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Kings AJ, Suyambulingam I, Narayanaperumal S, Miriam LRM, Divakaran D, Murali A, Han SS. Exploring biomass derived microcrystalline cellulose from the waste aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes: A comprehensive characterization for polymer composite reinforcement. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 300:140217. [PMID: 39848357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 12/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
The creation of polymer composites with better performance is a crucial thing. The cellulosic filler material gain popularity in polymer composites. In this study, aquatic plant Pistia stratiote leaves were used as a raw material for cellulose extraction. The cellulose was extracted via acid hydrolysis method with mild concentration chemicals. The main aim was to assess the cellulose characteristics and its potential as a reinforcement for composites. Surface, thermal, and physicochemical properties of the micro fillers made of cellulose were the primary areas of research. To determine the composition of the cellulose, extensive chemical characterization analyses were conducted. According to X-ray diffraction studies, Pistia stratiotes leaves cellulose have a crystallinity index of 75.9 % and crystalline size of 8.2 nm. Cellulosic functional groups were revealed by examination using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed smooth surface and distorted shaped particles. The average particle size, which was calculated using the ImageJ software, was 23.253 ± 6.55 μm. The extracted micro cellulose had an acceptable average roughness value of 28.296 μm, as shown by atomic force microscopy images. Surface properties of the Pistia stratiotes leaves cellulose (PSC) were shown to be conducive to the formation of interfacial bonds with other matrices while composites are being built. The BET surface areas are significantly higher as well. The material degrades only at high temperatures 215 °C, which was analysed by TG analysis. The findings demonstrate that Pistia stratiotes, a plant, outperforms more conventional sources of micro cellulose, such as cotton, hemp, and wood. As a greener alternative to synthetic reinforcements, the recovered micro cellulose has potential uses across numerous industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith J Kings
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Xavier's Catholic College of Engineering, Chunkankadai, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu 629003, India
| | - Indran Suyambulingam
- Sophisticated Testing and Instrumentation Centre (STIC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alliance School of Applied Engineering, Alliance University, Bengaluru 562106, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sunesh Narayanaperumal
- Sophisticated Testing and Instrumentation Centre (STIC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alliance School of Applied Engineering, Alliance University, Bengaluru 562106, Karnataka, India
| | - L R Monisha Miriam
- Department of Biotechnology, Udaya School of Engineering, Vellamodi, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu 629204, India
| | - Divya Divakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai - 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adhigan Murali
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Vithya B, Saravanakumar SS, Senthamaraikannan P, Murugan R. Extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from Vachellia nilotica plant leaves: A biomass waste to wealth approach. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14368. [PMID: 38837358 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Biobased waste utilization is an intriguing area of research and an ecologically conscious approach. Plant-based materials can be used to render cellulose, which is an eco-friendly material that can be used in numerous aspects. In the current investigation, cellulose was extracted from the leaves of the Vachellia nilotica plant via acid hydrolysis. The application of this research is specifically directed toward the utilization of undesirable plant sources. To validate the extracted cellulose, FT-IR spectroscopy was applied. The cellulose was measured to have a density of 1.234 g/cm3. The crystallinity index (58.93%) and crystallinity size (11.56 nm) of cellulose are evaluated using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy analysis. The highest degradation temperature (320.8°C) was observed using thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry curve analysis. The analysis of particle size was conducted utilizing images captured by scanning electron microscopy. Particle size of less than 30 μm was found and they exhibit non-uniform orientation. Additionally, atomic force microscopy analysis shows an improved average surface roughness (Ra), which increases the possibility of using extracted cellulose as reinforcement in biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vithya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Seikaluthur Kamatchi Amman Polytechnic College, Manamadurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S S Saravanakumar
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Senthamaraikannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.S.R College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Murugan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Ahmed S, Janaswamy S, Yadav MP. Biodegradable films from the lignocellulosic fibers of wheat straw biomass and the effect of calcium ions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130601. [PMID: 38442836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are hazardous to human health, and plastic waste results in environmental pollution and ecological catastrophe. Biobased polymers from renewable sources have recently become promising for developing biodegradable packaging films. Among them, lignocellulosic residue from agricultural biomass is inexpensive, renewable, and biodegradable. This study aims to develop biodegradable films using lignocellulosic residue from wheat straw biomass. The methodology is a green process that solubilizes lignocellulosic chains using Zn2+ ions and crosslinks with Ca2+ ions of different concentrations (200-800 mM). The results reveal that the increase of Ca2+ ions significantly decreases moisture content, water solubility, water vapor permeability, transparency, and elongation of films. The tensile strength is recorded as 6.61 ± 0.07 MPa with the addition of 800 mM of CaCl2, which is approximately 2.5 times higher than commercial polyethylene films. Around 90 % of films biodegrade within a month in soil containing 20 % moisture content. Overall, lignocellulosic residue from wheat straw biomass could be an excellent replacement for synthetic polymer to fabricate strong, transparent, and biodegradable plastic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaet Ahmed
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Srinivas Janaswamy
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Madhav P Yadav
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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Su C, Guo J, Cheng J, Zhang J, Gao F. Heterogeneous Epoxidation of Microcrystalline Cellulose and the Toughening Effect toward Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, People’s Republic of China
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Baishya P, Bhasney SM, Katiyar V. Excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties exhibited by bamboo fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) - epoxy composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ramesh M, Rajeshkumar LN, Srinivasan N, Kumar DV, Balaji D. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The current day target for material scientists and researchers is developing a wholesome material to satisfy the parameters such as durability, manufacturability, low cost, and lightweight. Extensive research studies are ongoing on the possible application of polymer matrix composites in engineering and technology, since these materials have an edge over conventional materials in terms of performance. Hybridization of reinforcements is considered to be a better option to enhance the efficiency and performance of composite materials. Accordingly, research studies focus on the surface treatment of natural fibers and the addition of nanofillers (natural or synthetic) by industry and academia to take the properties and application of composites to the next level. This review purely focuses on the influence of fillers on the properties of composites along with the probable application of filler-based polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology , Coimbatore 641402 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Lakshmi Narasimhan Rajeshkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology , Coimbatore 641407 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Nagarajan Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jansons Institute of Technology , Coimbatore 641659 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Damodaran Vasanth Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. NGP Institute of Technology , Coimbatore 641048 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Devarajan Balaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology , Coimbatore 641407 , Tamil Nadu , India
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7
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Kumar B, Roy S, Agumba DO, Pham DH, Kim J. Effect of bio-based derived epoxy resin on interfacial adhesion of cellulose film and applicability towards natural jute fiber-reinforced composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1304-1313. [PMID: 36198365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a bio-based vanillin-derived epoxy (VDE) resin for bio-based natural fiber-reinforced composites. VDE monomer was synthesized, and curing agents, namely, 4,4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and isophorone diamine, were used. The prepared VDE resins with various curing parameters were characterized using FTIR, NMR, tensile test, bending test and water contact angle. Further, the interfacial adhesion feasibility of VDE resins on cellulose film was studied through the single-lap shear joint examination and compared with a commercial epoxy, DGEBA. The VDE-DDM resin exhibited excellent interfacial adhesion with cellulose than VDE-IPDA and DGEBA-DDM resins. The cured VDE-DDM thermoset showed a tensile strength of 86.0 ± 6.5 MPa, thermal stability of 241.0 °C at Td5%, and an elastic modulus of 2.9 ± 0.3 GPa, which is better than the commercial epoxy resin. Besides, the developed VDE-DDM resin was used to fabricate treated-jute fiber (TJF)-reinforced composites. The bio-based VDE-DDM/TJF composite's flexural strength was higher than the commercial epoxy resin composite, DGEBA-DDM/TJF. Furthermore, the phosphorus moiety of the VDE-DDM resin endows flame retardancy to the VDE-DDM/TJF composite during combustion. Overall, the appealing properties of bio-based VDE-DDM/TJF composite render environment-friendly and high-performance structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Swarup Roy
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dickens O Agumba
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc H Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Lu H, Dun C, Jariwala H, Wang R, Cui P, Zhang H, Dai Q, Yang S, Zhang H. Improvement of bio-based polyurethane and its optimal application in controlled release fertilizer. J Control Release 2022; 350:748-760. [PMID: 36030990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, polyurethane has emerged as a new material that has been widely developed and applied in coated controlled release fertilizers (CRFs). Particularly in recent years, the excessive consumption of petroleum resources and increasing demand for sustainable development have resulted in considerable interest in bio-based polyurethane coated controlled-release fertilizers. This review article focuses on the application and progress of environmentally friendly bio-based materials in the polyurethane-coated CRF industry. We also explore prospects for the green and sustainable development of coated CRFs. Using animal and plant oils, starch, lignin, and cellulose as raw materials, polyols can be produced by physical, chemical, and biological means to replace petroleum-based materials and polyurethane film coating for CRFs can be prepared. Various modifications can also improve the hydrophobicity and degradability of polyurethane film. A growing body of research on bio-based polyurethane has revealed its great potential in the production and application of coated CRFs. The purpose of this review is to highlight the practicality of bio-based materials in the application of polyurethane-coated CRFs and to clarify their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Canping Dun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hiral Jariwala
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Peiyuan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qigen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hongcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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9
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Liu L, Li S, Zhao C, Chen Y, Han J, Li Y, Xiang D, Li H, Guo M. Carbonized sunflower core based strain sensor for monitoring human motion. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Siyu Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yunxin Chen
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Jin Han
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Hui Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Min Guo
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
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10
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Mansingh BB, Binoj JS, Anbazhagan VN, Abu Hassan S, Goh KL, Siengchin S, Sanjay MR, Jaafar M, Liu Y. Characterization of
Cocos nucifera
L. peduncle fiber reinforced polymer composites for lightweight sustainable applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Selvi Binoj
- Micromachining Research Centre, Mechanical Engineering Mohan Babu School of Engineering and Technology, Mohan Babu University (MBU) Tirupati India
| | | | - Shukur Abu Hassan
- Department of Applied Mechanics & Design Centre for Composites, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Kheng Lim Goh
- Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Engineering Newcastle University in Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering The Sirindhorn International Thai‐German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB) Bangkok Thailand
| | - Mavinkere Rangappa Sanjay
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering The Sirindhorn International Thai‐German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB) Bangkok Thailand
| | - Mariatti Jaafar
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Yucheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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11
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Rana AK, Frollini E, Thakur VK. Cellulose nanocrystals: Pretreatments, preparation strategies, and surface functionalization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1554-1581. [PMID: 34029581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted great interest from researchers from academic and industrial areas because of their interesting structural features and unique physicochemical properties, such as magnificent mechanical strength, high surface area, and many hydroxyl groups for chemical modification, low density, and biodegradability. CNCs are an outstanding contender for applications in assorted fields comprehensive of, e.g., biomedical, electronic gadgets, water purifications, nanocomposites, membranes. Additionally, a persistent progression is going on in the extraction and surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals to fulfill the expanding need of producers to fabricate cellulose nanocrystals-based materials. In this review, the foundation of nanocellulose that emerged from lignocellulosic biomass and recent development in extraction/preparation of cellulose nanocrystals and different types of cellulose nanocrystal surface modification techniques are summed up. The different sorts of cellulose modification reactions that have been discussed are acetylation, oxidations, esterifications, etherifications, ion-pair formation, hydrogen bonding, silanization, nucleophilic substitution reactions, and so forth. The mechanisms of surface functionalization reactions are also introduced and considered concerning the impact on the reactions. Moreover, the primary association of cellulose and different forms of nanocellulose has likewise been examined for beginners in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabete Frollini
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Science and Technology of BioResources, University of São Paulo, C.P. 780, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
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12
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Ran Y, Zheng LJ, Zeng JB. Dynamic Crosslinking: An Efficient Approach to Fabricate Epoxy Vitrimer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:919. [PMID: 33672022 PMCID: PMC7919274 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy vitrimers with reprocessability, recyclability, and a self-healing performance have attracted increasingly attention, but are usually fabricated through static curing procedures with a low production efficiency. Herein, we report a new approach to fabricate an epoxy vitrimer by dynamic crosslinking in a torque rheometer, using diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and sebacic acid as the epoxy resin and curing agent, respectively, in the presence of zinc acetylacetonate as the transesterification catalyst. The optimal condition for fabricating the epoxy vitrimer (EVD) was dynamic crosslinking at 180 °C for ~11 min. A control epoxy vitrimer (EVS) was prepared by static curing at 180 °C for ~11 min. The structure, properties, and stress relaxation of the EVD and EVS were comparatively investigated in detail. The EVS did not cure completely during static curing, as evidenced by the continuously increasing gel fraction when subjected to compression molding. The gel fraction of the EVD did not change with compression molding at the same condition. The physical, mechanical, and stress relaxation properties of the EVD prepared by dynamic crosslinking were comparable to those of the EVS fabricated by static curing, despite small differences in the specific property parameters. This study demonstrated that dynamic crosslinking provides a new technique to efficiently fabricate an epoxy vitrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian-Bing Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.R.); (L.-J.Z.)
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13
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Biochar as an Effective Filler of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Bio-Epoxy Composites. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to investigate the effect of the biochar additive (2.5; 5; 10 wt.%) on the properties of carbon fiber-reinforced bio-epoxy composites. The morphology of the composites was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the thermomechanical properties by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Additionally, mechanical properties such as impact strength, flexural strength andtensile strength, as well as the thermal stability and degradation kinetics of these composites were evaluated. It was found that the introduction of biochar into the epoxy matrix improved the mechanical and thermal properties of carbon fiber-reinforced composites.
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14
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Maraveas C. Production of Sustainable and Biodegradable Polymers from Agricultural Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051127. [PMID: 32423073 PMCID: PMC7285292 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-wastes are derived from diverse sources including grape pomace, tomato pomace, pineapple, orange, and lemon peels, sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, wheat straw, and palm oil fibers, among other affordable and commonly available materials. The carbon-rich precursors are used in the production bio-based polymers through microbial, biopolymer blending, and chemical methods. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 20–30% of fruits and vegetables are discarded as waste during post-harvest handling. The development of bio-based polymers is essential, considering the scale of global environmental pollution that is directly linked to the production of synthetic plastics such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PET). Globally, 400 million tons of synthetic plastics are produced each year, and less than 9% are recycled. The optical, mechanical, and chemical properties such as ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, tensile strength, and water permeability are influenced by the synthetic route. The production of bio-based polymers from renewable sources and microbial synthesis are scalable, facile, and pose a minimal impact on the environment compared to chemical synthesis methods that rely on alkali and acid treatment or co-polymer blending. Despite the development of advanced synthetic methods and the application of biofilms in smart/intelligent food packaging, construction, exclusion nets, and medicine, commercial production is limited by cost, the economics of production, useful life, and biodegradation concerns, and the availability of adequate agro-wastes. New and cost-effective production techniques are critical to facilitate the commercial production of bio-based polymers and the replacement of synthetic polymers.
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