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Wei A, Ou M, Wang S, Zou Y, Xiang C, Xu F, Sun L. Preparation of a Highly Flame-Retardant Urea-Formaldehyde Resin and Flame Retardance Mechanism. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1761. [PMID: 39000619 PMCID: PMC11243799 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin is the most widely used adhesive resin. However, it is necessary to improve its flame-retardant performance to expand its applications. In this study, exploiting electrostatic interactions, anionic phytic acid and cationic chitosan were combined to form a bio-based intumescent flame-retardant, denoted phytic acid-chitosan polyelectrolyte (PCS). The molecular structure of the urea-formaldehyde resin was optimized by crosslinking with melamine and plasticizing with polyvinyl alcohol-124. Thus, by combining PCS with the urea-formaldehyde resin and with ammonium polyphosphate and ammonium chloride as composite curing agents, flame-retardant urea-formaldehyde resins (FRUFs) were prepared. Compared to traditional UF resin, FRUF showed excellent flame retardancy and not only reached the UL-94 V-0 level, but the limit of oxygen index was also as high as 36%. Compared to those of UF, the total heat release and peak heat release rate of FRUF decreased by 86.44% and 81.13%, respectively. The high flame retardancy of FRUF originates from the combination of oxygen and heat isolation by the dense carbon layer, quenching of phosphorus free radicals, and dilution of oxygen by a non-flammable gas. In addition, the mechanical properties of the FRUF remained good, even after modification. The findings of this study provide a reference for the flame-retardant application of FRUF for applications in multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Meifeng Ou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shunxiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Yongjin Zou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Cuili Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fen Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lixian Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Wei A, Wang S, Zou Y, Xiang C, Xu F, Sun L. Preparation of a Flame-Retardant Curing Agent Based on Phytic Acid-Melamine Ion Crosslinking and Its Application in Wood Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1557. [PMID: 38891502 PMCID: PMC11174712 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To broaden the applications of wood, it is necessary to prepare flame-retardant coatings that can protect wood substrates during combustion. In this study, a bio-based, intumescent, flame-retardant phytic acid-melamine polyelectrolyte (PM) was prepared using phosphorus-rich biomass phytic acid and nitrogen-rich melamine as raw materials through an ion crosslinking reaction. Subsequently, a series of bio-based, flame-retardant wood coatings were prepared by optimizing the structure of urea-formaldehyde resin with the addition of melamine, sodium lignosulfonate, and PM as a flame-retardant curing agent. Woods coated with PM-containing coatings displayed significantly improved flame-retardant performances in comparison to uncoated woods. For PM-cured woods, the measured values of total heat release and total smoke production were 91.51% and 57.80% lower, respectively, compared with those of uncoated wood. Furthermore, the fire growth index decreased by 97.32%, indicating a lower fire hazard. This increase in flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance is due to the dense expanded carbon layer formed during the combustion of the coating, which isolates oxygen and heat. In addition, the mechanical properties of the flame-retardant coatings cured with PM are similar to those cured with a commercial curing agent, NH4Cl. In addition, the prepared flame-retardant coating can also stain the wood. This study proves the excellent flame-retarding and curing effect of ammonium phytate in urea-formaldehyde resin coatings and provides a new approach for the application of bio-based flame retardants in wood coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shunxiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yongjin Zou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Cuili Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fen Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lixian Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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3
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Tang Q, Chen Q, Zhou M, Yang D. Preparation of nano disperse dyes using sulfomethylated lignin: Effects of sulfonic group contents. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123605. [PMID: 36773858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular simulation software was firstly applied to analyze the adsorption of sulfomethylated lignin (SAL) on dye surfaces. Then, SALs with different sulfonic group contents were prepared and characterized by FTIR, NMR, EA and GPC measurements using alkali lignin (AL) as raw materials and sodium sulfite as sulfonating agents. Next, SAL1.53 was determined to the optimum dispersant by TSI, particle size and thermal storage stability measurements, which had the smallest particle size of 173 nm and highest stability, comparable to the commercial Reax 85A lignin dispersant and basically satisfying the requirement of nano disperse dyes used in the digital printing technology. QCM, AFM and zeta potential results indicated that as the sulfonic group content of SAL increased, the adsorption mass, rigidity of the adsorbed layer, adsorption force and absolute zeta potential value all showed a gradually increasing tendency due to an enhanced hydrophilicity, and thus a decreased intermolecular agglomeration and an increased molecular chain stretching degree. A maximum was observed for SAL1.53. This research not only provided a novel approach to the preparation of high-performance lignin dispersants for nano disperse dyes, but also would broaden the high value-added industrial applications of biomass lignin into the digital printing and dyeing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, 6 Jiqing Road, Yibin District, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingsong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongjie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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4
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Wu S, Liang L, Chen F, Yang Z, Zheng Y, Wu Y, Li L, Lou G, Dai J, Pang Y, Chen H, Fang Q, Shen Z. Improving the wet adhesive bonding of bamboo urea‐formaldehyde adhesive using styrene acrylate by controlling monomer ratios. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Lulu Liang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Furong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Zheng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Yitian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Lanze Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Gaobo Lou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Juntao Dai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Yajun Pang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Qun Fang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
| | - Zhehong Shen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency Utilization Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou China
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Tang Q, Zhou M, Yang D. Preparation of uniform lignosulfonate-based colloidal spheres for UV-absorbing thermoplastics. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:663-671. [PMID: 35931298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lignosulfonate-based colloidal spheres were prepared from sodium lignosulfonate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (NaLS/CTAB) complex through electrostatic and hydrophobic self-assembly. Due to the stronger hydrophobicity and UV-blocking performance, NaLS/CTAB colloids were easier to be blended with HDPE than lignosulfonate, and therefore applied to UV-absorbing thermoplastics. Results showed NaLS/CTAB colloidal spheres had a particle size of 160 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.081. NaLS/CTAB molecules started to form spheres at critical water content of 64 vol% when the initial concentration of NaLS/CTAB in EtOH was 0.5 mg/cm3 and the obtaining of colloids was completed at a water content of 90 vol%. The size and polydispersity of spheres were well controlled by adjusting initial concentrations of NaLS/CTAB in EtOH. Since NaLS/CTAB colloidal spheres retained phenylpropane units and phenolic hydroxyl groups of NaLS, NaLS/CTAB/HDPE composites displayed excellent UV-absorbing properties. Meanwhile, the mechanical property of NaLS/CTAB/HDPE composites was also superior to that of frequently-used CaCO3/HDPE materials in industry, reaching the requirement of industrial uses. However, too high additions would result in the increased agglomeration of NaLS/CTAB spheres in HDPE, and thus the deteriorated mechanical property. Additionally, the added spheres played a role of "ball", which caused the decreased viscosity, improved flowability and processability of composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingsong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongjie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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6
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Preparation, characterization and antioxidant properties of curcumin encapsulated chitosan/lignosulfonate micelles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 281:119080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Zhao H, Li X, Wang X, Meng M, Wang X, Huang S, Gan W. Effect of Copper (II) Sulfate on the Properties of Urea Formaldehyde Adhesive. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:94. [PMID: 35012117 PMCID: PMC8747311 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of copper (II) sulfate on the formaldehyde release and the mechanical properties of urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. Copper (II) sulfate has been used as a formaldehyde scavenger in UF resin, and its effects on the physical and chemical properties of UF adhesive have been studied. Moreover, the mechanical properties and formaldehyde release of plywood prepared with modified UF resin have been determined. The UF resin has been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR spectra showed that the addition of copper (II) sulfate to the UF resin does not affect the IR absorptions of its functional groups, implying that the structure of UF is not modified. Further results showed that the free formaldehyde content of the UF resin incorporating 3% copper (II) sulfate was 0.13 wt.%, around 71% lower than that of the untreated control UF adhesive. With a copper (II) sulfate content of 3%, the formaldehyde release from treated plywood was 0.74 mg·L-1, around 50% lower than that from the control UF adhesive, and the bonding strength reached 1.73 MPa, around 43% higher than that of the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (H.Z.); (M.M.)
- College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (X.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xianzhen Li
- College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (X.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (X.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Mianwu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (H.Z.); (M.M.)
- College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (X.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiujian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China;
| | - Siyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (H.Z.); (M.M.)
- College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (X.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Weixing Gan
- College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (X.L.); (X.W.)
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Zhang L, Zhang W, Zhang F, Jiang J. Xylo-oligosaccharides and lignin production from Camellia oleifera shell by malic acid hydrolysis at mild conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125897. [PMID: 34523561 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera shell (COS), a by-product of processing woody vegetable oil, is rich in hemicellulose and lignin. In this study, we investigated the effects of acid concentration, pretreatment temperature and reaction time on the concentration and yield of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and the degree of polymerization (DP) distribution of XOS when pretreating COS with malic acid (MA). Under moderate condition (2 M MA, 120 ℃, 30 min), the maximum yield of XOS with DP 2-4 was 48.78% (based on the initial xylan) with low xylose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural, in which xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3) and xylotraose (X4) concentrations were 5.22 g/L, 2.75 g/L and 2.91 g/L, respectively. In addition, acid-insoluble lignin (AIL) in the residue after MA pretreatment and milling wood lignin (MWL) were mainly composed of guaiacyl and syringyl. AIL has higher thermal stability than MWL, which can be the stabilizer for producing flame-resistant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fenglun Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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9
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Gonçalves S, Ferra J, Paiva N, Martins J, Carvalho LH, Magalhães FD. Lignosulphonates as an Alternative to Non-Renewable Binders in Wood-Based Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234196. [PMID: 34883699 PMCID: PMC8659965 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a widely abundant renewable source of phenolic compounds. Despite the growing interest on using it as a substitute for its petroleum-based counterparts, only 1 to 2% of the global lignin production is used for obtaining value-added products. Lignosulphonates (LS), derived from the sulphite pulping process, account for 90% of the total market of commercial lignin. The most successful industrial attempts to use lignin for wood adhesives are based on using this polymer as a partial substitute in phenol-formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde resins. Alternatively, formaldehyde-free adhesives with lignin and lignosulphonates have also been developed with promising results. However, the low number of reactive sites available in lignin's aromatic ring and high polydispersity have hindered its application in resin synthesis. Currently, finding suitable crosslinkers for LS and decreasing the long pressing time associated with lignin adhesives remains a challenge. Thus, several methods have been proposed to improve the reactivity of lignin molecules. In this paper, techniques to extract, characterize, as well as improve the reactivity of LS are addressed. The most recent advances in the application of LS in wood adhesives, with and without combination with formaldehyde, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gonçalves
- LEPABE–Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.M.); (L.H.C.)
| | - João Ferra
- Sonae Arauco Portugal S.A., Lugar do Espido—Via Norte, 4470-177 Porto, Portugal; (J.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Nádia Paiva
- Sonae Arauco Portugal S.A., Lugar do Espido—Via Norte, 4470-177 Porto, Portugal; (J.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Jorge Martins
- LEPABE–Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.M.); (L.H.C.)
- DEMad–Departamento de Engenharia de Madeiras, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Luísa H. Carvalho
- LEPABE–Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.M.); (L.H.C.)
- DEMad–Departamento de Engenharia de Madeiras, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Fernão D. Magalhães
- LEPABE–Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.M.); (L.H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Liang L, Zheng Y, Wu Y, Yang J, Wang J, Tao Y, Li L, Ma C, Pang Y, Chen H, Yu H, Shen Z. Surfactant-Induced Reconfiguration of Urea-Formaldehyde Resins Enables Improved Surface Properties and Gluability of Bamboo. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203542. [PMID: 34685300 PMCID: PMC8539498 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-efficiency development and utilization of bamboo resources can greatly alleviate the current shortage of wood and promote the neutralization of CO2. However, the wide application of bamboo-derived products is largely limited by their unideal surface properties with adhesive as well as poor gluability. Herein, a facile strategy using the surfactant-induced reconfiguration of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins was proposed to enhance the interface with bamboo and significantly improve its gluability. Specifically, through the coupling of a variety of surfactants, the viscosity and surface tension of the UF resins were properly regulated. Therefore, the resultant surfactant reconfigured UF resin showed much-improved wettability and spreading performance to the surface of both bamboo green and bamboo yellow. Specifically, the contact angle (CA) values of the bamboo green and bamboo yellow decreased from 79.6° to 30.5° and from 57.5° to 28.2°, respectively, with the corresponding resin spreading area increasing from 0.2 mm2 to 7.6 mm2 and from 0.1 mm2 to 5.6 mm2. Moreover, our reconfigured UF resin can reduce the amount of glue spread applied to bond the laminated commercial bamboo veneer products to 60 g m−2, while the products prepared by the initial UF resin are unable to meet the requirements of the test standard, suggesting that this facile method is an effective way to decrease the application of petroleum-based resins and production costs. More broadly, this surfactant reconfigured strategy can also be performed to regulate the wettability between UF resin and other materials (such as polypropylene board and tinplate), expanding the application fields of UF resin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yajun Pang
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); Tel.: +86-0571-6374-1609 (Y.P.)
| | | | - Hongwei Yu
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); Tel.: +86-0571-6374-1609 (Y.P.)
| | - Zhehong Shen
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (H.Y.); (Z.S.); Tel.: +86-0571-6374-1609 (Y.P.)
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11
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Song J, Chen S, Yi X, Zhao X, Zhang J, Liu X, Liu B. Preparation and Properties of the Urea-Formaldehyde Res-In/Reactive Halloysite Nanocomposites Adhesive with Low-Formaldehyde Emission and Good Water Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142224. [PMID: 34300982 PMCID: PMC8309405 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-cost urea formaldehyde resin (UF)/reactive halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) nanocomposite adhesive was prepared successfully via in situ polymerization. The HNTs were modified to improve its compatibility with polymer. The XRD and FTIR results showed that physical and chemical interaction between the HNTs and polymer resin influenced the structure of UF owing to the functional groups on the HNTs. It is found from SEM images that the modified HNTs could be dispersed uniformly in the resin and the nanocomposite particles were spherical. The performance experiment confirmed that thermal stability of nanocomposite increased largely, formaldehyde emission of UF wood adhesive reduced 62%, and water resistance of UF wood adhesive improved by 84%. Meanwhile, the content of HNTs on the nanocomposites could be up to 60 wt %. The mechanism of the nanocomposites based on the reactive HNTs was proposed. The approach of the preparation could supply an idea to prepare other polymer/clay nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbiao Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Processing and Testing Technology of Glass and Functional Ceramics, School of Material Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
| | - Shiwei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Processing and Testing Technology of Glass and Functional Ceramics, School of Material Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Xibin Yi
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Xinfu Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Xiaochan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Benxue Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (B.L.)
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Karthäuser J, Biziks V, Mai C, Militz H. Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Applications-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2533. [PMID: 33926124 PMCID: PMC8123713 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the environmental performance of resins in wood treatment by using renewable chemicals has been a topic of interest for a long time. At the same time, lignin, the second most abundant biomass on earth, is produced in large scale as a side product and mainly used energetically. The use of lignin in wood adhesives or for wood modification has received a lot of scientific attention. Despite this, there are only few lignin-derived wood products commercially available. This review provides a summary of the research on lignin application in wood adhesives, as well as for wood modification. The research on the use of uncleaved lignin and of cleavage products of lignin is reviewed. Finally, the current state of the art of commercialization of lignin-derived wood products is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karthäuser
- Department of Wood Biology and Wood Products, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (V.B.); (C.M.); (H.M.)
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