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Kong W, Huang C, Zhou L, Gao J, Ma L, Liu Y, Jiang Y. Modularization of Immobilized Multienzyme Cascades for Continuous-Flow Enantioselective C-H Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407778. [PMID: 38871651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Multienzyme cascades (MECs) have gained much attention in synthetic chemistry but remain far from being a reliable synthetic tool. Here we report a four-enzyme cascade comprising a cofactor-independent and a cofactor self-sustaining bienzymatic modules for the enantioselective benzylic C-H amination of arylalkanes, a challenging transformation from bulk chemicals to high value-added chiral amines. The two modules were subsequently optimized by enzyme co-immobilization with microenvironmental tuning, and finally integrated in a gas-liquid segmented flow system, resulting in simultaneous improvements in enzyme performance, mass transfer, system compatibility, and productivity. The flow system enabled continuous C-H amination of arylalkanes (up to 100 mM) utilizing the sole cofactor NADH (0.5 mM) in >90 % conversion, achieving a high space-time yield (STY) of 3.6 g ⋅ L-1 ⋅ h-1, which is a 90-fold increase over the highest value previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District, 300130, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District, 300130, Tianjin, China
| | - Liya Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District, 300130, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District, 300130, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District, 300130, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunting Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District, 300130, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District, 300130, Tianjin, China
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2
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Luo Z, Qiao L, Chen H, Mao Z, Wu S, Ma B, Xie T, Wang A, Pei X, Sheldon RA. Precision Engineering of the Co-immobilization of Enzymes for Cascade Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403539. [PMID: 38556813 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The design and orderly layered co-immobilization of multiple enzymes on resin particles remain challenging. In this study, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher binding pair was fused to the N-terminus of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and an aldo-keto reductase (AKR), respectively. A non-canonical amino acid (ncAA), p-azido-L-phenylalanine (p-AzF), as the anchor for covalent bonding enzymes, was genetically inserted into preselected sites in the AKR and ADH. Employing the two bioorthogonal counterparts of SpyTag/SpyCatcher and azide-alkyne cycloaddition for the immobilization of AKR and ADH enabled sequential dual-enzyme coating on porous microspheres. The ordered dual-enzyme reactor was subsequently used to synthesize (S)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethanol asymmetrically from the corresponding prochiral ketone, enabling the in situ regeneration of NADPH. The reactor exhibited a high catalytic conversion of 74 % and good reproducibility, retaining 80 % of its initial activity after six cycles. The product had 99.9 % ee, which that was maintained in each cycle. Additionally, the double-layer immobilization method significantly increased the enzyme loading capacity, which was approximately 1.7 times greater than that of traditional single-layer immobilization. More importantly, it simultaneously enabled both the purification and immobilization of multiple enzymes on carriers, thus providing a convenient approach to facilitate cascade biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Li Qiao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Haomin Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Zhili Mao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Shujiao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Bianqin Ma
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand PO Wits., 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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3
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Ghassemi Z, Leach JB. Impact of Confinement within a Hydrogel Mesh on Protein Thermodynamic Stability and Aggregation Kinetics. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1137-1148. [PMID: 38277273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Though protein stability and aggregation have been well characterized in dilute solutions, the influence of a confining environment that exists (e.g., in intercellular and tissue spaces and therapeutic formulations) on the protein structure is largely unknown. Herein, the effects of confinement on stability and aggregation were explored for proteins of different sizes, stability, and hydrophobicity when encapsulated in hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Denaturation curves show linear correlations between confinement size (mesh size) and thermodynamic stability, i.e., unfolding free energy and surface area accessible for solvation (represented by m-value). Two clusters of protein types are identifiable from these correlations; the clusters are defined by differences in protein stability, surface area, and aggregation propensity. Proteins with higher stability, larger surface area, and lower aggregation propensity (e.g., lysozyme and myoglobin) are less affected by the confinement imposed by mesh size than proteins with lower stability, smaller surface area, and higher aggregation propensity (e.g., growth hormone and aldehyde dehydrogenase). According to aggregation kinetics measured by thioflavin T fluorescence, confinement in smaller mesh sizes resulted in slower aggregation rates than that in larger mesh sizes. Compared to that in buffer solution, the confinement of a hydrophobic protein (e.g., human insulin) in the hydrogels accelerates protein aggregation. Conversely, the confinement of a hydrophilic protein (e.g., human amylin) in the hydrogels decelerates or prevents aggregation, with the rates of aggregation inversely proportional to mesh size. These findings provide new insights into protein conformational stability in confined microenvironments relevant to various cellular, tissue, and therapeutics scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghassemi
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, ECS 314, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Jennie B Leach
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, ECS 314, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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4
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Du M, Liu J, Huang B, Wang Q, Wang F, Bi L, Ma C, Song M, Jiang G. Spatial nanopores promote laccase degradation of bisphenol A and its analogs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166429. [PMID: 37619739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are frequently detected in environmental and human samples. However, the effective removal of BPA and its analogs has not yet been extensively studied. Herein, we introduce a novel enzyme reactor for the degradation of BPA and its analogs in water. The influence of pore size on the degradation efficiency of immobilized laccase in the spatial nanopores of hydrogel was investigated using BPA as a representative compound. This showed that nanopores enhance the activity of immobilized laccases in a pore size-dependent manner and increase their stability. Compared with the same amount of free laccase, the 50 mg/L BPA degradation performance of laccase immobilized in 76 nm nanopores increased to 300 %. Taking advantage of magnetic separation, this immobilized laccase can be reused, and its degradation capacity was maintained at over 73.7 % after ten reactions. Moreover, the degradation of seven BPA analogs was 1.03-5.88 times higher using laccase immobilized in nanopores compared with free laccase. Also, the biocatalyst could efficiently degrade BPA analogs in real water matrix. This study opens up a new avenue for the removal of BPA and its analogs by immobilizing laccase in nanopores, overcoming the key limitations introduced by the short enzyme life span and non-reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingzhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Jara Fornerod M, Alvarez-Fernandez A, Michalska M, Papakonstantinou I, Guldin S. Glucose Oxidase Loading in Ordered Porous Aluminosilicates: Exploring the Potential of Surface Modification for Electrochemical Glucose Sensing. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:7577-7587. [PMID: 37780408 PMCID: PMC10536975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic electrochemical sensors have become the leading glucose detection technology due to their rapid response, affordability, portability, selectivity, and sensitivity. However, the performance of these sensors is highly dependent on the surface properties of the electrode material used to store glucose oxidase and its ability to retain enzymatic activity under variable environmental conditions. Mesoporous thin films have recently attracted considerable attention as promising candidates for enzyme storage and activity preservation due to their well-defined nanoarchitecture and tunable surface properties. Herein, we systematically compare pathways for the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) and their effectiveness in electrochemical glucose sensing, following modification protocols that lead to the electrostatic attraction (amino functionalization), covalent bonding (aldehyde functionalization), and electrostatic repulsion (oxygen plasma treatment) of the ordered porous aluminosilicate-coated electrodes. By direct comparison using a quartz crystal microbalance, we demonstrate that glucose oxidase can be loaded in a nanoarchitecture with a pore size of ∼50 nm and pore interconnections of ∼35 nm using the native aluminosilicate surface, as well as after amino or aldehyde surface modification, while oxygen plasma exposure of the native surface inhibits glucose oxidase loading. Despite a variety of routes for enzyme loading, quantitative electrochemical glucose sensing between 0 and 20 mM was only possible when the porous surface was functionalized with amino groups, which we relate to the role of surface chemistry in accessing the underlying substrate. Our results highlight the impact of rational surface modification on electrochemical biosensing performance and demonstrate the potential of tailoring porous nanoarchitecture surfaces for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Fernandez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Martyna Michalska
- Department
of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Ioannis Papakonstantinou
- Department
of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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6
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Perillo MA, Burgos I, Clop EM, Sanchez JM, Nolan V. The role of water in reactions catalysed by hydrolases under conditions of molecular crowding. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:639-660. [PMID: 37681097 PMCID: PMC10480385 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Under macromolecular crowding (MC) conditions such as cellular, extracellular, food and other environments of biotechnological interest, the thermodynamic activity of the different macromolecules present in the system is several orders of magnitude higher than in dilute solutions. In this state, the diffusion rates are affected by the volume exclusion induced by the crowders. Immiscible liquid phases, which may arise in MC by liquid-liquid phase separation, may induce a dynamic confinement of reactants, products and/or enzymes, tuning reaction rates. In cellular environments and other crowding conditions, membranes and macromolecules provide, on the whole, large surfaces that can perturb the solvent, causing its immobilisation by adsorption in the short range and also affecting the solvent viscosity in the long range. The latter phenomenon can affect the conformation of a protein and/or the degree of association of its protomers and, consequently, its activity. Changes in the water structure can also alter the enzyme-substrate interaction, and, in the case of hydrolytic enzymes, where water is one of the substrates, it also affects the reaction mechanism. Here, we review the evidence for how macromolecular crowding affects the catalysis induced by hydrolytic enzymes, focusing on the structure and dynamics of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Perillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Inés Burgos
- CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo M. Clop
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julieta M. Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
- Institut de Biotecnologia I de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica I de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Nolan
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
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7
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Xu S, Wang J, Dong J. Nonspecific interaction and overlap concentration influence macromolecular crowding effect on glucose oxidase activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124525. [PMID: 37086776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular crowding can change kinetics of enzyme catalysis. How interaction between enzymes and neighboring macromolecules contributes to the crowding effect on enzyme catalysis has not been quantitatively revealed. In this study, crowding effects of dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on glucose oxidase (GOx) are studied. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments show the high transfer efficiency and stable interaction between the dextran and GOx. Further fluorescence quenching analysis also proves that the association of the dextran-GOx pair can become stronger than that of the PEG-GOx pair. Dextrans with concentrations above or below their chain overlap concentrations (c*) reduce Michaelis constants (Km) of GOx catalysis by 90 % or 45 %, respectively, through volume exclusion mechanism, and in the meantime elevate the enzymatic efficiency (kcat/Km) by 8-fold or by 3-fold, respectively, which is more dramatic than that found in other enzymes before. Strong association between the enzyme and the dextran results in slow turnover rates (kcat). Intermediate crowding with weak to moderate affinity to the enzyme below the c* can tune the kcat higher than in the free state. Catalysis under crowded conditions is a joint effect of the enzyme-crowder nonspecific interaction, volume exclusion and overlap condition of the crowders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, China
| | - Jian Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, China.
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8
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Liu F, Yang Y, Wan X, Gao H, Wang Y, Lu J, Xu LP, Wang S. Space-Confinment-Enhanced Fluorescence Detection of DNA on Hydrogel Particles Array. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6266-6273. [PMID: 35385247 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent biosensors have been widely applied in DNA detection because of their reliability and reproducibility. However, low kinetics in DNA hybridization often brings out long test terms, thus restricting their practical use. Here, we demonstrate unexpected fast DNA fluorescence detection on the confined surface of hydrogel particles. When the pore size and surface charge of hydrogel particles are tailored, DNA molecules can be confined in the outer water layer of hydrogel particles. We fabricated a fluorescence-on DNA sensor based on the hydrogel particle array by utilizing the fluorescence quenching property of graphene oxide and its different adsorption behaviors toward single-strand DNA or double-strand DNA. Benefiting from the confinement effect of hydrogel particle surface and the enrichment effect of water evaporation, the DNA-recognition time was descreased significantly from 3000 s to less than 10 s under the target concentration of 400 nM. Moreover, rapid detection can be achieved at concentrations between 50 and 400 nM. The study provides another insight to fabricate fast biosensors and shows great potential in DNA diagnostics, gene analysis, and liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuemeng Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xizi Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongxiao Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingwei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Bilal M, Hussain N, Américo-Pinheiro JHP, Almulaiky YQ, Iqbal HMN. Multi-enzyme co-immobilized nano-assemblies: Bringing enzymes together for expanding bio-catalysis scope to meet biotechnological challenges. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:735-749. [PMID: 34271049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-immobilization of multi-enzymes has emerged as a promising concept to design and signify bio-catalysis engineering. Undoubtedly, the existence and importance of basic immobilization methods such as encapsulation, covalent binding, cross-linking, or even simple adsorption cannot be ignored as they are the core of advanced co-immobilization strategies. Different strategies have been developed and deployed to green the twenty-first century bio-catalysis. Moreover, co-immobilization of multi-enzymes has successfully resolved the limitations of individual enzyme loaded constructs. With an added value of this advanced bio-catalysis engineering platform, designing, and fabricating co-immobilized enzymes loaded nanostructure carriers to perform a particular set of reactions with high catalytic turnover is of supreme interest. Herein, we spotlight the emergence of co-immobilization strategies by bringing multi-enzymes together with various types of nanocarriers to expand the bio-catalysis scope. Following a brief introduction, the first part of the review focuses on multienzyme co-immobilization strategies, i.e., random co-immobilization, compartmentalization, and positional co-immobilization. The second part comprehensively covers four major categories of nanocarriers, i.e., carbon based nanocarriers, polymer based nanocarriers, silica-based nanocarriers, and metal-based nanocarriers along with their particular examples. In each section, several critical factors that can affect the performance and successful deployment of co-immobilization of enzymes are given in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | | | - Yaaser Q Almulaiky
- University of Jeddah, College of Sciences and Arts at Khulais, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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10
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It is time to crowd your cell culture media - Physicochemical considerations with biological consequences. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120943. [PMID: 34139505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, the interior and exterior of cells is populated by various macromolecules that create an extremely crowded milieu. Yet again, in vitro eukaryotic cell culture is conducted in dilute culture media that hardly imitate the native tissue density. Herein, the concept of macromolecular crowding is discussed in both intracellular and extracellular context. Particular emphasis is given on how the physicochemical properties of the crowding molecules govern and determine kinetics, equilibria and mechanism of action of biochemical and biological reactions, processes and functions. It is evidenced that we are still at the beginning of appreciating, let alone effectively implementing, the potential of macromolecular crowding in permanently differentiated and stem cell culture systems.
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11
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Li Q, Wang W, Hu G, Cui X, Sun D, Jin Z, Zhao K. Evaluation of Chitosan Derivatives Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Delivery Carrier. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092490. [PMID: 33923304 PMCID: PMC8123207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a non-toxic biological material, but chitosan is insoluble in water, which hinders the development and utilization of chitosan. Chitosan derivatives N-2-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (N-2-HACC) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) with good water solubility were synthesized by our laboratory. In this study, we synthesized mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles by the emulsion, and then the mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles were modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to synthesize aminated mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles; CMCS and N-2-HACC was used to cross-link the aminated mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles to construct SiO2@CMCS-N-2-HACC nanoparticles. Because the aminated mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles with positively charged can react with the mucous membranes, the virus enters the body mainly through mucous membranes, so Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was selected as the model drug to evaluate the performance of the SiO2@CMCS-N-2-HACC nanoparticles. We prepared the SiO2@CMCS-N-2-HACC nanoparticles loaded with inactivated NDV (NDV/SiO2@CMCS-N-2-HACC). The SiO2@CMCS-N-2-HACC nanoparticles as delivery carrier had high loading capacity, low cytotoxicity, good acid resistance and bile resistance and enteric solubility, and the structure of NDV protein encapsulated in the nano vaccine was not destroyed. In addition, the SiO2@CMCS-N-2-HACC nanoparticles could sustain slowly released NDV. Therefore, the SiO2@CMCS-N-2-HACC nanoparticles have the potential to be served as delivery vehicle for vaccine and/or drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Q.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Q.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Gaowei Hu
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Xianlan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, College of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Bluesky Biotech (Harbin) Co., Ltd., Harbin 150028, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, College of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (Z.J.); (K.Z.)
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Q.L.); (W.W.)
- Heilongjiang Kaizhenglihua Biological and Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150080, China
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (Z.J.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (Q.L.); (W.W.)
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China;
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, College of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Heilongjiang Kaizhenglihua Biological and Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150080, China
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (Z.J.); (K.Z.)
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Ross ML, Kunkel J, Long S, Asuri P. Combined Effects of Confinement and Macromolecular Crowding on Protein Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228516. [PMID: 33198190 PMCID: PMC7697604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Confinement and crowding have been shown to affect protein fates, including folding, functional stability, and their interactions with self and other proteins. Using both theoretical and experimental studies, researchers have established the independent effects of confinement or crowding, but only a few studies have explored their effects in combination; therefore, their combined impact on protein fates is still relatively unknown. Here, we investigated the combined effects of confinement and crowding on protein stability using the pores of agarose hydrogels as a confining agent and the biopolymer, dextran, as a crowding agent. The addition of dextran further stabilized the enzymes encapsulated in agarose; moreover, the observed increases in enhancements (due to the addition of dextran) exceeded the sum of the individual enhancements due to confinement and crowding. These results suggest that even though confinement and crowding may behave differently in how they influence protein fates, these conditions may be combined to provide synergistic benefits for protein stabilization. In summary, our study demonstrated the successful use of polymer-based platforms to advance our understanding of how in vivo like environments impact protein function and structure.
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Kim S, Joo KI, Jo BH, Cha HJ. Stability-Controllable Self-Immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase Fused with a Silica-Binding Tag onto Diatom Biosilica for Enzymatic CO 2 Capture and Utilization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27055-27063. [PMID: 32460480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting carbonic anhydrase (CA), an enzyme that catalyzes the hydration of CO2, is a powerful route for eco-friendly and cost-effective carbon capture and utilization. For successful industrial applications, the stability and reusability of CA should be improved, which necessitates enzyme immobilization. Herein, the ribosomal protein L2 (Si-tag) from Escherichia coli was utilized for the immobilization of CA onto diatom biosilica, a promising renewable support material. The Si-tag was redesigned (L2NC) and genetically fused to CA from the marine bacterium Hydrogenovibrio marinus (hmCA). One-step self-immobilization of hmCA-L2NC onto diatom biosilica by simple mixing was successfully achieved via Si-tag-mediated strong binding, showing multilayer adsorption with a maximal loading of 1.4 wt %. The immobilized enzyme showed high reusability and no enzyme leakage even under high temperature conditions. The activity of hmCA-L2NC was inversely proportional to the enzyme loading, while the stability was directly proportional to the enzyme loading. This discovered activity-stability trade-off phenomenon could be attributed to macromolecular crowding on the highly dense surface of the enzyme-immobilized biosilica. Collectively, our system not only facilitates the stability-controllable self-immobilization of enzyme via Si-tag on a diatom biosilica support for the robust, facile, and green construction of stable biocatalysts, but is also a unique model for studying the macromolecular crowding effect on surface-immobilized enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeok Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kye Il Joo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Jo
- Division of Life Science and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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