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Ejaz S, Ali SMA, Zarif B, Shahid R, Ihsan A, Noor T, Imran M. Surface engineering of chitosan nanosystems and the impact of functionalized groups on the permeability of model drug across intestinal tissue. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124777. [PMID: 37169055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface attributes of nanocarriers are crucial to determine their fate in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Herein, we have functionalized chitosan with biochemical moieties including rhamnolipid (RL), curcumin (Cur) and mannose (M). FTIR spectra of functionalized chitosan nanocarriers (FCNCs) demonstrated successful conjugation of M, Cur and RL. The functional moieties influenced the entrapment of model drug i.e., coumarin-6 (C6) in FCNCs with payload-hosting and non-leaching behavior i.e., >91 ± 2.5 % with negligible cumulative release of <2 % for 5 h in KREB, which was further verified in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Consequently, substantial difference in the size and zeta potential was observed for FCNCs with different biochemical moieties. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy of FCNCs displayed well-dispersed and spherical morphology. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity results of FCNCs confirmed their hemocompatibility. In the ex-vivo rat intestinal models, FCNCs displayed a time-dependent-phenomenon in cellular-uptake and adherence. However, apparent-permeability-coefficient and flux values were in the order of C6-RL-FCNCs > C6-M-FCNCs > C6-Cur-FCNCs = C6-CNCs > Free-C6. Furthermore, the transepithelial electrical resistance revealed the FCNCs mediated recovery of membrane-integrity with reversible tight junctions opening. Thus, FCNCs have the potential to overcome the poor solubility and/or permeability issues of active pharmaceutical ingredients and transform the impact of functionalized-nanomedicines in the biomedical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Ejaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Afroz Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bina Zarif
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ramla Shahid
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ihsan
- Nanobiotechnology Group, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Noor
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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2
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Yao CJ, Yang SJ, Huang CH, Chang YT, Wang CH, Shieh MJ, Young TH. Retention Time Extended by Nanoparticles Improves the Eradication of Highly Antibiotic-Resistant Helicobacter pylori. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102117. [PMID: 36297552 PMCID: PMC9608011 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection usually causes gastrointestinal complications, including gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, and serious infections may lead to gastric cancer. Amoxicillin is used to treat numerous bacterial infections but is easily decomposed in the gastric acid environment via the hydrolyzation of the β-lactam ring. In this study, we develop chitosan-based nanoparticles loaded with amoxicillin (CAANs) as an H. pylori eradication platform. The CAANs were biocompatible and could retain the antibiotic activity of amoxicillin against H. pylori growth. The mucoadhesive property of chitosan and alginate enabled the CAANs to adhere to the mucus layers and penetrate through these to release amoxicillin in the space between the layers and the gastric epithelium. The use of this nanoparticle could prolong the retention time and preserve the antibiotic activity of amoxicillin in the stomach and help enhance the eradication rate of H. pylori and reduce treatment time. These CAANs, therefore, show potential for the effective treatment of highly antibiotic-resistant H. pylori infection using amoxicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jung Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, No. 111, Section 3, Xinglong Road, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jyuan Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Huan Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Wang
- Gene’e Tech Co., Ltd., 2nd Floor, No. 661, Bannan Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-J.S.); (T.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 81444) (M.-J.S.)
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-J.S.); (T.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 81444) (M.-J.S.)
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Notario-Pérez F, Martín-Illana A, Cazorla-Luna R, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga MD. Applications of Chitosan in Surgical and Post-Surgical Materials. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060396. [PMID: 35736199 PMCID: PMC9228111 DOI: 10.3390/md20060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous advances in surgical procedures require continuous research regarding materials with surgical applications. Biopolymers are widely studied since they usually provide a biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic material. Among them, chitosan is a promising material for the development of formulations and devices with surgical applications due to its intrinsic bacteriostatic, fungistatic, hemostatic, and analgesic properties. A wide range of products has been manufactured with this polymer, including scaffolds, sponges, hydrogels, meshes, membranes, sutures, fibers, and nanoparticles. The growing interest of researchers in the use of chitosan-based materials for tissue regeneration is obvious due to extensive research in the application of chitosan for the regeneration of bone, nervous tissue, cartilage, and soft tissues. Chitosan can serve as a substance for the administration of cell-growth promoters, as well as a support for cellular growth. Another interesting application of chitosan is hemostasis control, with remarkable results in studies comparing the use of chitosan-based dressings with traditional cotton gauzes. In addition, chitosan-based or chitosan-coated surgical materials provide the formulation with antimicrobial activity that has been highly appreciated not only in dressings but also for surgical sutures or meshes.
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Zhu X, Su T, Wang S, Zhou H, Shi W. New Advances in Nano-Drug Delivery Systems: Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:834934. [PMID: 35619913 PMCID: PMC9127958 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.834934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of materials science and biomedicine, the application of nanomaterials in the medical field is further promoted. In the process of the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, a variety of drugs need to be used. It is an ideal state to make these drugs arrive at a specific location at a specific time and release at a specific speed, which can improve the bioavailability of drugs and reduce the adverse effects of drugs on normal tissues. Traditional drug delivery methods such as tablets, capsules, syrups, and ointments have certain limitations. The emergence of a new nano-drug delivery system further improves the accuracy of drug delivery and the efficacy of drugs. It is well known that the development of the cancer of the stomach is the most serious consequence for the infection of Helicobacter pylori. For the patients who are suffering from gastric cancer, the treatments are mainly surgery, chemotherapy, targeted and immune therapy, and other comprehensive treatments. Although great progress has been made, the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer are still poor with patients usually diagnosed with cancer at an advanced stage. Current treatments are of limited benefits for patients, resulting in a poor 5-year survival rate. Nanomaterials may play a critical role in early diagnosis. A nano-drug delivery system can significantly improve the chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy of advanced gastric cancer, reduce the side effects of the original treatment plan and provide patients with better benefits. It is a promising treatment for gastric cancer. This article introduces the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Su
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouhua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Ejaz S, Ejaz S, Shahid R, Noor T, Shabbir S, Imran M. Chitosan-curcumin complexation to develop functionalized nanosystems with enhanced antimicrobial activity against hetero-resistant gastric pathogen. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:540-554. [PMID: 35157901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the apparent stagnation in the antibiotic discovery and the propagation of multidrug resistance, Helicobacter pylori associated gastric infections are hard to eradicate. In pursuance of alternative medicines, in this study, covalent modification of chitosan (CS) polymer with curcumin (Cur) was accomplished. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy elucidated the covalent interaction between Cur and CS with characteristic peak of imine functional group (C=N). Scanning Electron Microscopy provided visual proof for surface topology, while size and zeta potential values further affirmed the development of curcumin functionalized chitosan nanosystems (Cur-FCNS). The complexation efficiency of CS with Cur was found as 70 ± 3% at an optimal ratio of 5:1 for CS and Cur, respectively. Cur-FCNS developed with ionic gelation and ultrasonication method demonstrated synergistic anti-H. pylori activity in growth-kinetics and anti-biofilm assays, which was superior to free Cur and even chitosan nanosystems. Under simulated gastric conditions, Cur-FCNS revealed cumulative-release of only 16 ± 0.8% till 40 h, which indicated its improved stability to interact with H. pylori. In silico findings affirmed high binding affinity of Cur-FCNS with multiple bacterial virulence factors. Thus, our results affirmed the exceptional potential of Cur-FCNS as next-generation alternative-medicine to treat resistant H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Ejaz
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Ejaz
- Research Centre for Modelling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ramla Shahid
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Noor
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Shabbir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology (IST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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6
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Preparation, characterization and releasing property of antibacterial nano-capsules composed of ε-PL-EGCG and sodium alginate-chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:652-660. [PMID: 35093440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic products with high moisture and protein content are susceptible to bacterial growth and spoilage. Searching for efficient and safe natural antibacterial agents to preserve aquatic products has been concerned widely. In this study, ε-poly-lysine-epigallocatechin gallate/sodium alginate-chitosan nanoparticles (ε-PL-EGCG/SA-CS NPs) were prepared using sodium alginate and chitosan as wall materials and ε-PL-EGCG as core material. The size of nanoparticles was about 200 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 78.2%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the prepared spherical nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and multifunctional polycrystalline X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra indicated that ε-PL-EGCG was encapsulated in the nanoparticles. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) illustrated that the thermal stability of encapsulated ε-PL-EGCG was improved more than that of bare ε-PL-EGCG. In addition, in vitro release assays showed that the ε-PL-EGCG was released continuously over 36 h. Bacteria inhibition results showed that the ε-PL-EGCG/SA-CS NPs significantly inhibited specific spoilage bacteria E3 that screened out of aquatic products, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, ε-PL-EGCG/SA-CS NPs are an effective antibacterial means with wide application prospects in the field of aquatic products preservation.
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Kasza K, Gurnani P, Hardie KR, Cámara M, Alexander C. Challenges and solutions in polymer drug delivery for bacterial biofilm treatment: A tissue-by-tissue account. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113973. [PMID: 34530014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To tackle the emerging antibiotic resistance crisis, novel antimicrobial approaches are urgently needed. Bacterial communities (biofilms) are a particular concern in this context. Biofilms are responsible for most human infections and are inherently less susceptible to antibiotic treatments. Biofilms have been linked with several challenging chronic diseases, including implant-associated osteomyelitis and chronic wounds. The specific local environments present in the infected tissues further contribute to the rise in antibiotic resistance by limiting the efficacy of systemic antibiotic therapies and reducing drug concentrations at the infection site, which can lead to reoccurring infections. To overcome the shortcomings of systemic drug delivery, encapsulation within polymeric carriers has been shown to enhance antimicrobial efficacy, permeation and retention at the infection site. In this Review, we present an overview of current strategies for antimicrobial encapsulation within polymeric carriers, comparing challenges and solutions on a tissue-by-tissue basis. We compare challenges and proposed drug delivery solutions from the perspective of the local environments for biofilms found in oral, wound, gastric, urinary tract, bone, pulmonary, vaginal, ocular and middle/inner ear tissues. We will also discuss future challenges and barriers to clinical translation for these therapeutics. The following Review demonstrates there is a significant imbalance between the research focus being placed on different tissue types, with some targets (oral and wound biofims) being extensively more studied than others (vaginal and otitis media biofilms and endocarditis). Furthermore, the importance of the local tissue environment when selecting target therapies is demonstrated, with some materials being optimal choices for certain sites of bacterial infection, while having limited applicability in others.
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Kudłacik-Kramarczyk S, Głąb M, Drabczyk A, Kordyka A, Godzierz M, Wróbel PS, Krzan M, Uthayakumar M, Kędzierska M, Tyliszczak B. Physicochemical Characteristics of Chitosan-Based Hydrogels Containing Albumin Particles and Aloe vera Juice as Transdermal Systems Functionalized in the Viewpoint of Potential Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195832. [PMID: 34640229 PMCID: PMC8510356 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many investigations on the development of innovative dressing materials with potential applications, e.g., for cytostatics delivery, have been performed. One of the most promising carriers is albumin, which tends to accumulate near cancer cells. Here, chitosan-based hydrogels containing albumin spheres and Aloe vera juice, designed for the treatment of skin cancers or burn wounds resulting from radiotherapy, were developed. The presence of albumin in hydrogel matrices was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. Albumin spheres were clearly visible in microscopic images. It was proved that the introduction of albumin into hydrogels resulted in their increased resistance to the tensile load, i.e., approximately 30% more force was needed to break such materials. Modified hydrogels showed approximately 10% more swelling ability. All hydrogels were characterized by hydrophilicity (contact angles were <90°) which may support the regeneration of epithelial cells and non-cytotoxicity towards murine fibroblasts L929 and released Aloe vera juice more effectively in an acidic environment than in a neutral one wherein spheres introduced into the hydrogel matrix extended the release time. Thus, the developed materials, due to their chemical composition and physicochemical properties, constitute promising materials with great application potential for biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kudłacik-Kramarczyk
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (S.K.-K.); (M.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Magdalena Głąb
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (S.K.-K.); (M.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Anna Drabczyk
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (S.K.-K.); (M.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Aleksandra Kordyka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences; 34 M. Curie-Skłodowskiej St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (A.K.); (M.G.); (P.S.W.)
| | - Marcin Godzierz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences; 34 M. Curie-Skłodowskiej St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (A.K.); (M.G.); (P.S.W.)
| | - Paweł S. Wróbel
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences; 34 M. Curie-Skłodowskiej St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (A.K.); (M.G.); (P.S.W.)
| | - Marcel Krzan
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 8 Niezapominajek St., 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marimuthu Uthayakumar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, India;
| | - Magdalena Kędzierska
- Department of Chemotherapy, Medical University of Lodz, WWCOiT Copernicus Hospital, 90-001 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Bożena Tyliszczak
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
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Zhang Z, Hao G, Liu C, Fu J, Hu D, Rong J, Yang X. Recent progress in the preparation, chemical interactions and applications of biocompatible polysaccharide-protein nanogel carriers. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110564. [PMID: 34399540 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanogel carriers are rapidly emerged as a major delivery strategy in the fields of food, biology and medicine for small particle size, excellent solubility, high loading, and controlled release. Natural polysaccharides and proteins are selected for the preparation of biocompatible, biodegradable, low toxic, and less immunogenic nanogels. Different polysaccharides and proteins form complex nanogels through different interaction forces (e.g., electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction). The present review pursues three aims: 1) to introduce several well-known dietary polysaccharides (chitosan, dextran and alginate) and proteins (whey protein and lysozyme); 2) to discuss the types, preparation methods, chemical interactions and properties of various biocompatible complex carriers; 3) to present the application and prospect of polysaccharide-protein complex in bioactive ingredient delivery, nutrient encapsulation and flavor protection. We expect that the integration with nano-intelligent technology will improve the functional ingredient loading, recognition specificity and controlled release capabilities of polysaccharide-protein nanocomposites to generate new intelligent nanogels in the field of food industry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Guoying Hao
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Junqing Fu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
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10
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Mishra RK, Ahmad A, Vyawahare A, Alam P, Khan TH, Khan R. Biological effects of formation of protein corona onto nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:1-18. [PMID: 33508360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Administration of nanomaterials based medicinal and drug carrier systems into systemic circulation brings about interaction of blood components e.g. albumin and globulin proteins with these nanosystems. These blood or serum proteins either get loosely attached over these nanocarriers and form soft protein corona or are tightly adsorbed over nanoparticles and hard protein corona formation occurs. Formation of protein corona has significant implications over a wide array of physicochemical and medicinal attributes. Almost all pharmacological, toxicological and carrier characteristics of nanoparticles get prominently touched by the protein corona formation. It is this interaction of nanoparticle protein corona that decides and influences fate of nanomaterials-based systems. In this article, authors reviewed several diverse aspects of protein corona formation and its implications on various possible outcomes in vivo and in vitro. A brief description regarding formation and types of protein corona has been included along with mechanisms and pharmacokinetic, pharmacological behavior and toxicological profiles of nanoparticles has been described. Finally, significance of protein corona in context of its in vivo and in vitro behavior, involvement of biomolecules at nanoparticle plasma interface and other interfaces and effects of protein corona on biocompatibility characteristics have also been touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Akshay Vyawahare
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, PO box 173, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India.
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11
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Meng Q, Sun Y, Cong H, Hu H, Xu FJ. An overview of chitosan and its application in infectious diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:1340-1351. [PMID: 33496926 PMCID: PMC7837079 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, such as the coronavirus disease-19, SARS virus, Ebola virus, and AIDS, threaten the health of human beings globally. New viruses, drug-resistant bacteria, and fungi continue to challenge the human efficacious drug bank. Researchers have developed a variety of new antiviral and antibacterial drugs in response to the infectious disease crisis. Meanwhile, the development of functional materials has also improved therapeutic outcomes. As a natural material, chitosan possesses good biocompatibility, bioactivity, and biosafety. It has been proven that the cooperation between chitosan and traditional medicine greatly improves the ability of anti-infection. This review summarized the application and design considerations of chitosan-composed systems for the treatment of infectious diseases, looking forward to providing the idea of infectious disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingye Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules, Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
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12
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Niaz T, Sarkar A, Mackie A, Imran M. Impact of albumin corona on mucoadhesion and antimicrobial activity of carvacrol loaded chitosan nano-delivery systems under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:171-182. [PMID: 33340623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging antibiotic resistance in pathogens has posed considerable challenges to explore and examine the natural antimicrobials (NAMs). Due to the labile nature of NAMs, nano-delivery systems (NDS) are required to protect them from physiological degradation and allow controlled delivery to the targeted site of infection. In this study, corona modified NDS were developed using bovine serum albumin (BSA) on a chitosan core (CS) for sustained delivery of carvacrol (CAR), a natural antimicrobial agent, in the intestine. The optimal nano-formulations of the core (CS-NDS) and corona modified (BSA-CS-NDS) systems were fabricated with an average diameter of 52.4 ± 10.4 nm and 202.6 ± 6 nm, respectively. A shift in zeta-potential (ZP) from positive (+21 ± 3.6 mV) to negative values (-18 ± 2.6 mV) confirmed the electrostatic deposition of BSA corona on CS core. Under the influence of various simulated gastrointestinal conditions, BSA corona provided extra stability to NDS (ZP -38.5 mV), by ensuring delayed release and limited degradation in the gastric conditions. Mucoadhesive studies with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) revealed that BSA corona reduced the mucoadhesion of NDS at gastric pH, which enabled the effective delivery of CAR to the intestinal phase for successful eradication of Salmonella enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen Niaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park road, Islamabad, Pakistan; Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alan Mackie
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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13
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Yang SJ, Huang CH, Yang JC, Wang CH, Shieh MJ. Residence Time-Extended Nanoparticles by Magnetic Field Improve the Eradication Efficiency of Helicobacter pylori. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54316-54327. [PMID: 33236884 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the leading causes of several gastroduodenal diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. In fact, H. pylori eradication provides a preventive effect against the incidence of gastric cancer. Amoxicillin is a commonly used antibiotic for H. pylori eradication. However, due to its easy degradation by gastric acid, it is necessary to administer it in a large dosage and to combine it with other antibiotics. This complexity and the strong side effects of H. pylori eradication therapy often lead to treatment failure. In this study, the chitosan/poly (acrylic acid) particles co-loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and amoxicillin (SPIO/AMO@PAA/CHI) are used as drug nano-carriers for H. pylori eradication therapy. In vitro and in vivo results show that the designed SPIO/AMO@PAA/CHI nanoparticles are biocompatible and could retain the biofilm inhibition and the bactericidal effect of amoxicillin against H. pylori. Moreover, the mucoadhesive property of chitosan allows SPIO/AMO@PAA/CHI nanoparticles to adhere to the gastric mucus layer and rapidly pass through the mucus layer after exposure to a magnetic field. When PAA is added, it competes with amoxicillin for chitosan, so that amoxicillin is quickly and continuously released between the mucus layer and the gastric epithelium and directly acts on H. pylori. Consequently, the use of this nano-carrier can extend the drug residence time in the stomach, reducing the drug dose and treatment period of H. pylori eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jyuan Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Huan Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Chin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Wang
- Gene'e Tech Co. Ltd. 2F., No. 661, Bannan Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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14
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Understanding the Factors Influencing Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles-Protein Corona Interaction and Drug Delivery Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204758. [PMID: 33081296 PMCID: PMC7587607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a polymer that is extensively used to prepare nanoparticles (NPs) with tailored properties for applications in many fields of human activities. Among them, targeted drug delivery, especially when cancer therapy is the main interest, is a major application of chitosan-based NPs. Due to its positive charges, chitosan is used to produce the core of the NPs or to cover NPs made from other types of polymers, both strategies aiming to protect the carried drug until NPs reach the target sites and to facilitate the uptake and drug delivery into these cells. A major challenge in the design of these chitosan-based NPs is the formation of a protein corona (PC) upon contact with biological fluids. The composition of the PC can, to some extent, be modulated depending on the size, shape, electrical charge and hydrophobic / hydrophilic characteristics of the NPs. According to the composition of the biological fluids that have to be crossed during the journey of the drug-loaded NPs towards the target cells, the surface of these particles can be changed by covering their core with various types of polymers or with functionalized polymers carrying some special molecules, that will preferentially adsorb some proteins in their PC. The PC's composition may change by continuous processes of adsorption and desorption, depending on the affinity of these proteins for the chemical structure of the surface of NPs. Beside these, in designing the targeted drug delivery NPs one can take into account their toxicity, initiation of an immune response, participation (enhancement or inhibition) in certain metabolic pathways or chemical processes like reactive oxygen species, type of endocytosis of target cells, and many others. There are cases in which these processes seem to require antagonistic properties of nanoparticles. Products that show good behavior in cell cultures may lead to poor in vivo results, when the composition of the formed PC is totally different. This paper reviews the physico-chemical properties, cellular uptake and drug delivery applications of chitosan-based nanoparticles, specifying the factors that contribute to the success of the targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, we highlight the role of the protein corona formed around the NP in its intercellular fate.
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15
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Henriques PC, Costa LM, Seabra CL, Antunes B, Silva-Carvalho R, Junqueira-Neto S, Maia AF, Oliveira P, Magalhães A, Reis CA, Gartner F, Touati E, Gomes J, Costa P, Martins MCL, Gonçalves IC. Orally administrated chitosan microspheres bind Helicobacter pylori and decrease gastric infection in mice. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:206-220. [PMID: 32622054 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persistent Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is related to 90% of gastric cancers. With bacterial resistance rising and treatment inefficiency affecting 15% of the patients, alternative treatments urge. Chitosan microspheres (ChMics) have been proposed as an H. pylori-binding system. This work evaluates ChMics biocompatibility, mucopenetration and capacity to treat H. pylori infection in mice after oral administration. ChMics of different size (XL, ∼120 µm and XS, ∼40 µm) and degree of acetylation (6% and 16%) were developed and revealed to be able to adhere both human and mouse-adapted H. pylori strains without cytotoxicity towards human gastric cells. Ex vivo studies showed that smaller (XS) microspheres penetrate further within the gastric foveolae, suggesting their ability to reach deeply adherent bacteria. In vivo assays showed 88% reduction of infection when H. pylori-infected mice (C57BL/6) were treated with more mucoadhesive XL6 and XS6 ChMics. Overall, ChMics clearly demonstrate ability to reduce H. pylori gastric infection in mice, with chitosan degree of acetylation being a dominant factor over microspheres' size on H. pylori removal efficiency. These results evidence the strong potential of this strategy as an antibiotic-free approach to fight H. pylori infection, where microspheres are orally administered, bind H. pylori in the stomach, and remove them through the gastrointestinal tract. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Approximately 90% of gastric cancers are caused by the carcinogenic agent Helicobacter pylori, which infects >50% of the world population. Bacterial resistance, reduced antibiotic bioavailability, and the intricate distribution of bacteria in mucus and within gastric foveolae hamper the success of most strategies to fight H. pylori. We demonstrate that an antibiotic-free therapy based on bare chitosan microspheres that bind and remove H. pylori from stomach can achieve 88% reduction of infection from H. pylori-infected mice. Changing size and mucoadhesive properties, microspheres can reach different areas of gastric mucosa: smaller and less mucoadhesive can penetrate deeper into the foveolae. This promising, simple and inexpensive strategy paves the way for a faster bench-to-bedside transition, therefore holding great potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C Henriques
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lia M Costa
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina L Seabra
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Antunes
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silva-Carvalho
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Junqueira-Neto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - André F Maia
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gartner
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eliette Touati
- Unit of Helicobacter Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology, CNRS UMR2001, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Joana Gomes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Costa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4150-755 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Cristina L Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês C Gonçalves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Niaz T, Shabbir S, Noor T, Abbasi R, Imran M. Alginate-caseinate based pH-responsive nano-coacervates to combat resistant bacterial biofilms in oral cavity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:1366-1380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Guo L, Fang Y, Shao Z, Fang S, Li Y, Chen J, Meng Y. pH-induced structural transition during complexation and precipitation of sodium caseinate and ε-Poly-l-lysine. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:644-653. [PMID: 32169449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ε-Polylysine (EPL) is a food-grade antimicrobial peptide that forms complexes with proteins. Such complexes are potential carriers for targeted delivery of agents. To elucidate the formation of such complexes, the pH-induced phase transition of EPL and sodium caseinate (SC) complexes were characterized in terms of ionic strengths (I) and EPL/SC weight ratios (r). Electrostatic nanocomplexes (e.g. r = 2-3, I = 2 mM) were formed near the isoelectric point of SC using turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering, and ζ-potential measurements. Phase analyses revealed that the formation of nanocomplexes primarily depends on the I, and saturated binding was recorded above r = 2-2. Electrostatic potential modelling of EPL was employed to describe the interaction affinity. A three-dimensional phase boundary curve was established which divided the complexation into a nano-scale and phase separation. Atomic force microscopy images confirmed that nanocomplexes were spherical particles with uniform shapes. Morphologic examination using optical and scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the nanocomplexes formed "sponge-like" precipitates at larger length scales. This work reveals the possible mechanism that drives the complexation of sodium caseinate and ε-Poly-l-lysine. This is expected to guide the construction of tailor-made protein complexes in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hang-zhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Fang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hang-zhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Shao
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hang-zhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Fang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hang-zhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hang-zhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hang-zhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuecheng Meng
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hang-zhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
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