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da Silva BRMG, Arruda POF, Dos Santos JCB, Neves RP, Pereira VRA, de Lima MCA, de Araújo HDA, Marques DSC, da Cruz Filho IJ. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic, trypanocidal and antimicrobial activities of lignin obtained from Caesalpinia ferrea leaves and its use as an excipient in the release of oxacillin and fluconazole. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126225. [PMID: 37558029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
In this context, the objective of this work was to isolate an alkaline lignin from the leaves of C. ferrea, in addition to investigating different biological activities and its use in the production of releasing tablets in vitro. Initially, the analysis of the composition of the leaves was performed, the contents were: cellulose (33.09 ± 0.3 %), hemicellulose (25.13 ± 0.1 %), lignin (18.29 ± 0.1 %), extractives (17.28 ± 1.0 %) and ash (6.20 ± 0.1 %). The leaves were fractionated to obtain alkaline lignin. The yield of obtaining lignin was 80.12 ± 0.1 %. The obtained lignin was characterized by the techniques: elemental analysis, FTIR, UV/Vis, 2D-NMR, GPC, TGA/DTG, DSC and PY-GC/MS. The results showed that the lignin obtained is of the GSH type, of low molecular weight and thermally stable. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by different assays promoting results only for DPPH (559.9 ± 0.8 μg/mL) and ABTS (484.1 ± 0.1 μg/mL) being able to promote low antioxidant activity. In addition, it showed low cytotoxicity in normal mammalian cells and promising antitumor and trypanocidal activity. Regarding antimicrobial activity, it was able to inhibit the growth of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin, presenting MIC values equal to the standard antibiotic oxacillin. It was also able to inhibit a strain of Candida albicans HAM13 sensitive to fluconazole. In addition, lignin promoted a synergistic effect by promoting a decrease in MIC against these two strains evaluated. Finally, lignin proved to be an excipient with potential for controlled release of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Otavio Figueredo Arruda
- Department of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Chemistry and Therapeutic Innovation, Federal of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Rejane Pereira Neves
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Carmo Alves de Lima
- Department of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Chemistry and Therapeutic Innovation, Federal of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Santa Clara Marques
- Department of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Chemistry and Therapeutic Innovation, Federal of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Iranildo José da Cruz Filho
- Department of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Chemistry and Therapeutic Innovation, Federal of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
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In vitro evaluation of alkaline lignins as antiparasitic agents and their use as an excipient in the release of benznidazole. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123339. [PMID: 36682648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Amazon rainforest is considered the largest tropical timber reserve in the world. The management of native forests in the Amazon is one of the most sensitive geopolitical issues today, given its national and international dimension. In this work, we obtained and characterized physicochemical lignins extracted from branches and leaves of Protium puncticulatum and Scleronema micranthum. In addition, we evaluated in vitro its potential as an antioxidant, cytotoxic agent against animal cells and antiparasitic against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis, trypomastigotes of T. cruzi and against Plasmodium falciparum parasites sensitive and resistant to chloroquine. The results showed that the lignins obtained are of the GSH type and have higher levels of guaiacyl units. However, they show structural differences as shown by spectroscopic analysis and radar charts. As for biological activities, they showed antioxidant potential and low cytotoxicity against animal cells. Antileishmanial/trypanocidal assays have shown that lignins can inhibit the growth of promastigotes and trypomastigotes in vitro. The lignins in this study showed low anti-Plasmodium falciparum activity against susceptible strains of Plasmodium falciparum and were able to inhibit the growth of the chloroquine-resistant strain. And were not able to inhibit the growth of Schistosoma mansoni parasites. Finally, lignins proved to be promising excipients in the release of benznidazole. These findings show the potential of these lignins not yet studied to promote different biological activities.
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Chen FC, Liu WJ, Zhu WF, Yang LY, Zhang JW, Feng Y, Ming LS, Li Z. Surface Modifiers on Composite Particles for Direct Compaction. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102217. [PMID: 36297653 PMCID: PMC9612340 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct compaction (DC) is considered to be the most effective method of tablet production. However, only a small number of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be successfully manufactured into tablets using DC since most APIs lack adequate functional properties to meet DC requirements. The use of suitable modifiers and appropriate co-processing technologies can provide a promising approach for the preparation of composite particles with high functional properties. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and classification of different modifiers and their multiple combinations that may improve API tableting properties or prepare composite excipients with appropriate co-processed technology, as well as discuss the corresponding modification mechanism. Moreover, it provides solutions for selecting appropriate modifiers and co-processing technologies to prepare composite particles with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Cai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preparation of Modern TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Wen-Jun Liu
- Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330049, China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation of Modern TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ling-Yu Yang
- Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330049, China
| | - Ji-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation of Modern TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Preparation of Modern TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liang-Shan Ming
- Key Laboratory of Preparation of Modern TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Correspondence: (L.-S.M.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-791-8711-9027 (L.-S.M. & Z.L.)
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Preparation of Modern TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Correspondence: (L.-S.M.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-791-8711-9027 (L.-S.M. & Z.L.)
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Padhi SSP, Jimenez Bartolome M, Nyanhongo GS, Schwaiger N, Pellis A, van Herwijnen HWG, Guebitz GM. Role of Surface Enhancement in the Enzymatic Cross-Linking of Lignosulfonate Using Alternative Downstream Techniques. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23749-23758. [PMID: 35847290 PMCID: PMC9280766 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignosulfonate (LS), one of the byproducts of the paper and pulp industry, was mainly used as an energy source in the last decade until the valorization of lignin through different functionalization methods grew in importance. Polymerization using multicopper oxidase laccase (from the Myceliophthora thermophila fungus) is one of such methods, which not only enhances properties such as hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, and bonding properties but can also be used for food and possesses pharmaceutical-like antimicrobial properties and aesthetic features of materials. Appropriate downstream processing methods are needed to produce solids that allow the preservation of particle morphology, a vital factor for the valorization process. In this work, an optimization of the enzymatic polymerization via spray-drying of LS was investigated. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the drying process, reduce the polymerization time, and maximize the dried mass yield. Particles formed showed a concave morphology and enhanced solubility while the temperature sensitivity of spray-drying protected the phenol functionalities beneficial for polymerization. Using the optimized parameters, a yield of 65% in a polymerization time of only 13 min was obtained. The experimental values were found to be in agreement with the predicted values of the factors (R 2: 95.2% and p-value: 0.0001), indicating the suitability of the model in predicting polymerization time and yield of the spray-drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Satya Prakash Padhi
- Wood
Kplus - Competence Center for Wood Composites & Wood Chemistry, Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz A-4040, Austria
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria
| | - Miguel Jimenez Bartolome
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria
| | - Gibson Stephen Nyanhongo
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University
of Johannesburg, P.O.
Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | | | - Alessandro Pellis
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - Hendrikus W. G. van Herwijnen
- Wood
Kplus - Competence Center for Wood Composites & Wood Chemistry, Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz A-4040, Austria
- Institute
of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria
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Lu X, Gu X, Shi Y. A review on lignin antioxidants: Their sources, isolations, antioxidant activities and various applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:716-741. [PMID: 35526770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lignin, a biopolymer obtained from agricultural/forestry residues or paper pulping wastewater, is rich in aromatic structure, which is central to its adoption as a candidate to natural antioxidants. Through insight into its structural features from biomass, different functional groups would influence lignin antioxidant activity, wherein phenolic content is the most important factor, hence massive studies have focused on its improvement via different pretreatments and post-processing methods. Besides, lignin nanoparticles and chemical modifications are also efficient methods to improve antioxidant activity via increasing free content and decreasing bond dissociation enthalpy of phenolic hydroxyl. Lignin samples exhibit comparable radicals scavenging ability to commercial ones, showing their potential as renewable alternatives of synthesized antioxidants. Besides, their applications have also been discussed, which demonstrates lignin potential as an inexpensive antioxidant additive and consequent improvements on multiple functionalities. This review is dedicated to summarize lignin antioxidants extracted from biomass resources, methods to improve their antioxidant activity and their applications, which is beneficial for realizing lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Yijun Shi
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, SE97187 Luleå, Sweden.
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Lignin-Based Porous Biomaterials for Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040747. [PMID: 35453497 PMCID: PMC9024639 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, lignin-based porous biomaterials have been found to have strong potential applications in the areas of drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressing, pharmaceutical excipients, biosensors, and medical devices. Lignin-based porous biomaterials have the addition of lignin obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin as an aromatic compound is likely to modify the materials’ mechanical properties, thermal properties, antioxidant, antibacterial property, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. The size, shape, and distribution of pores can determine the materials’ porous structure, porosity, surface areas, permeability, porosity, water solubility, and adsorption ability. These features could be suitable for medical applications, especially controlled drug delivery systems, wound dressing, and tissue engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of the current status and future potential of lignin-based porous materials for medical and pharmaceutical uses, focusing on material types, key properties, approaches and techniques of modification and fabrication, and promising medical applications.
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Zhao H, Zhao L, Lin X, Shen L. An update on microcrystalline cellulose in direct compression: Functionality, critical material attributes, and co-processed excipients. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118968. [PMID: 34973783 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is one of the most popular cellulose derivatives in the pharmaceutical industry. Thanks to its outstanding tabletability, MCC is generally included in direct compression (DC) tablet formulations containing poor-tabletability active pharmaceutical ingredients. Nowadays, numerous grades of MCC from various brands are accessible for pharmaceutical manufacturers, leading to variability in MCC properties. Hence, it seems to be worthy and urgent to evaluate the influences of MCC variability on tablet quality and to identify critical material attributes (CMAs) based on the idea of Quality by Control. Besides, MCC-based co-processed excipients can effectively combine the functions of the filler, binder, disintegrant, lubricant, glidant, or flavor, and thus have drawn extensive interest. In this review, we focused specifically on the recent advances and development of MCC on DC tableting, including the functions in tablet formulations, potential CMAs, and MCC-based co-possessed excipients, therefore providing a reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Rennhofer H, Köhnke J, Keckes J, Tintner J, Unterweger C, Zinn T, Deix K, Lichtenegger H, Gindl-Altmutter W. Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072087. [PMID: 33917323 PMCID: PMC8038752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of low-cost carbon black from lignin highly depends on the materials properties, which might by determined by raw material and processing conditions. Four different technical lignins were subjected to thermostabilization followed by stepwise heat treatment up to a temperature of 2000 °C in order to obtain micro-sized carbon particles. The development of the pore structure, graphitization and inner surfaces were investigated by X-ray scattering complemented by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Lignosulfonate-based carbons exhibit a complex pore structure with nanopores and mesopores that evolve by heat treatment. Organosolv, kraft and soda lignin-based samples exhibit distinct pores growing steadily with heat treatment temperature. All carbons exhibit increasing pore size of about 0.5-2 nm and increasing inner surface, with a strong increase between 1200 °C and 1600 °C. The chemistry and bonding nature shifts from basic organic material towards pure graphite. The crystallite size was found to increase with the increasing degree of graphitization. Heat treatment of just 1600 °C might be sufficient for many applications, allowing to reduce production energy while maintaining materials properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Rennhofer
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-89212
| | - Janea Köhnke
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
| | - Jozef Keckes
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität of Leoben, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Johannes Tintner
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
| | | | - Thomas Zinn
- ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 38043 Grenoble, France;
| | - Karl Deix
- Institute of Material Technology, Building Physics and Building Ecology, TU Wien, A-1040 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Helga Lichtenegger
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
| | - Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (J.T.); (H.L.); (W.G.-A.)
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