. The diffraction peak of the composite system was observed to be about 20°. The crystallinity of the milk tea in the compound group was 33.16%, which was higher than that of the blank group (9.67%). (3) The compound stabilizer reduced flocculation, and the stabilizing agents improved the surface order of milk tea. These results indicate that the combination of polysaccharide stabilizers (Arabic gum and agar) and oligosaccharide stabilizers (β-CD) in certain proportions can regulate the flocculation of milk tea and improve its stability. The potential research avenues involving polyphenol–protein complex instability systems and their applications in food development are expanded by this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaosen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Haixi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Hainan Province, Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Mingyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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8
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Lai DS, Osman AF, Adnan SA, Ibrahim I, Ahmad Salimi MN, Jaafar@Mustapha M. Toughening mechanism of thermoplastic starch nano-biocomposite with the hybrid of nanocellulose/nanobentonite. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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9
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Taharuddin NH, Jumaidin R, Ilyas RA, Kamaruddin ZH, Mansor MR, Md Yusof FA, Knight VF, Norrrahim MNF. Effect of Agar on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Moisture Absorption Properties of Thermoplastic Sago Starch Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8954. [PMID: 36556760 PMCID: PMC9781869 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch is a material that has the potential to be environmentally friendly and biodegradable. However, it has certain drawbacks concerning its mechanical performance and is sensitive to the presence of moisture. The current study assessed agar-containing thermoplastic sago starch (TPSS) properties at various loadings. Variable proportions of agar (5%, 10%, and 15% wt%) were used to produce TPSS by the hot-pressing method. Then, the samples were subjected to characterisation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and moisture absorption tests. The results demonstrated that adding agar to starch-based thermoplastic blends significantly improved their tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The samples' morphology showed that the fracture had become more erratic and uneven after adding agar. FT-IR revealed that intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between TPSS and agar. Moreover, with an increase in agar content, TPSS's thermal stability was also increased. However, the moisture absorption values among the samples increased slightly as the amount of agar increased. Overall, the proposed TPSS/agar blend has the potential to be employed as biodegradable material due to its improved mechanical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hanan Taharuddin
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Zatil Hazrati Kamaruddin
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Ridzuan Mansor
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Fahmi Asyadi Md Yusof
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Alor Gajah 78000, Malaysia
| | - Victor Feizal Knight
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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10
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Fekete E, Angyal L, Csiszár E. The Effect of Surface Characteristics of Clays on the Properties of Starch Nanocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15217627. [PMID: 36363218 PMCID: PMC9654006 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this research, different clays such as laponite and montmorillonite (NaMMT) are used as fillers in the preparation of thermoplastic starch/clay nanocomposites. Thin films are produced by casting and evaporation in a wide composition range, using glycerol as the plasticizer at two different concentrations. The surface energy of clay fillers is measured by inverse gas chromatography (IGC); X-ray diffraction (XRD) and light transmission measurements (UV-VIS) are carried out to characterize the structure of nanocomposites; and mechanical properties and water vapor permeability are also studied. While all the starch/montmorillonite nanocomposites possess intercalated structures, significant exfoliation can be noted in the starch/laponite nanocomposites, mainly at low clay contents. Due to the larger surface energy of montmorillonite, stronger polymer/clay interactions and better mechanical properties can be assumed in starch/NaMMT composites. The smaller surface energy of laponite, however, can facilitate the delamination of laponite layers. Thus, the specific surface area of laponite can be further increased by exfoliation. Based on the results, the better exfoliation and the much larger specific surface area of laponite lead to higher reinforcement in starch/laponite nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fekete
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Angyal
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emília Csiszár
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Fang Q, Zhan Y, Chen X, Wu R, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wu X, He Y, Zhou J, Yuan B. A bio-based intumescent flame retardant with biomolecules functionalized ammonium polyphosphate enables polylactic acid with excellent flame retardancy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Cebrián-Lloret V, Göksen G, Martínez-Abad A, López-Rubio A, Martínez-Sanz M. Agar-based packaging films produced by melt mixing: Study of their retrogradation upon storage. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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13
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Effective Aging Inhibition of the Thermoplastic Corn Starch Films through the Use of Green Hybrid Filler. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132567. [PMID: 35808613 PMCID: PMC9269058 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, hybrid fillers have been widely used to improve the properties of biopolymers. The synergistic effects of the hybrid fillers can have a positive impact on biopolymers, including thermoplastic corn starch film (TPCS). In this communication, we highlight the effectiveness of hybrid fillers in inhibiting the aging process of TPCS. The TPCS, thermoplastic corn starch composite films (TPCS-C), and hybrid thermoplastic corn starch composite film (TPCS-HC) were stored for 3 months to study the effect of hybrid filler on the starch retrogradation. TPCS-C and TPCS-HC were prepared by casting method with 5 wt% of fillers: nanocellulose (NC) and bentonite (BT). The alteration of the mechanical properties, aging behavior, and crystalline structure of the films were analyzed through the tensile test, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and water absorption analysis. The obtained data were correlated to each other to analyze the retrogradation of the TPCS, which is the main factor that contributes to the aging process of the biopolymer. Results signify that incorporating the hybrid filler (NC + BT) in the TPCS/4BT1NC films has effectively prevented retrogradation of the starch molecules after being stored for 3 months. On the contrary, the virgin TPCS film showed the highest degree of retrogradation resulting in a significant decrement in the film’s flexibility. These findings proved the capability of the green hybrid filler in inhibiting the aging of the TPCS.
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14
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Hernández V, Ibarra D, Triana JF, Martínez-Soto B, Faúndez M, Vasco DA, Gordillo L, Herrera F, García-Herrera C, Garmulewicz A. Agar Biopolymer Films for Biodegradable Packaging: A Reference Dataset for Exploring the Limits of Mechanical Performance. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113954. [PMID: 35683252 PMCID: PMC9182270 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on agar biopolymer films that offer promise for developing biodegradable packaging, an important solution for reducing plastics pollution. At present there is a lack of data on the mechanical performance of agar biopolymer films using a simple plasticizer. This study takes a Design of Experiments approach to analyze how agar-glycerin biopolymer films perform across a range of ingredients concentrations in terms of their strength, elasticity, and ductility. Our results demonstrate that by systematically varying the quantity of agar and glycerin, tensile properties can be achieved that are comparable to agar-based materials with more complex formulations. Not only does our study significantly broaden the amount of data available on the range of mechanical performance that can be achieved with simple agar biopolymer films, but the data can also be used to guide further optimization efforts that start with a basic formulation that performs well on certain property dimensions. We also find that select formulations have similar tensile properties to thermoplastic starch (TPS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polypropylene (PP), indicating potential suitability for select packaging applications. We use our experimental dataset to train a neural network regression model that predicts the Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at break of agar biopolymer films given their composition. Our findings support the development of further data-driven design and fabrication workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Hernández
- Department of Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Davor Ibarra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Johan F Triana
- Department of Physics, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Avenida Victor Jara 3493, Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Bastian Martínez-Soto
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Las Sophoras 173, Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Matías Faúndez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Diego A Vasco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Leonardo Gordillo
- Department of Physics, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Avenida Victor Jara 3493, Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Avenida Victor Jara 3493, Santiago 9170124, Chile
- ANID-Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Claudio García-Herrera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Alysia Garmulewicz
- Department of Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
- CABDyN Complexity Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
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15
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Li J, He H, Zhang H, Xu M, Gu Q, Zhu Z. Preparation of thermoplastic starch with comprehensive performance plasticized by citric acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqian Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hezhi He
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - He Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Mohong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Qun Gu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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16
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Abdillah AA, Charles AL. Characterization of a natural biodegradable edible film obtained from arrowroot starch and iota-carrageenan and application in food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:618-626. [PMID: 34582908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Future food packaging trends are shifting to natural and eco-friendly materials developed from biopolymers such as starch and other hydrocolloids, to reduce pollution from synthetic polymers. Arrowroot starch (AS) (3.5, 3, 2.5, and 2%) and iota-carrageenan (IC) (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) were blended to develop biodegradable edible films (AS/IC-BEF), which were compared against AS-BEF (4%, control). All films were characterized based on their physico-mechanical and barrier properties, functional group properties, crystallinity properties, thermal properties, and soil and seawater biodegradation. AS-BEF exhibited smooth surface, high transparency, and completed composting soil biodegradation in 7 days whereas AS/IC-BEF samples exhibited higher tensile strength, water solubility, swelling properties, and barrier properties, but completed biodegradation after 30 days. XRD analysis indicated IC fractions contributed to increase in degree of crystallinity (28.35°) and FTIR signaled strong hydrogen bond interactions between polymers. AS/IC-BEF samples demonstrated melting temperatures between 158 and 190 °C while glass transition temperatures ranged from 153 to 176 °C, which resulted in maximum weight loss around 50-55% at melting temperatures. Finally, AS/IC-BEF samples successfully inhibited weight loss of cherry tomatoes at room temperature and extended their shelf life to 10 days, which indicated that the AS/IC composite material produced a BEF with potential food and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annur Ahadi Abdillah
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu 91201, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Albert Linton Charles
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu 91201, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
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17
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The Role of Structure and Interactions in Thermoplastic Starch-Nanocellulose Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183186. [PMID: 34578087 PMCID: PMC8473391 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite films were fabricated by using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as reinforcement up to 50 wt% in thermoplastic starch (TPS). Structure and interactions were modified by using different types (glycerol and sorbitol) and different amounts (30 and 40%) of plasticizers. The structure of the composites was characterized by visible spectroscopy, Haze index measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. Tensile properties were determined by tensile testing, and the effect of CNC content on vapor permeability was investigated. Although all composite films are transparent and can hardly be distinguished by human eyes, the addition of CNCs somewhat decreases the transmittance of the films. This can be related to the increased light scattering of the films, which is caused by the aggregation of nanocrystals, leading to the formation of micron-sized particles. Nevertheless, strength is enhanced by CNCs, mostly in the composite series prepared with 30% sorbitol. Additionally, the relatively high water vapor permeability of TPS is considerably decreased by the incorporation of at least 20 wt% CNCs. Reinforcement is determined mostly by the competitive interactions among starch, nanocellulose, and plasticizer molecules. The aging of the films is caused by the additional water uptake from the atmosphere and the retrogradation of starch.
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18
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Ungprasoot P, Muanruksa P, Tanamool V, Winterburn J, Kaewkannetra P. Valorization of Aquatic Weed and Agricultural Residues for Innovative Biopolymer Production and Their Biodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172838. [PMID: 34502878 PMCID: PMC8434089 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, water hyacinths, bagasse and rice straw were valorized to produce an innovative biopolymer. Serial steps of extraction, bleaching and conversion of cellulose to be carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as well as the last steps of blending and molding were performed. The CMC was mixed with tapioca starch solution by a ratio of 9:18, and a plastic sizer of glycerol was varied at 2%, 4% and 6% by volume. In addition, bioplastic sheets were further determined in their properties and biodegradation. The results revealed that bioplastics with 6% glycerol showed a high moisture content of 23% and water solubility was increased by about 47.94% over 24 h. The effect of temperature on bioplastic stability was found in the ranges of 146.28–169.25 °C. Furthermore, bioplastic sheets with 2% glycerol could maintain their shape. Moreover, for texture analysis, the highest elastic texture in the range of 33.74–38.68% with 6% glycerol was used. Moreover, bioplastics were then tested for their biodegradation by landfill method. Under natural conditions, they degraded at about 10.75% by weight over 24 h after burying in 10 cm soil depth. After 144 h, bioplastics were completely decomposed. Successfully, the application of water, weed and agricultural wastes as raw materials to produce innovative bioplastic showed maximum benefits for an environmentally friendly product, which could also be a guideline for an alternative to replace synthetic plastics derived from petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Papasanee Muanruksa
- Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management (EHSM), Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Varavut Tanamool
- Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - James Winterburn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Pakawadee Kaewkannetra
- Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management (EHSM), Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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19
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Zhao Y, Li B, Li C, Xu Y, Luo Y, Liang D, Huang C. Comprehensive Review of Polysaccharide-Based Materials in Edible Packaging: A Sustainable Approach. Foods 2021; 10:1845. [PMID: 34441621 PMCID: PMC8392450 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible packaging is a sustainable product and technology that uses one kind of "food" (an edible material) to package another kind of food (a packaged product), and organically integrates food with packaging through ingenious material design. Polysaccharides are a reliable source of edible packaging materials with excellent renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Using polysaccharide-based materials effectively reduces the dependence on petroleum resources, decreases the carbon footprint of the "product-packaging" system, and provides a "zero-emission" scheme. To date, they have been commercialized and developed rapidly in the food (e.g., fruits and vegetables, meat, nuts, confectioneries, and delicatessens, etc.) packaging industry. However, compared with petroleum-based polymers and plastics, polysaccharides still have limitations in film-forming, mechanical, barrier, and protective properties. Therefore, they need to be improved by reasonable material modifications (chemical or physical modification). This article comprehensively reviews recent research advances, hot issues, and trends of polysaccharide-based materials in edible packaging. Emphasis is given to fundamental compositions and properties, functional modifications, food-packaging applications, and safety risk assessment of polysaccharides (including cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, chitosan, and polysaccharide gums). Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of modern edible packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Processing Suitability and Quality Control of the Special Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Wanning 571533, China
| | - Cuicui Li
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Yangfan Xu
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Dongwu Liang
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Chongxing Huang
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Z.); (B.L.); (C.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (C.H.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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20
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Mathematical modeling of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark oil release from agar/PVA biocomposite film for antimicrobial food packaging: The effects of temperature and relative humidity. Food Chem 2021; 363:130306. [PMID: 34134074 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial biocomposite films were prepared using agar (AG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as polymer matrix materials and cinnamon bark oil (CBO) as antimicrobial agent. AG and PVA were blended with different mixing ratios. The addition of AG improved the overall water resistance properties of the composite films. To evaluate the effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the release kinetics of CBO from films, CBO release kinetics were analyzed under the 9 combinations of temperature and RH. Then, mathematical modeling of obtained data was conducted using Peleg, Ritger-Peppas, and Peppas-Sahlin models to investigate the release mechanisms of CBO. Consequently, the CBO release rate proportionally increased with the temperature and RH, with the RH being the main factor affecting the release behavior of CBO. In vitro antimicrobial activity tests against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria showed that the developed composite films have high applicability as an antimicrobial food packaging material.
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21
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Flaxseed gum/agar blends and nanocomposites: preparation and physical properties. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-021-00933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Plasticized Starch/Agar Composite Films: Processing, Morphology, Structure, Mechanical Properties and Surface Hydrophilicity. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural biopolymers, which are renewable, widely available, biodegradable, and biocompatible, have attracted huge interest in the development of biocomposite materials. Herein, formulation–property relationships for starch/agar composite films were investigated. First, rapid visco analysis was used to confirm the conditions needed for their gelation and to prepare filmogenic solutions. All the original crystalline and/or lamellar structures of starch and agar were destroyed, and films with cohesive and compact structures were formed, as shown by SEM, XRD, and SAXS. All the plasticized films were predominantly amorphous, and the polymorphs of the composite films were closer to that of the agar-only film. FTIR results suggest that the incorporation of agar restricted starch chain interaction and rearrangement. The addition of agar to starch increased both tensile strength and elongation at break, but the improvements were insignificant after the agar content was over 50 wt.%. Contact angle results indicate that compared with the other samples, the 4:6 (wt./wt.) starch/agar film was less hydrophilic. Thus, this work shows that agar dominates the structure and properties of starch/agar composites, and the best properties can be obtained with a certain starch/agar ratio. Such composite polysaccharide films with tailored mechanical properties and surface hydrophilicity could be useful in biodegradable packaging and biomedical applications (wound dressing and tissue scaffolding).
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23
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Effect of the Incorporation of Polycaprolactone (PCL) on the Retrogradation of Binary Blends with Cassava Thermoplastic Starch (TPS). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010038. [PMID: 33374197 PMCID: PMC7796009 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of incorporating polycaprolactone (PCL) in three binary blends with cassava thermoplastic starch (TPS) at TPS/PCL ratios of 60/40, 50/50, and 40/60 were studied. TPS previously obtained by single-screw extrusion was manually mixed with PCL and then transformed by extrusion. The results’ analysis focused mainly on monitoring the retrogradation phenomenon in TPS for different storage times at two relative humidities (29% and 54%) and constant temperature (25 °C). With the plasticization of the starch, a predominantly amorphous mass was generated, as evidenced by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results. The results suggested that two opposite processes coexisted simultaneously: retrogradation, which stiffened the material, and plasticization, which softened it, with the latter mechanism predominating at short times and reversing at longer times. With the incorporation of PCL, immiscible blends were obtained in which TPS was the dispersed phase; the mechanical properties improved with the amount of PCL added. The properties of the binary blends as a function of time showed a trend similar to that observed for TPS alone; this finding indicated that the TPS/PCL interactions were not strong enough to affect the structural changes in the TPS, which continued to occur regardless of the PCL content. Finally, it was found that for the binary blend, the relative humidity during storage was more significant to the retrogradation phenomenon than the amount of PCL.
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24
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Mostafavi FS, Zaeim D. Agar-based edible films for food packaging applications - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:1165-1176. [PMID: 32442572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Agar is a biopolymer extracted from certain red algae. The continuous and transparent film made from agar gum is becoming a common and renewable alternative for plastic-based food packaging materials. However, plain agar film suffers from brittleness, high moisture permeability, and poor thermal stability. Considerable researches have been devoted to improving the properties of agar films to extend their applications. These include reinforcements by nanomaterials, blending with other biopolymers, and incorporating plasticizers, hydrophobic components, or antimicrobial agents into their structure. This article comprehensively reviews the functional properties and defects of edible films made from agar gum. Also, it describes various strategies and components used to make an agar film with desirable properties. Moreover, the applications of agar-based edible films with improved functionality for food packaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davood Zaeim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Abdullah AHD, Putri OD, Fikriyyah AK, Nissa RC, Hidayat S, Septiyanto RF, Karina M, Satoto R. Harnessing the Excellent Mechanical, Barrier and Antimicrobial Properties of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) to Improve the Performance of Starch-based Bioplastic. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1738466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oceu Dwi Putri
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Anti Khoerul Fikriyyah
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rossy Choerun Nissa
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Syamsul Hidayat
- Department of Physic Education, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Myrtha Karina
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Satoto
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
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26
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Abdullah AHD, Putri OD, Fikriyyah AK, Nissa RC, Intadiana S. Effect of microcrystalline cellulose on characteristics of cassava starch-based bioplastic. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1738465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oceu Dwi Putri
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Anti Khoerul Fikriyyah
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rossy Choerun Nissa
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Sinda Intadiana
- Department of Physic Education, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Banten, Indonesia
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