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Saha SK, Zhu Y, Murray P, Madden L. Future proofing of chondroitin sulphate production: Importance of sustainability and quality for the end-applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131577. [PMID: 38615853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphates (CSs) are the most well-known glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in any living organism, from microorganisms to invertebrates and vertebrates (including humans), and provide several health benefits. The applications of CSs are numerous including tissue engineering, osteoarthritis treatment, antiviral, cosmetics, and skincare applications. The current commercial production of CSs mostly uses animal, bovine, porcine, and avian tissues as well as marine organisms, marine mammals, sharks, and other fish. The production process consists of tissue hydrolysis, protein removal, and purification using various methods. Mostly, these are chemical-dependent and are complex, multi-step processes. There is a developing trend for abandonment of harsh extraction chemicals and their substitution with different green-extraction technologies, however, these are still in their infancy. The quality of CSs is the first and foremost requirement for end-applications and is dependent on the extraction and purification methodologies used. The final products will show different bio-functional properties, depending on their origin and production methodology. This is a comprehensive review of the characteristics, properties, uses, sources, and extraction methods of CSs. This review emphasises the need for extraction and purification processes to be environmentally friendly and gentle, followed by product analysis and quality control to ensure the expected bioactivity of CSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushanta Kumar Saha
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland.
| | - Yin Zhu
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland
| | - Patrick Murray
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland
| | - Lena Madden
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland
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Zamani A, Khajavi M, Nazarpak MH, Solouk A, Atef M. Preliminary evaluation of fish cartilage as a promising biomaterial in cartilage tissue engineering. Ann Anat 2024; 253:152232. [PMID: 38402996 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Fish cartilage is known as a valuable source of natural biomaterials due to its unique composition and properties. It contains a variety of bioactive components that contribute to its potential applications in different domains such as tissue engineering. The present work aimed to consider the properties of backbone cartilage from fish with a cartilaginous skeleton, including elasmobranch (reticulate whipray: Himantura uarnak and milk shark: Rhizoprionodon acutus) and sturgeon (beluga: Huso huso). The histomorphometric findings showed that the number of chondrocytes was significantly higher in reticulate whipray and milk shark compared to beluga (p < 0.05). The highest GAGs content was recorded in reticulate whipray cartilage compared to the other two species (p < 0.05). The cartilage from reticulate whipray and beluga showed higher collagen content than milk shark cartilage (p < 0.05), and the immunohistochemical assay for type II collagen (Col II) showed higher amounts of this component in reticulate whipray compared to the other two species. Young's modulus of the cartilage from reticulate whipray was significantly higher than that of milk shark and beluga (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was recorded between Young's modulus of the cartilage from milk shark and beluga. The gene expression of ACAN, Col II, and Sox9 showed that the cartilage-ECM from three species was able to induce chondrocyte differentiation from human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs). From these results, it can be concluded that the cartilage from three species, especially reticulate whipray, enjoys the appropriate biological properties and provides a basis for promoting its applications in the field of cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Zamani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran; New Technologies Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Khajavi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Solouk
- Department of Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Atef
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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3
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Sun H, Xiao D, Liu W, Li X, Lin Z, Li Y, Ding Y. Well-known polypeptides of deer antler velvet with key actives: modern pharmacological advances. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:15-31. [PMID: 37555852 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Deer antler velvet, with kidney tonifying, promoting the production of essence and blood, strengthening tendons and bones, not only has a thousand-year medicinal history but also its modern pharmacology mainly focuses on its active polypeptides on motor, nerve, and immune systems. The purpose of this report is to fill the gap in the comprehensive, systematic, and detailed review of polypeptides during the recent 30 years (1992-2023). The research method was to review 53 pharmacological articles from the Public Medicine, Web of science, ACS, and Science Direct database sources by searching the keywords "pilose antler," "deer velvet," "Pilose Antler Peptide (PAP) and Velvet Antler Polypeptide (VAP)." The results showed that deer antler polypeptides (DAPs), by regulating EGF, EGFR, MAPK, P38, ERK, NF-κB, Wnt, PI3K, Akt, MMP, AMPK, Stir1, NLRP3, HO-1, Nrf, Rho, TLR, TGF-β, Smad, Ang II, etc., revealed their effects on seven system-related diseases and their mechanisms, including osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, triple-negative breast cancer, liver injury, liver fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, acute lung injury, and late-onset hypogonadism. In conclusion, DAPs have good effects on motor and other system-related diseases, but the secondary and tertiary structures of DAPs (0.5-1800 KDa) need to be further elucidated, and the structure-activity relationship study is still unavailable and needs to be covered. It is expected that this review may provide the necessary literature support for further research. The activities and mechanisms of polypeptides from the past 30 years (1992-2023) are summarized covering seven systems, related diseases, and its regulatory genes and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Dandan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China.
| | - Yuling Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China.
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Carletti A, Gavaia PJ, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Metabolic bone disorders and the promise of marine osteoactive compounds. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 81:11. [PMID: 38117357 PMCID: PMC10733242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic bone disorders and associated fragility fractures are major causes of disability and mortality worldwide and place an important financial burden on the global health systems. These disorders result from an unbalance between bone anabolic and resorptive processes and are characterized by different pathophysiological mechanisms. Drugs are available to treat bone metabolic pathologies, but they are either poorly effective or associated with undesired side effects that limit their use. The molecular mechanism underlying the most common metabolic bone disorders, and the availability, efficacy, and limitations of therapeutic options currently available are discussed here. A source for the unmet need of novel drugs to treat metabolic bone disorders is marine organisms, which produce natural osteoactive compounds of high pharmaceutical potential. In this review, we have inventoried the marine osteoactive compounds (MOCs) currently identified and spotted the groups of marine organisms with potential for MOC production. Finally, we briefly examine the availability of in vivo screening and validation tools for the study of MOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Carletti
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Paulo Jorge Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Associação Oceano Verde (GreenCoLab), Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
- Collaborative Laboratory for Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture (S2AQUAcoLAB), Olhão, Portugal.
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Patel K, Mangu SR, Sukhdeo SV, Sharan K. Sesamol improves bone mass in ovary intact growing and adult rats but accelerates bone deterioration in the ovariectomized rats. J Nutr Biochem 2023:109384. [PMID: 37209954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sesamol, an active component in sesame seeds, is known for its health benefits. However, its effect on bone metabolism remains unexplored. The present study aims to investigate the effect of sesamol on growing, adult and osteoporotic skeleton and its mechanism of action. Sesamol at various doses were administered orally to growing, ovariectomized, and ovary-intact rats. Alterations in bone parameters were examined using micro-CT and histological studies. Western blot and mRNA expression from long bones were performed. We further evaluated the effect of sesamol on osteoblast and osteoclast function and its mode of action in the cell culture system. These data showed that sesamol was able to promote peak bone mass in growing rats. However, sesamol had the opposite effect in ovariectomized rats, evident from gross deterioration of trabecular and cortical microarchitecture. Concurrently, it improved the bone mass in adult rats. In vitro results revealed that sesamol enhances the bone formation by stimulating osteoblast differentiation through MAPK, AKT, and BMP-2 signaling. In contrast, it enhances osteoclast differentiation and expression of osteoclast-specific genes in osteoclast differentiation medium. Interestingly, in presence of estrogen, the effect reversed and sesamol decreased osteoclast differentiation, in vitro. Sesamol improves bone microarchitecture in growing and ovary-intact rats, whereas it enhances the bone deterioration in ovariectomized rats. While sesamol promotes bone formation, its opposing effect on the skeleton can be attributed to its dual effect on osteoclastogenesis in presence and absence of estrogen. These findings in the preclinical context suggests a special attention towards the detrimental effect of sesamol in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Patel
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Svvs Ravi Mangu
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shinde Vijay Sukhdeo
- Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Kunal Sharan
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Mangu SR, Patel K, Sukhdeo SV, Savitha MR, Sharan K. Maternal high-cholesterol diet negatively programs offspring bone development and downregulates hedgehog signaling in osteoblasts. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102324. [PMID: 35931113 PMCID: PMC9440389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the essential intrauterine factors required for fetal growth and development. Maternal high cholesterol levels are known to be detrimental for offspring health. However, its long-term effect on offspring skeletal development remains to be elucidated. We performed our studies in two strains of mice (C57BL6/J and Swiss Albino) and human subjects (65 mother-female newborn dyads) to understand the regulation of offspring skeletal growth by maternal high cholesterol. We found that mice offspring from high-cholesterol-fed dams had low birth weight, smaller body length, and delayed skeletal ossification at the E18.5 embryonic stage. Moreover, we observed that the offspring did not recover from the reduced skeletal mass and exhibited a low bone mass phenotype throughout their life. We attributed this effect to reduced osteoblast cell activity with a concomitant increase in the osteoclast cell population. Our investigation of the molecular mechanism revealed that offspring from high-cholesterol-fed dams had a decrease in the expression of ligands and proteins involved in hedgehog signaling. Further, our cross-sectional study of human subjects showed a significant inverse correlation between maternal blood cholesterol levels and cord blood bone formation markers. Moreover, the bone formation markers were significantly lower in the female newborns of hypercholesterolemic mothers compared with mothers with normal cholesterolemic levels. Together, our results suggest that maternal high cholesterol levels deleteriously program offspring bone mass and bone quality and downregulate the hedgehog signaling pathway in their osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svvs Ravi Mangu
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kalpana Patel
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shinde Vijay Sukhdeo
- Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - M R Savitha
- Department of Paediatrics, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Kunal Sharan
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Urbi Z, Azmi NS, Ming LC, Hossain MS. A Concise Review of Extraction and Characterization of Chondroitin Sulphate from Fish and Fish Wastes for Pharmacological Application. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3905-3922. [PMID: 36135180 PMCID: PMC9497668 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is one of the most predominant glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) available in the extracellular matrix of tissues. It has many health benefits, including relief from osteoarthritis, antiviral properties, tissue engineering applications, and use in skin care, which have increased its commercial demand in recent years. The quest for CS sources exponentially increased due to several shortcomings of porcine, bovine, and other animal sources. Fish and fish wastes (i.e., fins, scales, skeleton, bone, and cartilage) are suitable sources of CS as they are low cost, easy to handle, and readily available. However, the lack of a standard isolation and characterization technique makes CS production challenging, particularly concerning the yield of pure GAGs. Many studies imply that enzyme-based extraction is more effective than chemical extraction. Critical evaluation of the existing extraction, isolation, and characterization techniques is crucial for establishing an optimized protocol of CS production from fish sources. The current techniques depend on tissue hydrolysis, protein removal, and purification. Therefore, this study critically evaluated and discussed the extraction, isolation, and characterization methods of CS from fish or fish wastes. Biosynthesis and pharmacological applications of CS were also critically reviewed and discussed. Our assessment suggests that CS could be a potential drug candidate; however, clinical studies should be conducted to warrant its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zannat Urbi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
| | - Nina Suhaity Azmi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.S.A.); (M.S.H.); Tel.: +60-12798-0497 (N.S.A.); +60-116960-9649 (M.S.H.)
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Md. Sanower Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, Sristy College of Tangail, Tangail 1900, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (N.S.A.); (M.S.H.); Tel.: +60-12798-0497 (N.S.A.); +60-116960-9649 (M.S.H.)
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Dong FK, Quan XG, Wang QB, Liu ZM, Cui T, Wang WJ, Tang DM, Zhang RM, Zhang C, Wang HY, Ren Q. Purification, structural characterization, and anticoagulant activity evaluation of chondroitin sulfate from codfish (Gadus macrocephalus) bones. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:759-767. [PMID: 35526771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CCS) was purified from discarded codfish (Gadus macrocephalus) bones, and its chemical structure and anticoagulant activity were assessed. CCS was obtained via enzymatic lysis and ion-exchange column chromatography, with a yield of approximately 0.15%. High-performance gel performance chromatography revealed CCS to be a largely homogeneous polysaccharide with a relatively low molecular weight of 12.3 kDa. FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and SAX-HPLC indicated that CCS was composed of monosulfated disaccharides (ΔDi4S 73.85% and ΔDi6S 19.06%) and nonsulfated disaccharides (ΔDi0S 7.09%). In vitro anticoagulation analyses revealed that CCS was able to significantly prolong activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) (p < 0.05). At a CCS concentration of 5 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, APTT and TT were approximately 1.08 and 1.12 times higher, respectively, compared to the negative control group. The results indicated that CCS might offer value as a dietary fiber supplement with the potential to prevent the incidence of coagulation-related thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Kun Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Xian-Gao Quan
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Bing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao-Ming Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- Rongsense Aquatic Food Group Co. LTD, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Dao-Min Tang
- Rongsense Aquatic Food Group Co. LTD, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
| | - Qiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
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Patel K, Mangu SR, Sukhdeo SV, Sharan K. Ethanolic extract from the root and leaf of Sida cordifolia promotes osteoblast activity and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:154024. [PMID: 35263671 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sida cordifolia is traditionally found in the Indian system of medicine, well known for its medicinal and nutritional properties among local natives. PURPOSE The present study aims to investigate the osteo-protective effect of root and leaf ethanolic extract of S. cordifolia (RE and LE) and its underlying mechanism. METHODS Antioxidant activity of RE and LE was assessed. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined. HPLC profiling of RE and LE was performed to examine the polyphenol content. The effect of RE and LE on osteoblast cells proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and expression of the protein associated with osteogenesis were evaluated using primary calvarial osteoblast culture. Skeletal effects of RE and LE of S. cordifolia were investigated in C57BL/6J ovariectomized mice. Micro CT was employed to evaluate the alteration in trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture. Histology studies were performed on the isolated vertebra. qPCR analysis and western blotting was done to check the key bone markers. RESULTS RE and LE showed a potent antioxidant activity, owing to a notable polyphenol content. Both RE and LE did not alter the cell viability but significantly increased the osteoblast cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Moreover, they enhanced the mRNA expression of osteogenic genes. Both RE and LE stimulated the activation of ERK, AKT, and CREB. Both RE and LE had no direct effect on osteoclastogenesis, but both increased Opg/Rankl ratio expression in osteoblast cells. Both RE and LE at 750 mg/kg/day significantly improved the trabecular and cortical microarchitecture of femur and tibia by increasing bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness, and decreasing trabecular separation and structural model index in ovariectomized mice. Furthermore, vertebral histology of lumbar vertebrae revealed that RE and LE significantly enhance the vertebral bone mass and exert osteo-protective effects by stimulating osteoblast function and inhibiting osteoclast function. CONCLUSION In conclusion, both RE and LE stimulate osteoblast differentiation through activating ERK, AKT, and CREB signalling pathways and indirectly inhibits osteoclast differentiation. RE and LE also improve the trabecular and cortical microarchitecture of ovariectomized mice, making it a promising agent to prevent postmenopausal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Patel
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Svvs Ravi Mangu
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shinde Vijay Sukhdeo
- Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Kunal Sharan
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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10
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Rai C, Nandini CD, Priyadarshini P. Composition and structure elucidation of bovine milk glycosaminoglycans and their anti-adipogenic activity via modulation PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:137-144. [PMID: 34688682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The structure function relation of Glycosaminoglycans from bovine milk (bmGAGs) has not been studied in detail. In the present study bmGAGs was isolated and structurally characterized. Chondroitin sulphate was one of the major GAGs present and had 65% of ΔDi-diSB (GlcA(2S)-GalNAc(4S)), followed by 18% of ΔDi-4S(Δ4,5HexUAα1 → 3GalNAc). Further, bmGAGs exhibited a marked anti-adipogenic effect in 3 T3-L1 cells without affecting cell viability at the concentration used. The triglyceride content treated with bmGAGs was significantly decreased as assessed by Oil-Red O staining. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPα) the critical transcription factors in adipogenesis showed significant decrease in both gene and protein levels. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) that promotes the adipocyte differentiation by enhancing the activity of PPAR-γ was inversely affected by bmGAGs and the fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression was modulated. Thus, the present work is among the firsts to demonstrate an anti-adipogenic activity of bmGAGs by modulating the adipogenesis-related marker proteins and hence bmGAGs may be used as a supplement/therapeutic in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Rai
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - C D Nandini
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Poornima Priyadarshini
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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11
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Xu Z, Chen S, Feng D, Liu Y, Wang Q, Gao T, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu L. Biological role of heparan sulfate in osteogenesis: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118490. [PMID: 34420746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is extensively expressed in cells, for example, cell membrane and extracellular matrix of most mammalian cells and tissues, playing a key role in the growth and development of life by maintaining homeostasis and implicating in the etiology and diseases. Recent studies have revealed that HS is involved in osteogenesis via coordinating multiple signaling pathways. The potential effect of HS on osteogenesis is a complicated and delicate biological process, which involves the participation of osteocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and a variety of cytokines. In this review, we summarized the structural and functional characteristics of HS and highlighted the molecular mechanism of HS in bone metabolism to provide novel research perspectives for the further medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Shayang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Dehong Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China.
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Tianshu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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12
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de Moura HC, Novello CR, Balbinot-Alfaro E, Düsman E, Barddal HPO, Almeida IV, Vicentini VEP, Prentice-Hernández C, Alfaro AT. Obtaining glycosaminoglycans from tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) scales and evaluation of its anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities: Glycosaminoglycans from tilapia scales: anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110012. [PMID: 33648244 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts of by-products are generated during fish processing. The study aimed to assess whether tilapia scales are a potential source for obtaining glycosaminoglycans, as well as to determine their anticoagulant and cytotoxic/antiproliferative activities, against different tumor lines. The glycosaminoglycans were extracted, purified, and fractionated. The fractions that indicated the presence of uronic acid and sulfated GAGs were characterized by electrophoresis, NMR, and degree of sulfation (DS). The extraction process using the papain enzyme had a yield of 0.86%. Fraction V (FV) revealed the presence of chondroitin sulfate chains CS-A and CS-C, with DS of 0.146. FV demonstrated anticoagulant potential, as it was able to increase aPTT time. FV showed a cytotoxic effect for HTC metabolizing cells at 24, 48, and 72 h. However, it did not show activity for neuroblastoma cells in any of the evaluated times. The results indicate that the tilapia scales are a possible source for obtaining chondroitin sulfate, with potential use as anticoagulant and cytotoxic/antitumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa C de Moura
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudio R Novello
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Elisângela Düsman
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Helyn P O Barddal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Igor V Almeida
- Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Capitão Poço, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre T Alfaro
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil.
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13
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Ellur G, Sukhdeo SV, Khan MT, Sharan K. Maternal high protein-diet programs impairment of offspring's bone mass through miR-24-1-5p mediated targeting of SMAD5 in osteoblasts. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1729-1744. [PMID: 32734584 PMCID: PMC11071892 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition is crucial for the offspring's skeleton development and the onset of osteoporosis later in life. While maternal low protein diet has been shown to regulate bone mass negatively, the effect of a high protein diet (HP) remains unexplored. Here, we found that C57BL/6 mice fed with HP delivered offspring with decreased skeletal mineralization at birth and reduced bone mass throughout their life due to a decline in their osteoblast maturation. A small RNA sequencing study revealed that miR-24-1-5p was highly upregulated in HP group osteoblasts. Target prediction and validation studies identified SMAD-5 as a direct target of miR-24-1-5p. Furthermore, mimic and inhibitor studies showed a negative correlation between miR-24-1-5p expression and osteoblast function. Moreover, ex vivo inhibition of miR-24-1-5p reversed the reduced maturation and SMAD-5 expression in the HP group osteoblasts. Together, we show that maternal HP diminishes the bone mass of the offspring through miR-24-1-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindraj Ellur
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shinde Vijay Sukhdeo
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Md Touseef Khan
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kunal Sharan
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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14
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Khan S, Rehman A, Shah H, Aadil RM, Ali A, Shehzad Q, Ashraf W, Yang F, Karim A, Khaliq A, Xia W. Fish Protein and Its Derivatives: The Novel Applications, Bioactivities, and Their Functional Significance in Food Products. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1828452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Abdur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haroon Shah
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Fangshan, China
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qayyum Shehzad
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Waqas Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiman Karim
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Adnan Khaliq
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahem Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Wenshui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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