1
|
Rasilainen I, Lahtela V, Kärki T. A review of plastic waste nanocomposites: assessment of features and applications. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:112. [PMID: 38970729 PMCID: PMC11227482 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of metric tons of plastic waste are generated globally every year. Processing waste into secondary raw material is preferred over energy production and landfilling. However, mechanical recycling generally deteriorates the properties of plastic waste limiting its range of potential applications. Nanocomposite fabrication is a solution to recycle plastic waste into value-added applications due to improved properties generated by nanomaterial reinforcement, however received little study. The aim of this review is to present the current status, identify research gaps and provide topics for further research of polymer nanocomposites prepared from plastic waste in respect to utilized materials, processing methods, enhanced properties, sustainability, economics, nanomaterial safety, and applications. It is found that morphological, mechanical, thermal, flame retardancy, physical, barrier, electrical and shielding properties of plastic waste can be enhanced with low loadings of different nanomaterials making them promising materials for various applications including electronic, shielding, thermal, packaging, filtration, and water treatment. Utilization of plastic waste instead of virgin polymers can be beneficial in respect to economics and sustainability, but the energy intensive and expensive production of the most nanomaterials, and the plastic waste pretreatment methods can negate these benefits. To enhance sustainability, further research should be conducted on utilization of energy friendly nanomaterials in plastic waste nanocomposites. Further research is needed also on polymer nanocomposite safety because of the unknow composition of the plastic waste and the potential for nanomaterial release during nanocomposite's life cycle. All in all, further research and national regulations and guidance are needed on virgin polymer and plastic waste nanocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rasilainen
- Fiber Composite Laboratory, LUT School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53851, Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Ville Lahtela
- SCI-MAT Research Platform & Fiber Composite Laboratory, LUT School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53851, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Timo Kärki
- Fiber Composite Laboratory, LUT School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53851, Lappeenranta, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou G, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Liu J, Jiang L, Liu R, Wang Y. Effect of different antibacterial agents doping in PET-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes on air filtration and antibacterial performance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117877. [PMID: 38070855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In order to reduce the particulate matter pollution to human health in producing environments, series of polyethylene terephthalate/polyvinyl alcohol (PET/PVA) based nanofibrous membranes were fabricated and investigated the dust collection and antibacterial activity. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), berberine (Ber) and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) were selected as antibacterial agents. These novel membranes were well-characterized using SEM, FTIR, TG, etc. techniques. Results of the dust filtration showed that PET/PVA/Ag membrane had the best filtration efficiency of 99.87% for sodium chloride (NaCl) and 99.89% for dioctyl sebacate (DEHS), held low pressure drop of 160.1 Pa for NaCl and 165.3 Pa for DEHS, and posed a high tensile strength of 4.91 MPa. The bacteriostasis studies exhibited that PET/PVA/TiO2 and PET/PVA/Ag membrane showed the highest bacteriological effect on Escherichia coli (98.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (95.9%), respectively. Meanwhile, in vitro cytotoxicity test indicated no potential cytotoxicity existed in the cell culture process of these two antibacterial membranes. Moreover, the charge distribution in the nanofibers was increased by these antibacterial agents to improve the filtration performance. The dust filtration process synergistically promoted with the antibacterial process in the antibacterial membranes. It was expected that these membranes could be efficient filter medias with broad application prospects in the field of individual protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liwei Jiang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Rulin Liu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Voorhis C, González-Benito J, Kramar A. "Nano in Nano"-Incorporation of ZnO Nanoparticles into Cellulose Acetate-Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Composite Nanofibers Using Solution Blow Spinning. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:341. [PMID: 38337230 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, the preparation and characterization of composites from cellulose acetate (CA)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibers (NFs) with incorporated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using solution blow spinning (SBS) is reported. CA-PEO nanofibers were produced by spinning solution that contained a higher CA-to-PEO ratio and lower (equal) CA-to-PEO ratio. Nanoparticles were added to comprise 2.5% and 5% of the solution, calculated on the weight of the polymers. To have better control of the SBS processing conditions, characterization of the spinning suspensions is carried out, which reveals a decrease in viscosity (two- to eightfold) upon the addition of NPs. It is observed that this variation of viscosity does not significantly affect the mean diameters of nanofibers, but does affect the mode of the nanofibers' size distribution, whereby lower viscosity provides thinner fibers. FESEM-EDS confirms ZnO NP encapsulation into nanofibers, specifically into the CA component based on UV-vis studies, since the release of ZnO is not detected for up to 5 days in deionized water, despite the significant swelling of the material and accompanied dissolution of water-soluble PEO. Upon the dissolution of CA nanofibers into acetone, immediate release of ZnO is detected, both visually and by spectrometer. ATR-FTIR studies reveal interaction of ZnO with the CA component of composite nanofibers. As ZnO nanoparticles are known for their bioactivity, it can be concluded that these CA-PEO-ZnO composites are good candidates to be used in filtration membranes, with no loss of incorporated ZnO NPs or their release into an environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Voorhis
- School of Science, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Materials Álvaro Alonso Barba, IQMAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Javier González-Benito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Materials Álvaro Alonso Barba, IQMAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Ana Kramar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Materials Álvaro Alonso Barba, IQMAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Porto DS, de Faria CMG, Inada NM, Frollini E. Polyurethane films formation from microcrystalline cellulose as a polyol and cellulose nanocrystals as additive: Reactions favored by the low viscosity of the source of isocyanate groups used. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:124035. [PMID: 36921831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
To simultaneously form films while synthesizing solvent-free and catalyst-free bio-based polyurethanes, hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer was selected as an isocyanate group source to produce a low-viscosity reaction medium for dispersing high contents of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, polyol) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Castor oil was used as an additional polyol source. Up to 80 % of the MCC was dispersed, producing a film exhibiting the highest Tg (72 °C), tensile strength (18 MPa), and Young's modulus (522.4 MPa). 12.5 % (30 % MCC) and 7.5 % (50 % MCC) of CNC dispersed in the reaction medium formed films stiffer than their counterparts. All the films exhibited transparency and high crystallinity. The contact angle/zeta potential (ζ) indicated hydrophobic film surfaces. At pH 7.4, ζ suggested that the films interacted with physiological fluids favorably. The films were non-cytotoxic, and the composites exhibited cell growth compared with the control. The reported results, as far as it is known, are unprecedented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyvid S Porto
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center of Research on Science and Technology of BioResources, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, Trabalhador São Carlense Ave, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Clara Maria Gonçalves de Faria
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador São Carlense Ave, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador São Carlense Ave, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Frollini
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center of Research on Science and Technology of BioResources, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, Trabalhador São Carlense Ave, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Passos de Oliveira Santos R, Hao J, Daniel de Mello Innocentini M, Frollini E, Savastano Junior H, Rutledge GC. Composite electrospun membranes based on polyacrylonitrile and cellulose nanofibrils: relevant properties for their use as active filter layers. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
6
|
Kirshanov K, Toms R, Aliev G, Naumova A, Melnikov P, Gervald A. Recent Developments and Perspectives of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)-Based Membranes: A Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12111105. [PMID: 36363660 PMCID: PMC9699556 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste disposal is an important task of modern industry, and the development of new PET-based value added products and methods for their production is one of the ways to solve it. Membranes for various purposes, in this regard are such products. The aim of the review, on the one hand, is to systematize the known methods of processing PET and copolyesters, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages and, on the other hand, to show what valuable membrane products could be obtained, and in what areas of the economy they can be used. Among the various approaches to the processing of PET waste, we single out chemical methods as having the greatest promise. They are divided into two large categories: (1) aimed at obtaining polyethylene terephthalate, similar in properties to the primary one, and (2) aimed at obtaining copolyesters. It is shown that among the former, glycolysis has the greatest potential, and among the latter, destruction followed by copolycondensation and interchain exchange with other polyesters, have the greatest prospects. Next, the key technologies for obtaining membranes, based on polyethylene terephthalate and copolyesters are considered: (1) ion track technology, (2) electrospinning, and (3) non-solvent induced phase separation. The methods for the additional modification of membranes to impart hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, selective transmission of various substances, and other properties are also given. In each case, examples of the use are considered, including gas purification, water filtration, medical and food industry use, analytical and others. Promising directions for further research are highlighted, both in obtaining recycled PET-based materials, and in post-processing and modification methods.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu X, Zhou Y, Zheng K, Li X, Li L, Xu Y. 3D Polycaprolactone/Gelatin-Oriented Electrospun Scaffolds Promote Periodontal Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46145-46160. [PMID: 36197319 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a worldwide chronic inflammatory disease, where surgical treatment still shows an uncertain prognosis. To break through the dilemma of periodontal treatment, we fabricated a three-dimensional (3D) multilayered scaffold by stacking and fixing electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/Gel) fibrous membranes. The biomaterial displayed good hydrophilic and mechanical properties. Besides, we found human periodontal ligament stem cell (hPDLSC) adhesion and proliferation on it. The following scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cytoskeleton staining results proved the guiding function of fibers to hPDLSCs. Then, we further analyzed periodontal regeneration-related proteins and mRNA expression between groups. In vivo results in a rat acute periodontal defect model confirmed that the topographic cues of materials could directly guide cellular orientation and might provide the prerequisite for further differentiation. In the aligned scaffold group, besides new bone regeneration, we also observed that angular concentrated fiber regeneration in the root surface of the defect is similar to the normal periodontal tissue. To sum up, we have constructed electrospun membrane-based 3D biological scaffolds, which provided a new treatment strategy for patients undergoing periodontal surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
| | - Lu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rao J, Shen C, Yang Z, Fawole OA, Li J, Wu D, Chen K. Facile microfluidic fabrication and characterization of ethyl cellulose/PVP films with neatly arranged fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119702. [PMID: 35725186 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Much attention and endeavor have been paid to developing biocompatible food packaging films. Here, ethyl cellulose (EC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were fabricated into films through a facile method, microfluidic spinning. Morphology observations showed that the fibers were neatly arranged with an average diameter of 1-4 μm. FTIR and X-ray diffraction analysis suggested the existence of good compatibility and interaction between EC and PVP. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that PVP ameliorates the thermal properties; moreover, the tensile properties were improved, with tensile strength (TS) and Young's modulus up to 11.10 ± 1.04 MPa and 350.16 ± 45.46 MPa, respectively. The optimal formula was EC/PVP (2:3), of which the film displayed an enhanced TS of 4.61 ± 1.15 MPa and a modified water contact angle of 61.8 ± 4.4°, showing fine tensile and hydrophilic performance. This study provides a facile and green film fabrication method promising to be used for food wrapping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshan Rao
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chaoyi Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zhichao Yang
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Olaniyi Amos Fawole
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jiangkuo Li
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products (Tianjin), Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China.
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aerosol filtration performance of electrospun membranes comprising polyacrylonitrile and cellulose nanocrystals. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
Stanislas TT, Bilba K, de Oliveira Santos RP, Onésippe-Potiron C, Savastano Junior H, Arsène MA. Nanocellulose-based membrane as a potential material for high performance biodegradable aerosol respirators for SARS-CoV-2 prevention: a review. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 29:8001-8024. [PMID: 35990792 PMCID: PMC9383689 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-022-04792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The controversy surrounding the transmission of COVID-19 in 2020 has revealed the need to better understand the airborne transmission route of respiratory viruses to establish appropriate strategies to limit their transmission. The effectiveness in protecting against COVID-19 has led to a high demand for face masks. This includes the single-use of non-degradable masks and Filtering Facepiece Respirators by a large proportion of the public, leading to environmental concerns related to waste management. Thus, nanocellulose-based membranes are a promising environmental solution for aerosol filtration due to their biodegradability, renewability, biocompatibility, high specific surface area, non-toxicity, ease of functionalization and worldwide availability. Although the technology for producing high-performance aerosol filter membranes from cellulose-based materials is still in its initial stage, several promising results show the prospects of the use of this kind of materials. This review focuses on the overview of nanocellulose-based filter media, including its processing, desirable characteristics and recent developments regarding filtration, functionalization, biodegradability, and mechanical behavior. The porosity control, surface wettability and surface functional groups resulting from the silylation treatment to improve the filtration capacity of the nanocellulose-based membrane is discussed. Future research trends in this area are planned to develop the air filter media by reinforcing the filter membrane structure of CNF with CNCs. In addition, the integration of sol-gel technology into the production of an air filter can tailor the pore size of the membrane for a viable physical screening solution in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tido Tiwa Stanislas
- Laboratoire COVACHIM-M2E EA3592, UFR SEN, Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, BP 250, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe France
- Research Nucleus on Materials for Biosystems, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900 Brazil
- Mechanic and Adapted Materials Laboratory, ENSET, University of Douala, P.O. BOX 1872, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Ketty Bilba
- Laboratoire COVACHIM-M2E EA3592, UFR SEN, Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, BP 250, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe France
| | - Rachel Passos de Oliveira Santos
- Research Nucleus on Materials for Biosystems, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900 Brazil
| | - Cristel Onésippe-Potiron
- Laboratoire COVACHIM-M2E EA3592, UFR SEN, Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, BP 250, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe France
| | - Holmer Savastano Junior
- Research Nucleus on Materials for Biosystems, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900 Brazil
| | - Marie-Ange Arsène
- Laboratoire COVACHIM-M2E EA3592, UFR SEN, Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, BP 250, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rana AK, Frollini E, Thakur VK. Cellulose nanocrystals: Pretreatments, preparation strategies, and surface functionalization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1554-1581. [PMID: 34029581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted great interest from researchers from academic and industrial areas because of their interesting structural features and unique physicochemical properties, such as magnificent mechanical strength, high surface area, and many hydroxyl groups for chemical modification, low density, and biodegradability. CNCs are an outstanding contender for applications in assorted fields comprehensive of, e.g., biomedical, electronic gadgets, water purifications, nanocomposites, membranes. Additionally, a persistent progression is going on in the extraction and surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals to fulfill the expanding need of producers to fabricate cellulose nanocrystals-based materials. In this review, the foundation of nanocellulose that emerged from lignocellulosic biomass and recent development in extraction/preparation of cellulose nanocrystals and different types of cellulose nanocrystal surface modification techniques are summed up. The different sorts of cellulose modification reactions that have been discussed are acetylation, oxidations, esterifications, etherifications, ion-pair formation, hydrogen bonding, silanization, nucleophilic substitution reactions, and so forth. The mechanisms of surface functionalization reactions are also introduced and considered concerning the impact on the reactions. Moreover, the primary association of cellulose and different forms of nanocellulose has likewise been examined for beginners in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabete Frollini
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Science and Technology of BioResources, University of São Paulo, C.P. 780, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
| |
Collapse
|