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Zhang T, Guo Y, Chen Y, Peng X, Toufouki S, Yao S. A multifunctional and sustainable poly(ionic liquid)-quaternized chitosan hydrogel with thermal-triggered reversible adhesion. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125198. [PMID: 37285877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A quaternized chitosan (QCS)@poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) hydrogel adhesive was prepared by in-situ ultraviolet (UV)-induced copolymerization of 1-vinyl-3-butyl imidazolium bromide ([BVIm][Br]) and methacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) in QCS aqueous solution without using any crosslinkers, which was stably crosslinked by reversible hydrogen bonding together with ion association and exhibited excellent adhesion, plasticity, conductivity and recyclability properties. Moreover, its thermal/pH-responsive behaviors and intermolecular interaction mechanism of thermal-triggered reversible adhesion were discovered, meanwhile good biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, repeated stickiness and degradability were also proved. The results showed that the newly developed hydrogel could make various tissues, organic, inorganic or metal materials adhered tightly within 1 min; after 10 binding-peeling cycles, the adhesive strength to glass, plastic, aluminum and porcine skin still remained beyond 96 %, 98 %, 92 % and 71 % of the original, respectively. The adhesion mechanism involves ion dipole interaction, electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, coordination, cation-π interaction, H-bonding and van der Waals force. For above merits, the new tricomponent hydrogel is expected to be applied in biomedical field to achieve adjustable adhesion and on-demand peeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghe Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yu Chen
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xu Peng
- Experimental and Research Animal Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Sara Toufouki
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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3
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Reay SL, Jackson EL, Salthouse D, Ferreira AM, Hilkens CMU, Novakovic K. Effective Endotoxin Removal from Chitosan That Preserves Chemical Structure and Improves Compatibility with Immune Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071592. [PMID: 37050208 PMCID: PMC10096541 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the most researched biopolymers for healthcare applications, however, being a naturally derived polymer, it is susceptible to endotoxin contamination, which elicits pro-inflammatory responses, skewing chitosan's performance and leading to inaccurate conclusions. It is therefore critical that endotoxins are quantified and removed for in vivo use. Here, heat and mild NaOH treatment are investigated as facile endotoxin removal methods from chitosan. Both treatments effectively removed endotoxin to below the FDA limit for medical devices (<0.5 EU/mL). However, in co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), only NaOH-treated chitosan prevented TNF-α production. While endotoxin removal is the principal task, the preservation of chitosan's structure is vital for the synthesis and lysozyme degradation of chitosan-based hydrogels. The chemical properties of NaOH-treated chitosan (by FTIR-ATR) were significantly similar to its native composition, whereas the heat-treated chitosan evidenced macroscopic chemical and physical changes associated with the Maillard reaction, deeming this treatment unsuitable for further applications. Degradation studies conducted with lysozyme demonstrated that the degradation rates of native and NaOH-treated chitosan-genipin hydrogels were similar. In vitro co-culture studies showed that NaOH hydrogels did not negatively affect the cell viability of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), nor induce phenotypical maturation or pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Reay
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Emma L Jackson
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Salthouse
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Catharien M U Hilkens
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Katarina Novakovic
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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4
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Hydrogel and Effects of Crosslinking Agent on Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: A Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090568. [PMID: 36135281 PMCID: PMC9498307 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer materials that can swell but are insoluble in water. Hydrogels can be synthesized with synthetic or natural polymers, but natural polymers are preferred because they are similar to natural tissues, which can absorb a high water content, are biocompatible, and are biodegradable. The three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel affects its water insolubility and ability to maintain its shape. Cellulose hydrogels are preferred over other polymers because they are highly biocompatible, easily accessible, and affordable. Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMCNa) is an example of a water-soluble cellulose derivative that can be synthesized using natural materials. A crosslinking agent is used to strengthen the properties of the hydrogel. Chemical crosslinking agent is used more often than physical crosslinking agent. In this review, article, different types of crosslinking agents are discussed based on synthetic and natural crosslinking agents. Hydrogels that utilize synthetic crosslinking agent have advantages, such as adjustable mechanical properties and easy control of the chemical composition. However, hydrogels that use natural crosslinking agent have better biocompatibility and less latent toxic effect.
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5
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Morrish C, Whitehead F, Istivan T, Kasapis S. The effect of trisodium phosphate crosslinking on the diffusion kinetics of caffeine from chitosan networks. Food Chem 2022; 381:132272. [PMID: 35123227 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This work examines the relationship between microstructural properties of hot-moulded chitosan networks, crosslinked with trisodium phosphate, and diffusive behaviour from these networks. Analysis through infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed successful crosslinking of the polymer chains and bioactive entrapment, while X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and dynamic oscillation in-shear elucidated the higher order structural properties of each matrix, as they transitioned from solutions to amorphous gels to semi-crystalline matrices. The picture of molecular motion observed in these systems and consequent application of the Flory-Rehner theory further indicated that different extents of chitosan crosslinking yielded a distinct water infusion functionality seen in the levels of swelling. Diffusion of caffeine from these delivery vehicles showed that network structural properties (governed by crosslinker concentration) had a significant effect on the release kinetics of the entrapped bioactive. The relationship between network mesh characteristics and diffusion properties were further confirmed by correlating caffeine release rates and molecular pore size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Morrish
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Felicity Whitehead
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Taghrid Istivan
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Stefan Kasapis
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia.
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8
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Huang Y, Lin J, Tang X, Wang Z, Yu S. Grape seed proanthocyanidin-loaded gel-like W/O/W emulsion stabilized by genipin-crosslinked alkaline soluble polysaccharides-whey protein isolate conjugates: Fabrication, stability, and in vitro digestion. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:759-769. [PMID: 34271051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present work aims to fabricate the genipin-crosslinked alkaline soluble polysaccharides-whey protein isolate conjugates (G-AWC) to stabilize W/O/W emulsions for encapsulation and delivery of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP). After crosslinking reaction, the molecular weight was increased and surface hydrophobicity was decreased. Then, the G-AWC and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR, a lipophilic emulsifier) were employed to prepare a GSP-loaded W/O/W emulsion with the addition of gelatin and sucrose in W1 phase via a two-step procedure. Creamed emulsion could be fabricated at W1/O volume fraction (Φ) of 10%-70% and further increased Φ to 75% or even up to 90% could obtain gel-like emulsion with notably elastic behaviors. In the W1/O/W2 emulsion with Φ of 80%, the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of GSP reached up to 95.86%, and decreased by ca. 10% after a week of storage. Moreover, the encapsulated GSP in the emulsion showed a remarkably higher bioaccessibility (40.72%) compared to free GSP (13.11%) in the simulated gastrointestinal digestion. These results indicated that G-AWC-stabilized W/O/W emulsions could be an effective carrier to encapsulate water-soluble bioactive compounds with enhanced stability and bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaocheng Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiawei Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangyi Tang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shujuan Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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9
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Nunes YL, de Menezes FL, de Sousa IG, Cavalcante ALG, Cavalcante FTT, da Silva Moreira K, de Oliveira ALB, Mota GF, da Silva Souza JE, de Aguiar Falcão IR, Rocha TG, Valério RBR, Fechine PBA, de Souza MCM, Dos Santos JCS. Chemical and physical Chitosan modification for designing enzymatic industrial biocatalysts: How to choose the best strategy? Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:1124-1170. [PMID: 33864867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the most abundant natural polymer worldwide, and due to its inherent characteristics, its use in industrial processes has been extensively explored. Because it is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, hydrophilic, cheap, and has good physical-chemical stability, it is seen as an excellent alternative for the replacement of synthetic materials in the search for more sustainable production methodologies. Thus being, a possible biotechnological application of Chitosan is as a direct support for enzyme immobilization. However, its applicability is quite specific, and to overcome this issue, alternative pretreatments are required, such as chemical and physical modifications to its structure, enabling its use in a wider array of applications. This review aims to present the topic in detail, by exploring and discussing methods of employment of Chitosan in enzymatic immobilization processes with various enzymes, presenting its advantages and disadvantages, as well as listing possible chemical modifications and combinations with other compounds for formulating an ideal support for this purpose. First, we will present Chitosan emphasizing its characteristics that allow its use as enzyme support. Furthermore, we will discuss possible physicochemical modifications that can be made to Chitosan, mentioning the improvements obtained in each process. These discussions will enable a comprehensive comparison between, and an informed choice of, the best technologies concerning enzyme immobilization and the application conditions of the biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Luck Nunes
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lima de Menezes
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Isamayra Germano de Sousa
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Katerine da Silva Moreira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455760, CE, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Barros de Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455760, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly Ferreira Mota
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - José Erick da Silva Souza
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Italo Rafael de Aguiar Falcão
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Thales Guimaraes Rocha
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberta Bussons Rodrigues Valério
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pierre Basílio Almeida Fechine
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, CEP 60455760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristiane Martins de Souza
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil
| | - José C S Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455760, CE, Brazil.
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