1
|
Márton P, Rácz A, Szolnoki B, Madarász J, Nagy N, Fodor B, Basa P, Rohonczy J, Hórvölgyi Z. Chitosan nanocoatings N-acylated with decanoic anhydride: Hydrophobic, hygroscopic and structural properties. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 343:122480. [PMID: 39174139 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Thin (ca. 340 nm) chitosan coatings were deposited onto glass substrates via dip-coating, then modified with the methanol solution of decanoic anhydride (0.17-56 mM). NMR, FTIR and XPS measurements confirmed that the acylation degree increased from 18 % to 45 %, and at the highest degree, the whole layer was acylated homogeneously by the reagent molecules. The coating thickness increased (up to 60 %), and the refractive index decreased (from 1.541 to 1.532) due to the acylation, that was determined by UV-visible spectroscopy. The AFM did not reveal morphological changes, but wetting tests showed that the acylation rendered the coating hydrophobic (water contact angle increased from ca. 75° to 100°). The contact angle, however, decreased to 85° due to the development of a second molecular layer of the decanoic acid by-product at the highest (over 25 mM) reagent concentrations. XRD studies showed a self-assembling structuring of the alkyl-chains in the bulk phase, which occurred in the case of the highest degree of acylation. This also manifested itself in a significant decrease of the layer hygroscopicity: the swelling degree decreased from 40 % to 8 % in a saturated water atmosphere monitored by spectroscopic ellipsometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Márton
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Centre for Colloid Chemistry, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary.
| | - Adél Rácz
- Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Szolnoki
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary.
| | - János Madarász
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Norbert Nagy
- Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Fodor
- Semilab Semiconductor Physics Laboratory Co. Ltd., H-1117, Budapest, Prielle Kornélia utca 2, Hungary.
| | - Péter Basa
- Semilab Semiconductor Physics Laboratory Co. Ltd., H-1117, Budapest, Prielle Kornélia utca 2, Hungary.
| | - János Rohonczy
- Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Hórvölgyi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Centre for Colloid Chemistry, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Li X, Wu S. Application of chitosan in fruit preservation: A review. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101589. [PMID: 39036472 PMCID: PMC11260026 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruit preservation after harvest is one of the key issues in current agriculture, rural areas, and for farmers. Using chitosan to keep fruits fresh, which can reduce the harm caused by chemical preservative residue to human health. It also helps avoid the disadvantages of the high cost of physical preservation and the challenges associated with difficult operation. This review focuses on the application progress of chitosan in fruit preservation. Studies have shown that chitosan inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi, and delays fruit aging and decay. Furthermore, it can regulate the respiration and physiological metabolism of fruit, helping to maintain its quality and nutritional value. The preservation mechanism of chitosan includes its antibacterial properties, film-forming properties, and its effects on the physiological processes of fruit. However, in practical applications, issues such as determining the optimal concentration and treatment of chitosan still require further research and optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Haizhou 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Haizhou 222005, China
| | - Yuning Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Haizhou 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Haizhou 222005, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Haizhou 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Haizhou 222005, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Corresponding authors at: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Haizhou 222005, China.
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Corresponding authors at: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Haizhou 222005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schofield T, Kavanagh J, Li Z, O'Donohue A, Schindeler A, Dehghani F, Talebian S, Valtchev P. Microencapsulation of Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum within a Novel Polysaccharide-Based Core-Shell Formulation: Improving Probiotic Viability and Mucoadhesion. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39370825 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Probiotics health benefits are hampered by long-term storage, gastrointestinal transit, and lack of adequate colonization within the colon. To this end, we have designed a core-shell structure that features an acid resistant core formulation with low water activity composed of alginate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and gellan gum (AHG) and a mucoadhesive shell made from chemically modified carboxymethyl chitosan with polyethylenimine (PEI-CMC). The structure of the core-shell microparticles was examined using scanning electron microscopy, and rheological measurements confirmed the improved ionic interactions between the core and the shell using the PEI-modified CMC. Simulated release from core-shell microparticles using polystyrene beads showed preferential release under intestinal conditions. PEI-CMC coating yielded improvements in mucoadhesion that was consistent with a positive shift in surface charge of the particles. Ex vivo studies using Bifidobacterium lactis probiotic bacteria demonstrated a 1.1 × 105-fold improvement in bacterial viability with encapsulation under storage conditions of high humidity and temperature (30 °C). When exposed to simulated gastric fluid, encapsulation increased the probiotic viability by 3.0 × 102-fold. In vivo studies utilizing bioluminescent Lactobacillus plantarum in mice revealed that encapsulation extended the duration of the signal within the gut and resulted in higher plate counts in suspensions isolated from the cecum. Conversely, we observed an abrupt loss of signal in the gut of the free probiotic. In conclusion, this core-shell system is suitable for improving probiotic shelf life and maximizing delivery to and retention by the colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Schofield
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - John Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zhongyan Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alexandra O'Donohue
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sepehr Talebian
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia S, Huang S, Jimo R, AXi Y, Lu Y, Kong Z, Ma J, Li H, Luo X, Qu Y, Gou K, Zeng R, Wang X. In-situ forming carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel containing Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. leaf extract for mixed infectious vaginitis treatment by reshaping the micro-biota. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122255. [PMID: 38823921 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Mixed infectious vaginitis poses a serious threat to female reproductive health due to complex pathogenic factors, a long course and easy recurrence. Currently, antibiotic-based treatment methods are facing a crisis of drug resistance and secondary dysbiosis. Exploring effective drugs for the treatment of mixed vaginitis from Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., a natural traditional Chinese medicine with a long history of medicinal use, is a feasible treatment strategy. P. suffruticosa Andr. leaf extract (PLE) has significant anti-bacterial effects due to its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids. The polyphenols in peony leaves have the potential to make carboxymethyl chitosan form in situ gel. In the current study, PLE and carboxymethyl chitosan were combined to develop another type of natural anti-bacterial anti-oxidant hydrogel for the treatment of mixed infectious vaginitis. Through a series of characterisations, CP had a three-dimensional network porous structure with good mechanical properties, high water absorption, long retention and a slow-release drug effect. The mixed infectious vaginitis mouse model induced by a mixture of pathogenic bacteria was used to investigate the therapeutic effects of CP in vivo. The appearance of the vagina, H&E colouring of the tissue and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6) confirm the good anti-vaginal effect of CP. Therefore, CP was expected to become an ideal effective strategy to improve mixed infection vaginitis due to its excellent hydrogel performance and remarkable ability to regulate flora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiami Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu & Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 610225, China
| | - Shengting Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu & Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 610225, China
| | - Rezhemu Jimo
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu & Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 610225, China
| | - Yongbu AXi
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu & Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 610225, China
| | - Yuanhui Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu & Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 610225, China
| | - Ziling Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu & Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 610225, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu & Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 610225, China
| | - Heran Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Puhe RD77, 110122, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- ChengDu Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chinese Materia Medica), Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yan Qu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Kaijun Gou
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu & Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 610225, China; Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu & Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 610225, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khodadadi Yazdi M, Seidi F, Hejna A, Zarrintaj P, Rabiee N, Kucinska-Lipka J, Saeb MR, Bencherif SA. Tailor-Made Polysaccharides for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4193-4230. [PMID: 38958361 PMCID: PMC11253104 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides (PSAs) are carbohydrate-based macromolecules widely used in the biomedical field, either in their pure form or in blends/nanocomposites with other materials. The relationship between structure, properties, and functions has inspired scientists to design multifunctional PSAs for various biomedical applications by incorporating unique molecular structures and targeted bulk properties. Multiple strategies, such as conjugation, grafting, cross-linking, and functionalization, have been explored to control their mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, degradability, rheological features, and stimuli-responsiveness. For instance, custom-made PSAs are known for their worldwide biomedical applications in tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the remarkable advancements in supramolecular engineering and chemistry have paved the way for mission-oriented biomaterial synthesis and the fabrication of customized biomaterials. These materials can synergistically combine the benefits of biology and chemistry to tackle important biomedical questions. Herein, we categorize and summarize PSAs based on their synthesis methods, and explore the main strategies used to customize their chemical structures. We then highlight various properties of PSAs using practical examples. Lastly, we thoroughly describe the biomedical applications of tailor-made PSAs, along with their current existing challenges and potential future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi
- Division
of Electrochemistry and Surface Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Applied
Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Advanced
Materials Center, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu
Co−Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization
of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest
Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Institute
of Materials Technology, Poznan University
of Technology, PL-61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State
University, 420 Engineering
North, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department
of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Justyna Kucinska-Lipka
- Department
of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University
of Gdańsk, J.
Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sidi A. Bencherif
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saravana Karthikeyan B, Madhubala MM, Rajkumar G, Dhivya V, Kishen A, Srinivasan N, Mahalaxmi S. Physico-chemical and biological characterization of synthetic and eggshell derived nanohydroxyapatite/carboxymethyl chitosan composites for pulp-dentin tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132620. [PMID: 38795888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid nanohydroxyapatite/carboxymethyl chitosan (nHAp-CMC) scaffolds have garnered significant attention in the field of regenerative engineering. The current study comparatively analyzed the physicochemical and biological properties of synthetic nanohydroxyapatite (SnHA)- and eggshell-sourced nanohydroxyapatite (EnHA)- based CMC biocomposites for pulp-dentin regeneration. EnHA and CMC were synthesized through a chemical process, whereas SnHA was commercially obtained. Composite scaffolds of SnHA-CMC and EnHA-CMC (1:5 w/w) were prepared using freeze-drying method. All biomaterials were characterized by FTIR, micro-Raman, XRD, HRSEM-EDX, and TEM analyses, and their in vitro bioactivity was assessed by immersing them in simulated body fluid for 21 days. The biological properties of the composite scaffolds were evaluated by assessing cytocompatibility using MTT assay and biomineralization potential by analyzing the odontogenic gene expressions (ALP, DSPP, DMP-1 and VEGF) in human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) using RT-qPCR method. Characterization studies revealed that EnHA displayed higher crystallinity and superior surface morphology compared to SnHA. The composite scaffolds showed a highly interconnected porous microstructure with pore sizes ranging between 60 and 220 μm, ideal for cell seeding. All tested materials, SnHA, EnHA, and their respective composites, displayed high cytocompatibility, increased ALP activity and degree of mineralization with significant upregulation of odontogenic-related genes on DPSCs (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the odontogenic differentiation potential of EnHA-CMC on DPSCs was significantly higher when compared to SnHA-CMC. The findings from this study highlight the potential of EnHA-CMC as a promising candidate for pulp-dentin engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Saravana Karthikeyan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Chennai, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Manavalan Madhana Madhubala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Chennai, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Rajkumar
- Department of Physics, Easwari Engineering College, Ramapuram, Chennai 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Dhivya
- Department of Physics, Easwari Engineering College, Ramapuram, Chennai 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
| | | | - Sekar Mahalaxmi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Chennai, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang X, Meng D, Jiang N, Wang C, Zhang J, Hu Y, Lun J, Jia R, Zhang X, Sun W. Curcumin-loaded pH-sensitive carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for the treatment of liver cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:628-656. [PMID: 38284334 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2304949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the pH-responsive API-CMCS-SA (ACS) polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) based on 1-(3-amino-propyl) imidazole (API), stearic acid (SA), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) were fabricated for the effective transport of curcumin (CUR) in liver cancer. CUR-ACS-NPs with various degrees of substitution (DS) were employed to prepare through ultrasonic dispersion method. The effect of different DS on NPs formation was discussed. The obtained CUR-ACS-NPs (DSSA=12.4%) had high encapsulation rate (more than 85%) and uniform particle size (186.2 ± 1.42 nm). The CUR-ACS-NPs showed better stability than the other groups. Drug release from the CUR-ACS-NPs was pH-dependent, and more than 90% or 65% of CUR was released in 48 h in weakly acid medium (pH 5.0 or 6.0, respectively). Additionally, the CUR-ACS-NPs increased the intracellular accumulation of CUR and demonstrated high anticancer effect on HepG2 cells compared with the other groups. CUR-ACS-NPs prolonged the retention time of the drug, and the area under the curve (AUC) increased significantly in vivo. The in vivo antitumor study further revealed that the CUR-ACS-NPs exhibited the capability of inhibiting tumor growth and lower systemic toxicity. Meanwhile, CUR, CUR-CS-NPs, and CUR-ACS-NPs could be detected in the evaluated organs, including tumor, liver, spleen, lung, heart, and kidney in distribution studies. Among them, CUR-ACS-NPs reached the maximum concentration at the tumor site, indicating the tumor-targeting properties. In short, the results suggested that CUR-ACS-NPs could act a prospective drug transport system for effective delivery of CUR in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| | - Dongdong Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| | - Ning Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| | - Chaoxing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| | - Jiaming Lun
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| | - Rui Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| | - Xueyun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| | - Weitong Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao T, Yan L, Yu Q, Lyu Y, Dong W, Chen M, Kaneko T, Shi D. High transparency, water vapor barrier and antibacterial properties of chitosan/carboxymethyl glucan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/nanoparticles encapsulating citral composite film for fruit packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129755. [PMID: 38278385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing antibacterial packaging material is an effective approach to delay fruit rotting and spoilage thereby minimizing financial losses and reducing health harm. However, the barrier and mechanical properties of biodegradable antibacterial packaging materials are barely compatible with transparency. Herein, antimicrobial nanoparticles encapsulating citral (ANPs) were first prepared by emulsification under the stabilization of oxidized dextran (ODE) and ethylene diamine. Then, composite films with high transparency, good water vapor barrier, and mechanical and antibacterial properties for fruits packaging were prepared from chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl-glucan (CMG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and ANPs by solvent casting strategy. The synergistic effects of electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding could regulate crystalline architecture, generating high transparency of the composite films (90 %). The mechanical properties of the composite film are improved with elongation at break up to 167 % and stress up to 32 MPa. The water vapor barrier property of the film is appropriate to the packed fruit for less weight loss and firmness remaining. Simultaneously, the addition of ANPs endowed the film with excellent antimicrobial and UV-barrier capabilities to reduce fruit mildew, thereby extending the shelf life of fruits. More importantly, the composite polymer solution could be sprayed or dipped directly on fruits as a coating for food storage to improve food shelf life, substantially expanding its ease of use and scope of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhe Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qiuyan Yu
- Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Department of Mathematics, Wuxi 214153, China
| | - Yan Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dongjian Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Castro RH, Burgos I, Corredor LM, Llanos S, Franco CA, Cortés FB, Romero Bohórquez AR. Carboxymethyl Scleroglucan Synthesized via O-Alkylation Reaction with Different Degrees of Substitution: Rheology and Thermal Stability. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:207. [PMID: 38257006 PMCID: PMC10821296 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the methodology for synthesizing and characterizing two carboxymethyl EOR-grade Scleroglucans (CMS-A and CMS-B). An O-Alkylation reaction was used to insert a hydrophilic group (monochloroacetic acid-MCAA) into the biopolymer's anhydroglucose subunits (AGUs). The effect of the degree of the carboxymethyl substitution on the rheology and thermal stability of the Scleroglucan (SG) was also evaluated. Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA/TGA-DSC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) were employed to characterize both CMS products. FTIR analysis revealed characteristic peaks corresponding to the carboxymethyl functional groups, confirming the modification. Also, SEM analysis provided insights into the structural changes in the polysaccharide after the O-Alkylation reaction. TGA results showed that the carboxymethylation of SG lowered its dehydroxylation temperature but increased its thermal stability above 300 °C. The CMS products and SG exhibited a pseudoplastic behavior; however, lower shear viscosities and relaxation times were observed for the CMS products due to the breakage of the SG triple helix for the chemical modification. Despite the viscosity results, the modified Scleroglucans are promising candidates for developing new engineering materials for EOR processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén H. Castro
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (C.A.F.); (F.B.C.)
| | - Isidro Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Estructural (GIQUE), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (I.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.R.B.)
| | - Laura M. Corredor
- Centro de Innovación y Tecnología—ICP, Ecopetrol S.A., Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia;
| | - Sebastián Llanos
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Estructural (GIQUE), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (I.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.R.B.)
| | - Camilo A. Franco
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (C.A.F.); (F.B.C.)
| | - Farid B. Cortés
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (C.A.F.); (F.B.C.)
| | - Arnold R. Romero Bohórquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Estructural (GIQUE), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (I.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.R.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang X, Sun H, Mu T. Materials and structure of polysaccharide-based delivery carriers for oral insulin: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121364. [PMID: 37940264 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that affects >500 million patients worldwide. Subcutaneous injection of insulin is the most effective treatment at present. However, regular needle injections will cause pain, inflammation, and other adverse consequences. In recent years, significant progress has been made in non-injectable insulin preparations. Oral administration is the best way of administration due to its simplicity, convenience, and good patient compliance. However, oral insulin delivery is hindered by many physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the low relative bioavailability of direct oral insulin delivery. To improve the relative bioavailability, a variety of insulin delivery vectors have been developed. Polysaccharides are used to achieve safe and effective insulin loading due to their excellent biocompatibility and protein affinity. The functional characteristics of polysaccharide-based delivery carriers, such as pH responsiveness, mucosal adhesion, and further functionalization modifications, enhance the gastrointestinal absorption and bioavailability of insulin. This paper reviews the materials and structures of oral insulin polysaccharide-based carriers, providing ideas for further improving the relative bioavailability of oral insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Wang
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongnan Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Taihua Mu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lewandowska K, Szulc M. Miscibility studies on carboxymethyl chitosan and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) mixtures. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125985. [PMID: 37499714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The production of polymer mixtures is a widely used method to improve polymer performance, as such mixtures can combine advantageous properties from each component. In this study, mixtures based on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were characterized using steady shear measurements, viscometry, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Viscometry and steady shear studies were performed on solutions of the native polymers and their mixtures with various weight proportions (80/20, 50/50, and 20/80%w/w). The rheological tests revealed that the apparent viscosity of solutions of CMCh/PVP mixtures was higher than that of the native polymer solutions. The rheological data showed that CMCh solutions and their mixtures were typical pseudoplastic liquids, which could be accurately described by the Cross and power law models. Viscometric parameters were determined using the method proposed by Garcia et al., which indicated good miscibility between CMCh and PVP in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the morphology, structure, and thermal properties of CMCh films changed when PVP was added. The obtained analytical data showed the formation of stable mixtures of CMCh and PVP, with a high miscibility ratio between these polymers, through intermolecular interactions between the polymer chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lewandowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Marta Szulc
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu P, Zhang H, Zhu L, Qu S, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang X. Antioxidant and DNA protecting activity of carboxymethylated polysaccharides from Cortex periplocae. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124860. [PMID: 37187420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polysaccharide from Cortex periplocae (CPP) was modified and three carboxymethylation modification polysaccharides (CPPCs) were obtained, and their physicochemical characteristics and in vitro biological activities were investigated. Based on the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) scan, CPPs (CPP and CPPCs) did not contain nucleic acids or proteins. However, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed a new absorption peak around 1731 cm-1. In addition, three absorption peaks near 1606, 1421, and 1326 cm-1 were enhanced after carboxymethylation modification. Based on UV-Vis scan, the maximum absorption wavelength of Congo Red + CPPs exhibited a red-shift compared to Congo Red meant CPPs had a triple helix conformation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that CPPCs exhibited more fragments and non-uniform-sized filiform than CPP. Thermal analysis showed that CPPCs degraded between the temperature 240 °C-350 °C and CPP in the 270 °C-350 °C. In addition, the antioxidant and DNA protecting activities of CPPCs were significantly enhanced compared to CPP. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential applications of CPPs in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Flavor and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Flavor and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lifei Zhu
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuhao Qu
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Flavor and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Flavor and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Flavor and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Animal Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A wet-adhesive carboxymethylated yeast β-glucan sponge with radical scavenging, bacteriostasis and anti-inflammatory functions for rapid hemostasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123158. [PMID: 36610582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Local hemostats still face obstacles to efficiently achieving hemostasis and promoting wound healing. Herein, a series of multifunctional well-degradable hemostatic sponges based-on carboxymethylated yeast β-glucan (CMYG) were fabricated by lyophilization. The porous CMYG sponge not only could absorb blood quickly (44.12 g/g), but also possessed unexpected tissue adhesion (∼30 kPa), and it represented good biocompatibility in vitro on fibroblasts and red blood cells. Notably, compared with the commercial Celox™, the CMYG sponge achieved more rapid hemostasis and significantly reduced blood loss in liver injury rat models by rapid wound block. Interestingly, the developed sponge showed an outstanding effect on antioxidant, anti-infection, anti-inflammatory, and cell proliferation, which are beneficial for further wound repair. Overall, these results suggest that the CMYG sponge is a promising candidate for the clinical management of uncontrollable hemorrhage and the further development of wound dressing materials throughout skin defect repair.
Collapse
|
14
|
Li L, Zhao D, Du KZ, Li J, Fang S, He J, Tian F, Chang Y. A vortex-enhanced magnetic solid phase extraction for the selective enrichment of four quaternary ammonium alkaloids from Zanthoxyli Radix. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1217:123617. [PMID: 36716512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Zanthoxyli Radix, the dried root of Zanthozylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC, one of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), exhibits various pharmacological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, analgesic activity. A sustainable vortex-enhanced magnetic solid phase extraction (VE-MSPE) method combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) was established to enrich and analyze the bioactive quaternary ammonium alkaloids (QAAs) of Zanthoxyli Radix. Fe3O4@C@CMCS magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was first synthesized for selectively adsorbing target QAAs (magnolinine, sanguinarine, nitidine chloride and chelerythrine), which possess excellent adsorption performance after being reused 10 times. The results revealed that the great adsorption rate of Fe3O4@C@CMCS MNPs for the four QAAs could reach 55.1-78.7 %. In addition, a reliable linear relationship (r ≥ 0.9995) and good recovery (97.5-104 %) was obtained. Consequently, the VE-MSPE method applying Fe3O4@C@CMCS MNPs as a sustainable adsorbent exhibited great potential in the selective enrichment of QAAs in TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Danhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Kun-Ze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shiming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Fei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin B, Huang G. An important polysaccharide from fermentum. Food Chem X 2022; 15:100388. [PMID: 36211774 PMCID: PMC9532711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction, structure and modification of polysaccharides from fermentum were summarized. Structure-activity relationship and application of polysaccharides from fermentum were reviewed. It provided a strong basis for the development and application of polysaccharides from fermentum.
Fermentum is a common unicellular fungus with many biological activities attributed to β-polysaccharides. Different in vivo and in vivo experimental studies have long proven that fermentum β-polysaccharides have antioxidant, anti-tumor, and fungal toxin adsorption properties. However, there are many uncertainties regarding the relationship between the structure and biological activity of fermentum β-polysaccharides, and a systematic summary of fermentum β-polysaccharides is still lacking. Herein, we reviewed the research progress about the extraction, structure and modification, structure–activity relationship, activity and application of fermentum β-polysaccharides, compared the extraction methods of fermentum β-polysaccharide, and paid special attention to the structure–activity relationship and application of fermentum β-polysaccharide, which provided a strong basis for the development and application of fermentum β-polysaccharide.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sun Q, Yu L, Zhang Z, Qian C, Fang H, Wang J, Wu P, Zhu X, Zhang J, Zhong L, He R. A novel gelatin/carboxymethyl chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate biomimetic nanocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. Front Chem 2022; 10:958420. [PMID: 36157039 PMCID: PMC9493496 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.958420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) constitute 60% of the content of the bone, and their combination has a better effect on bone tissue engineering than either single element. This study demonstrates a new degradable gelatin/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) bone scaffold loaded with both nano-HA and β-TCP (hereinafter referred to as HCP), and freeze drying combined with stir foaming was used to obtain highly connected macropores. Only a few studies have used these components to synthesize a four-component osteogenic scaffold. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the biocompatibility and osteoinductivity of the nanocomposites. Three HCP/CMC/gelatin scaffolds were made with different HCP contents: group A (10 wt% HCP), group B (30 wt% HCP), and group C (50 wt% HCP) (the ratio of nano-HA and β-TCP was fixed at 3:2). The scaffolds were macroporous with a high porosity and pore connectivity, as observed by morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the pore size of groups A and B was more homogeneous than that of group C. There were no significant differences in physicochemical characterization among the three groups. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy test indicated that the scaffold contained active groups, such as hydroxyl, amino, or peptide bonds, corresponding to gelatin and CMC. The XRD results showed that the phase structures of HA and β-TCP did not change in the nanocomposite. The scaffolds had biodegradation potential and an appreciable swelling ratio, as demonstrated with the in vitro test. The scaffolds were cultured in vitro with MC3T3-E1 cells, showing that osteoinduction and osteoconduction increased with the HCP content. None of the scaffolds showed cytotoxicity. However, cell adhesion and growth in group B were better than those in group A and group C. Therefore, freeze drying combined with a stir foaming method may have a solid component limit. This study demonstrates a novel four-component scaffold via a simple manufacturing process. Group B (30% HCP) had the best characteristics for bone scaffold materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiushuo Sun
- School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuocheng Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhe Fang
- School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Center of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Center of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangjun Zhong
- School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui He
- School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rui He,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li H, Wu C, Yin Z, Wu J, Zhu L, Gao M, Zhan X. Emulsifying properties and bioavailability of clove essential oil Pickering emulsions stabilized by octadecylaminated carboxymethyl curdlan. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:629-642. [PMID: 35810853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, clove essential oil (CEO) Pickering emulsions were stabilized by octadecylamine-modified carboxymethyl curdlan (CMCD-ODA) at different pH values. The droplet size and negatively charged zeta potential of the CMCD-ODA emulsions decreased as the pH increased from 3.0 to 11.0. Rheology results indicated that the CMCD-ODA polymer/emulsion prepared at pH 5.0 showed higher apparent viscosity and viscoelasticity than other pH conditions, which might prevent droplets from flocculating. The Pickering emulsions obtained at pH 5.0 were spherical droplets with a uniform size distribution and a mean diameter of 9.54 μm, and they exhibited excellent stability during 28 days of storage. The morphological structures of the emulsions investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the CMCD-ODA Pickering emulsion obtained at pH 5.0 was stabilized by loading amphiphilic CMCD-ODA polymer around the spherical oil droplets and forming a weak gel network structure. The CEO-loaded CMCD-ODA emulsions had higher antioxidant capacity than free CEO after 28 days of storage at pH 5.0. Given the good emulsion stability, antioxidant activity, and great antibacterial effect, the CEO-loaded carboxymethyl curdlan Pickering emulsion has promising applications in food, cosmetic, and biomedicine industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chuanchao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhongwei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Li Zhu
- A & F Biotech. Ltd., Burnaby, BC V5A3P6, Canada
| | - Minjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma J, Wang Y, Lu R. Mechanism and Application of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Promoting Permeation in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040459. [PMID: 35455456 PMCID: PMC9033127 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms and applications of chitosan and its derivatives in transdermal drug delivery to promote drug permeation were reviewed in this paper. Specifically, we summarized the permeation-promoting mechanisms of chitosan and several of its derivatives, including changing the structure of stratum corneum proteins, acting on the tight junction of granular layers, affecting intercellular lipids, and increasing the water content of stratum corneum. These mechanisms are the reason why chitosan and its derivatives can increase the transdermal permeation of drugs. In addition, various transdermal preparations containing chitosan and its derivatives were summarized, and their respective advantages were expounded, including nanoparticles, emulsions, transdermal microneedles, nanocapsules, transdermal patches, transdermal membranes, hydrogels, liposomes, and nano-stents. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical basis for the further and wider application of chitosan in transdermal drug delivery systems. In the future, research results of chitosan and its derivatives in transdermal drug delivery need more support from in vivo experiments, as well as good correlation between in vitro and in vivo experiments. In conclusion, the excellent permeability-promoting property, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability of chitosan and its derivatives make them ideal materials for local transdermal drug delivery.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang R, Jiang Y, Hao L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Zhang N, Zhang X, Song Y. CD44/Folate Dual Targeting Receptor Reductive Response PLGA-Based Micelles for Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829590. [PMID: 35359873 PMCID: PMC8960309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based micelle was synthesized, which could improve the therapeutic effect of the antitumor drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and reduce its toxic and side effects. The efficient delivery of DOX was achieved by active targeting mediated by double receptors and stimulating the reduction potential in tumor cells. FA-HA-SS-PLGA polymer was synthesized by amidation reaction, and then DOX-loaded micelles were prepared by dialysis method. The corresponding surface method was used to optimize the experimental design. DOX/FA-HA-SS-PLGA micelles with high drug loading rate and encapsulation efficiency were prepared. The results of hydrophilic experiment, critical micelle concentration determination, and hemolysis test all showed that DOX/FA-HA-SS-PLGA micelles had good physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. In addition, both in vitro reduction stimulus response experiment and in vitro release experiment showed that DOX/FA-HA-SS-PLGA micelles had reduction sensitivity. Molecular docking experiments showed that it can bind to the target protein. More importantly, in vitro cytology studies, human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549), and mouse colon cancer cells (CT26) were used to demonstrate that the dual receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway resulted in stronger cytotoxicity to tumor cells and more significant apoptosis. In and in vivo antitumor experiment, tumor-bearing nude mice were used to further confirm that the micelles with double targeting ligands had better antitumor effect and lower toxicity. These experimental results showed that DOX/FA-HA-SS-PLGA micelles have the potential to be used as chemotherapeutic drugs for precise tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunying Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Linkun Hao
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory, Colloge of Marines Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yimin Song
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, Zhou Y, Bao J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Sheng X, Huang Y. Molecular synergistic synthesis of AIPO‐18 zeolite‐stabilized Pt nanocatalysts with high dispersion for the hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ‐valerolactone. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jiehua Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory Nanjing P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Sheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yuzhong Huang
- ZYfire Hose Co., Ltd, Taizhou Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xue C, Wilson LD. Preparation and characterization of salicylic acid grafted chitosan electrospun fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118751. [PMID: 34742447 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan (chi) and its modified forms as electrospun nanofibers have potential applications in advanced water treatment and biomedicine. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) is an additive commonly used to facilitate the formation of chitosan electrospun fibers because PEO (Mw ≥ 400 kDa) affords chain entanglement that stabilize the electrospinning jet, leading to enhanced formation of chi-based electrospun fibers. Herein, we report on the preparation of chitosan grafted with salicylic acid and its utility to afford improved electrospun fibers with low molecular weight (LMw) PEO (Mw » 100 kDa). A comparison of the interactions between original and grafted chitosan with PEO reveals that stable supramolecular assemblies are established between grafted chitosan and PEO, which provides support that such supramolecular interactions favor formation of chitosan electrospun fibers. Moreover, a porous chitosan electrospun nanofiber was prepared through physical treatment that reveals notably higher (ca. 4-fold) dye uptake than the pristine (unmodified) chitosan electrospun nanofibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Lee D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jaber N, Al‐Remawi M, Al‐Akayleh F, Al‐Muhtaseb N, Al‐Adham ISI, Collier PJ. A review of the antiviral activity of Chitosan, including patented applications and its potential use against COVID-19. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:41-58. [PMID: 34218488 PMCID: PMC8447037 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is an abundant organic polysaccharide, which can be relatively easily obtained by chemical modification of animal or fungal source materials. Chitosan and its derivatives have been shown to exhibit direct antiviral activity, to be useful vaccine adjuvants and to have potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. This thorough and timely review looks at the recent history of investigations into the role of chitosan and its derivatives as an antiviral agent and proposes a future application in the treatment of endemic SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisrein Jaber
- Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Ahliyya Amman UniversityAmmanJordan
| | - Mayyas Al‐Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical SciencesUniversity of PetraAmmanJordan
| | - Faisal Al‐Akayleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical SciencesUniversity of PetraAmmanJordan
| | - Najah Al‐Muhtaseb
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical SciencesUniversity of PetraAmmanJordan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Han Y, Zhou Z, Bao D, Yu Y, Guo J, Zhang S. Quantitative study on the performance of CMCS/SA composite fibers by regulating the hydrogen bonding proportions. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01511k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CMCS/SA composite fibers with various intermolecular hydrogen bonding (inter-MHB) proportions are prepared via a physical blending method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- School of Textile and Materials Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, #1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zhichu Zhou
- School of Textile and Materials Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, #1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Da Bao
- School of Textile and Materials Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, #1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Textile and Materials Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, #1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Textile and Materials Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, #1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Sen Zhang
- School of Textile and Materials Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, #1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li X, Lei Z, Sheng J, Song Y. Preparation and properties of caffeic-chitosan grafting fish bone collagen peptide. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115211046417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel peptide grafted chitosan (CACS-FBP) with high peptide content, excellent moisture-absorption and moisture-retention abilities was prepared. Caffeic acid (CA) was used to modify chitosan, the highly water-soluble intermediate further reacted with fish bone collagen peptide to obtain the final product, and the synthesis of CACS-FBP was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), NMR, and UV-vis. The single-factor experiments indicated that the degree of substitution (DS) of CACS-FBP depended on the reaction temperature, reaction time, the mass ratio of fish bone collagen peptide to CACS (mFBP/mCACS) and the mass ratio of MTGase to CACS (mMTGase/mCACS). In addition, the antioxidant assay indicated that CACS-FBP had an excellent antioxidant capacity, and the CACS-FBP showed no cytotoxicity toward L929 mouse fibroblasts, all the results mean that the prepared peptide-containing chitosan derivative has potential application in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuqin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Lei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jie Sheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yishan Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- National R&D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Seyam S, Nordin NA, Alfatama M. Recent Progress of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives-Based Nanoparticles: Pharmaceutical Perspectives of Oral Insulin Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E307. [PMID: 33066443 PMCID: PMC7602211 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease, affecting more than 400 million people around the world. Patients with poorly controlled blood glucose levels are liable to suffer from life-threatening complications, such as cardiovascular, neuropathy, retinopathy and even premature death. Today, subcutaneous parenteral is still the most common route for insulin therapy. Oral insulin administration is favourable and convenient to the patients. In contrast to injection route, oral insulin delivery mimics the physiological pathway of endogenous insulin secretion. However, oral insulin has poor bioavailability (less than 2%) due to the harsh physiological environment through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Over the last few decades, many attempts have been made to achieve an effective oral insulin formulation with high bioavailability using insulin encapsulation into nanoparticles as advanced technology. Various natural polymers have been employed to fabricate nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for insulin oral administration. Chitosan, a natural polymer, is extensively studied due to the attractive properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, nontoxicity and polycationic nature. Numerous studies were conducted to evaluate chitosan and chitosan derivatives-based nanoparticles capabilities for oral insulin delivery. This review highlights strategies that have been applied in the recent five years to fabricate chitosan/chitosan derivatives-based nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. A summary of the barriers hurdle insulin absorption rendering its low bioavailability such as physical, chemical and enzymatic barriers are highlighted with an emphasis on the most common methods of chitosan nanoparticles preparation. Nanocarriers are able to improve the absorption of insulin through GIT, deliver insulin to the blood circulation and lower blood glucose levels. In spite of some drawbacks encountered in this technology, chitosan and chitosan derivatives-based nanoparticles are greatly promising entities for oral insulin delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mulham Alfatama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, Malaysia; (S.S.); (N.A.N.)
| |
Collapse
|