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Al-Gethami W, Qamar MA, Shariq M, Alaghaz ANMA, Farhan A, Areshi AA, Alnasir MH. Emerging environmentally friendly bio-based nanocomposites for the efficient removal of dyes and micropollutants from wastewater by adsorption: a comprehensive review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2804-2834. [PMID: 38234871 PMCID: PMC10792434 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06501d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity will worsen due to population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Addressing this issue requires developing energy-efficient and cost-effective water purification technologies. One approach is to use biomass to make bio-based materials (BBMs) with valuable attributes. This aligns with the goal of environmental conservation and waste management. Furthermore, the use of biomass is advantageous because it is readily available, economical, and has minimal secondary environmental impact. Biomass materials are ideal for water purification because they are abundant and contain important functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups. Functional groups are important for modifying and absorbing contaminants in water. Single-sourced biomass has limitations such as weak mechanical strength, limited adsorption capacity, and chemical instability. Investing in research and development is crucial for the development of efficient methods to produce BBMs and establish suitable water purification application models. This review covers BBM production, modification, functionalization, and their applications in wastewater treatment. These applications include oil-water separation, membrane filtration, micropollutant removal, and organic pollutant elimination. This review explores the production processes and properties of BBMs from biopolymers, highlighting their potential for water treatment applications. Furthermore, this review discusses the future prospects and challenges of developing BBMs for water treatment and usage. Finally, this review highlights the importance of BBMs in solving water purification challenges and encourages innovative solutions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Al-Gethami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University Al-Hawiah, PO Box 11099 Taif City Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Azam Qamar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology Lahore 54770 Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Shariq
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Jazan University Jazan 45142 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmad Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38040 Pakistan
| | - Ashwaq A Areshi
- Samtah General Hospital, Ministry of Health Jazan 86735 Saudi Arabia
| | - M Hisham Alnasir
- Department of Physics, RIPHAH International University Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
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2
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Zhao Q, Wu H, Shen W, Han X, Zheng B, Wang Y. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma-modified chitosan flocculant and its flocculation performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126364. [PMID: 37595720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The flocculation performance of chitosan can be enhanced by grafting modification to overcome its disadvantages of poor water solubility. In this study, chitosan was modified by dielectric barrier discharge plasma and polymerized with acrylamide and aluminum chloride to synthesize a new chitosan-based flocculant, namely, chitosan-acrylamide-aluminum chloride (CA-PAC). After optimizing the synthesis conditions of CA-PAC, the best conditions were as follows: discharge time of 3 min, discharge power of 50 W, polymerization temperature of 60 °C, polymerization time of 3 h, total monomer concentration of 100 g/L, and m(AlCl3):m(CA) ratio of 2:1. Characterization was performed through SEM, XPS, FTIR, XRD, TG and 1H NMR. Results showed that the preparation of CA-PAC was successful. The influences of flocculant dosage, pH, and stirring intensity on flocculation efficiency were investigated. The removal efficiency of turbidity was 94.1 %. The investigation of the flocculation mechanism revealed that CA-PAC mainly relied on charge neutralization or the synergic action of electric neutralization, bridging, and roll-sweep under acidic and neutral conditions, but it depended on the joint action of adsorption bridging and net sweeping under alkaline conditions. This study provides new ideas for the preparation and development of modified chitosan and broadens its application in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfa Zhao
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Wang Shen
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Nanjing Branch of Central & Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210012, China
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Zhang H, Guan G, Lou T, Wang X. High performance, cost-effective and ecofriendly flocculant synthesized by grafting carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate with itaconic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123305. [PMID: 36681020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural polymer flocculant possesses an exciting prospect in water treatment due to its non-toxicity, wide source, low cost and biodegradability. In this work, we have successfully synthesized the anionic terpolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose-itaconic acid‑sodium alginate (CIS) by microwave-assisted copolymerization. By studying the flocculation properties towards cationic dye of crystal violet (CV), the optimum synthesis conditions were determined. The maximum removal rate of 100 mg/L CV simulated wastewater was 92.2 % with CIS concentration of 30 mg/L. The flocculation kinetic results showed the rapid dye removal rate and the dye decolorization ratio of 89.8 % could be obtained at 75 s. Moreover, the CIS flocculant showed excellent flocculation effects in ambient pH of 4-10, flocculation temperature of 10-40 °C, and various inorganic salts. In general, the anionic CIS flocculant shows excellent cost effectiveness, where the predicted operation cost of as-prepared CIS is about 60 % of conventional polyacrylamide flocculant. It also has the advantages of excellent ecofriendliness and rich raw material source, indicative its potential applications of wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guohao Guan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tao Lou
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Izadkhah V, Ghorbani-Vaghei R, Alavinia S, Asadabadi S, Emami N, Jamehbozorgi S. Fabrication of Zirconium Metal-Organic-framework/Poly Triazine-phosphanimine Nanocomposite for Dye Adsorption from Contaminated Water: Isotherms and Kinetics Models. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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5
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Advances in the role of natural gums-based hydrogels in water purification, desalination and atmospheric-water harvesting. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2888-2921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Customized Utilization Strategies of Industrial Lignin to Produce Adsorbents and Flocculants Based on Fractionation and Adequate Structural Interpretation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126617. [PMID: 35743071 PMCID: PMC9223612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin, a by-product of pulping and biorefinery, has great potential to replace petrochemical resources for wastewater purification. However, the defects of lignin, such as severe heterogeneity, inferior reactivity and poor solubility, characterize the production process of lignin-based products by high energy consumption and serious pollution. In this study, several lignin fractions with relatively homogeneous structure were first obtained by organic solvent fractionation, and their structures were fully deciphered by various characterization techniques. Subsequently, each lignin component was custom-valued for wastewater purification based on their structural characteristics. Benefiting from the high reactivity and reaction accessibility, the lignin fraction (lignin-1) refined by dissolving in ethanol and n-butanol could been used as a raw material to produce cationic lignin-based flocculant (LBF) in a copolymerization system using green, cheap and recyclable ethanol as solvent. The lignin fraction (lignin-2) extracted by methanol and dioxane showed low reactivity and high carbon content, which was used to produce lignin-based activated carbon (LAC) with phosphoric acid as activator. Moreover, the influences of synthetic factors on the purification capacity were discussed, and the LBF and LAC produced under the optimal conditions showed distinguished purification effect on kaolin suspension and heavy metal wastewater, respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding purification mechanism and external factors were also elaborated. It is believed that this cleaner production strategy is helpful for the valorization of lignin in wastewater resources.
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Zhao X, Wang X, Lou T. Simultaneous adsorption for cationic and anionic dyes using chitosan/electrospun sodium alginate nanofiber composite sponges. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118728. [PMID: 34823764 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of anionic and cationic dyes in dye wastewater has highlighted a great necessity to develop amphoteric adsorbents for their simultaneous removal. Herein, an amphoteric composite sponge was successfully fabricated by combining chitosan with electrospun sodium alginate nanofiber using lyophilization in acetic acid/water/dioxane mixed solvents, which owned the abundant functional groups and superior microstructure of interconnected pores and nanoscale fibers, beneficial for the adsorption capacity improvement. The optimum adsorption capacities for Acid Blue-113 and Rhodamine B were 926.2 ± 25.7 mg/g and 695.4 ± 17.0 mg/g, respectively, much higher than that of the controlled sample prepared with chitosan and non-spinning sodium alginate in traditional acetic acid/water solvents. Meanwhile, the sponge provided with the superior adsorption performance under various pH environment and cyclic adsorption. Importantly, it had considerable simultaneous adsorption capacity for binary system containing anionic and cationic dyes. Overall, the chitosan/electrospun sodium alginate nanofiber composite sponge shows potential for complex wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tao Lou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Cheng L, Ji Y, Liu X, Mu L, Zhu J. Sorption mechanism of organic dyes on a novel self-nitrogen-doped porous graphite biochar: Coupling DFT calculations with experiments. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhao X, Kong Q, Wang X, Lou T. Preparation of chitosan/DADMAC/lignin terpolymer and its application of dye wastewater flocculation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Eweida BY, El-Moghazy AY, Pandey PK, Amaly N. Fabrication and simulation studies of high-performance anionic sponge alginate beads for lysozyme separation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dey S, Patra P, Pal S. Functionalized polysaccharide-based flocculants for solid liquid separation of wastewater. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tang X, Wang T, Zhang S, Fang L, Zheng H. Enhanced performance of a novel flocculant containing rich fluorine groups in refractory dyeing wastewater treatment: Removal mechanisms. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mahto A, Mishra S. The removal of textile industrial Dye-RB-19 using Guar gum-based adsorbent with thermodynamic and kinetic evaluation parameters. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhao X, Wang X, Lou T. Preparation of fibrous chitosan/sodium alginate composite foams for the adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:124054. [PMID: 33265059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharide is attractive for preparing the environmentally friendly and highly efficient adsorbent. However, to obtain an efficient amphoteric absorbent for dealing with complex wastewater is still challenging. Herein, fibrous chitosan/sodium alginate composite foams were prepared by lyophilization with ternary acetic acid/water/tetrahydrofuran solvents, which had suitable morphology of interconnected pores and microscale fibers for dye adsorption. The amphoteric composite foams showed high adsorption capacities for both anionic Acid Black-172 (817.0 mg/g) and cationic Methylene Blue (1488.1 mg/g), which were far superior to those of the control samples prepared with traditional solvents of acetic acid/water. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm data showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir model. Further thermodynamics analysis revealed the adsorption was a spontaneous process. Meanwhile, the foams achieved effective adsorption capacity of AB-172 and MB dyes under a wide range of environmental pH, and maintained high adsorption efficiency even after four cycles. The adsorption mechanism is chemisorption, where the adsorption capacities for the anionic and cationic dyes were dependent on the mass ratio of chitosan to sodium alginate. As a novel amphoteric adsorbent, the fibrous chitosan/sodium alginate composite foam shows the potential to remove both cationic and anionic dyes from wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Tao Lou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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Gao W, Dang ZC, Liu FS, Wang S, Zhang DW, Yan MX. Preparation of antistatic epoxy resin coatings based on double comb-like quaternary ammonium salt polymers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43523-43532. [PMID: 35519666 PMCID: PMC9058179 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two kinds of double comb-like quaternary ammonium salt polymers P(DPA-EPI) and P(DBA-EPI) with lower polarity were designed and synthesized using epichlorohydrin (EPI), di-n-propylamine (DPA) and di-n-butylamine (DBA) as raw materials. The transparent antistatic epoxy resin coatings were obtained using the two polymers as antistatic agents, respectively. Because P(DPA-EPI) and P(DBA-EPI) with good hygroscopic performance are easily dissolved in epoxy resin paints and are nearly linearly arranged in the epoxy resin paints, the obtained transparent antistatic epoxy resin coatings achieve good antistatic properties. The values of ρs of the coatings reach 5.13 × 108 Ω sq−1 and 2.69 × 108 Ω sq−1, respectively, with a lower addition amount of polymers of only 1.0 wt%. The two antistatic epoxy resin coatings also have good durability. Compared to the epoxy resin coating, with the introduction of P(DPA-EPI) and P(DBA-EPI), the thermal stability and adhesion of the antistatic epoxy resin coatings do not change obviously, but the Rockwell hardness values slightly reduce. The antistatic epoxy resin coatings using double comb-like quaternary ammonium salt polymers as antistatic agents reach good antistatic property with lower addition amount because polymers can dissolve and nearly linearly arrange in the coatings.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 P. R. China
| | - Zeng-Chao Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 P. R. China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 P. R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Duan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 P. R. China
| | - Meng-Xi Yan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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Multistage reclamation of Co 2+-containing alginate hydrogels as excellent reduction catalyst and subsequent microwave absorber by facile transformation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1513-1525. [PMID: 33181207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multistage reclamation of materials has made contributions to sustainable development, but further progress is still sought after. In this work, functionalized seaweed-based composites were successfully prepared and utilized in multiple stages. Specifically, Co2+-containing alginate hydrogels (CHB-Co2+) prepared by sol-gel self-assembly and adsorption method using interior/exterior co-functionalized calcium alginate as raw materials were utilized for efficient reduction of p-nitrophenol. After coupling with freeze-drying and carbonization procedures, a high-performance Co/N co-doped carbonaceous microwave absorber was obtained and investigated in detail. By virtue of unique 3D interconnected network, heterogeneous interfaces and doped heteroatom N species, by which endowing the absorber with optimal impedance matching and attenuation ability, as-fabricated NC-Co-700 exhibited prominent microwave absorption performance with -54.2 dB of RLmin at 6.4 GHz and 5.3 GHz of maximum absorption bandwidth (from 12.7 to 18.0 GHz). Additionally, in view of the dielectric loss and magnetic loss caused by the synergy effect among the functional components, the underlying absorption mechanism was proposed. This work provided a novel idea for designing biomass-based functional materials and simultaneously achieved economic benefits through the rational utilization of other products in the preparation process.
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Maćczak P, Kaczmarek H, Ziegler-Borowska M. Recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants for Water Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3951. [PMID: 32906667 PMCID: PMC7559979 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymer flocculants are used to promote solid-liquid separation processes in potable water and wastewater treatment. Recently, bio-based flocculants have received a lot of attention due to their superior advantages over conventional synthetic polymers or inorganic agents. Among natural polymers, polysaccharides show many benefits such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, ability to undergo different chemical modifications, and wide accessibility from renewable sources. The following article provides an overview of bio-based flocculants and their potential application in water treatment, which may be an indication to look for safer alternatives compared to synthetic polymers. Based on the recent literature, a new approach in searching for biopolymer flocculants sources, flocculation mechanisms, test methods, and factors affecting this process are presented. Particular attention is paid to flocculants based on starch, cellulose, chitosan, and their derivatives because they are low-cost and ecological materials, accepted in industrial practice. New trends in water treatment technology, including biosynthetic polymers, nanobioflocculants, and stimulant-responsive flocculants are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Maćczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.M.); (M.Z.-B.)
- Water Supply and Sewage Enterprise LLC, Przemysłowa 4, 99-300 Kutno, Poland
| | - Halina Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.M.); (M.Z.-B.)
| | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.M.); (M.Z.-B.)
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Use of activated bentonite-alginate composite beads for efficient removal of toxic Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ ions from aquatic environment. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3145-3154. [PMID: 32827615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The toxic heavy metals contamination in water bodies is one of the major concerns in many countries. Copper and lead are the two common toxic metals present in aquatic environments due to their extensive usage in various industries for diverse applications. The present study deals with the removal of these two toxic heavy metal ions using activated bentonite-alginate (ABn-AG) composite beads which are easily separated and recovered after adsorption reaction. Composite beads were prepared by adapting the ionic gelation method and the materials; i.e., raw bentonite (BnR), activated bentonite (ABn) and ABn-AG were characterized by XRD, BET surface area, TGA-DTA, FT-IR, SEM analyses. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm obtained for the materials were the type IV isotherm with characteristics H3 hysteresis loops indicating the presence of mesopores with slit-shaped pores. Batch experiments showed that reasonably high percent removal was achieved even at highly acidic conditions, i.e., 58% of Cu2+and 77% of Pb2+were removed at pH 2.0. The removal was fast during the initial contact time and the adsorption data obtained at various contact time were fit well to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The maximum sorption capacity for Cu2+ was found to be 17.30 mg/g whereas Pb2+ was found to be 107.52 mg/g. The presence of MgCl2, NaCl and KCl did not cause significant influence on the removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ using ABn-AG. Binary adsorption study suggested that Cu2+ and Pb2+ were removed through different binding sites present in ABn-AG. Reusability test showed that removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ decreased by 10% only after the same material was reused for 5 times indicating that ABn-AG is a highly robust material and can be reuse for several times without losing its efficiency. Thus, this study suggested that ABn-AG composite beads can be employed as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous waste.
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Bedor PBA, Caetano RMJ, Souza Júnior FGD, Leite SGF. Advances and perspectives in the use of polymers in the environmental area: a specific case of PBS in bioremediation. POLIMEROS 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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