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Liu X, Yang F, Ren P, Lv W, Chen B, Niu B, Ren Y, Wang L, Sun M, Zuo Z, Li J, Geng A. Study on the mechanism of macrophages activated by phosphoesterified rehmanniae polysaccharide on human gastric cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133952. [PMID: 39029829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignant tumors in the world, requiring the development of novel therapeutic agents with reduced toxicity. Rehmannia polysaccharide (RPS) possesses immunomodulatory and anti-tumor properties, yet its efficacy is suboptimal. To enhance its biological activity, we subjected RPS to molecular modifications, resulting in phosphorylated Rehmannia polysaccharides (P-RPS). Using the mixed phosphate method, we synthesized P-RPS and optimized the synthesis conditions through a combination of single-factor and response surface methodologies. In vitro studies on P-RPS's anti-tumor activity showed no direct influence on the viability of GC cells. However, P-RPS induced the transformation of PMA-activated THP-1 cells into the M1 phenotype. We collected conditioned medium (CM) of THP-1 cells to stimulate gastric cancer cells and CM-P-RPS significantly promoted apoptosis of gastric cancer cells and inhibited cell proliferation, and reduced cell migration. Mechanistically, CM-P-RPS inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through LGR6, leading to the suppression of tumor growth. Furthermore, P-RPS demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth in vivo, suggesting its potential as a promising therapeutic agent for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian 712046, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian 712046, China
| | - Pengyu Ren
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; Sanhang Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wenbo Lv
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; Sanhang Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Bodong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian 712046, China
| | - Ben Niu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian 712046, China
| | - Yongyong Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian 712046, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian 712046, China
| | - Meng Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian 712046, China
| | - Zhenyu Zuo
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian 712046, China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian 712046, China.
| | - Anqi Geng
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; Sanhang Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Zhang H, Li Y, Fu Y, Jiao H, Wang X, Wang Q, Zhou M, Yong YC, Liu J. A structure-functionality insight into the bioactivity of microbial polysaccharides toward biomedical applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122078. [PMID: 38616098 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Microbial polysaccharides (MPs) are biopolymers secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi during their metabolic processes. Compared to polysaccharides derived from plants and animals, MPs have advantages such as wide sources, high production efficiency, and less susceptibility to natural environmental influences. The most attractive feature of MPs lies in their diverse biological activities, such as antioxidative, anti-tumor, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory activities, which have demonstrated immense potential for applications in functional foods, cosmetics, and biomedicine. These bioactivities are precisely regulated by their sophisticated molecular structure. However, the mechanisms underlying this precise regulation are not yet fully understood and continue to evolve. This article presents a comprehensive review of the most representative species of MPs, including their fermentation and purification processes and their biomedical applications in recent years. In particular, this work presents an in-depth analysis into the structure-activity relationships of MPs across multiple molecular levels. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and prospects of investigating the structure-activity relationships, providing valuable insights into the broad and high-value utilization of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Zhang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yan Li
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yinyi Fu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Haixin Jiao
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mengbo Zhou
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yang-Chun Yong
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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3
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Zhou T, Li X. Chemically modified seaweed polysaccharides: Improved functional and biological properties and prospective in food applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13396. [PMID: 38925601 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides are natural biomacromolecules with unique physicochemical properties (e.g., good gelling, emulsifying, and film-forming properties) and diverse biological activities (e.g., anticoagulant, antioxidant, immunoregulatory, and antitumor effects). Furthermore, they are nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable, and abundant in resources. Therefore, they have been widely utilized in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, their properties and bioactivities sometimes are not satisfactory for some purposes. Modification of polysaccharides can impart the amphiphilicity and new functions to the biopolymers and change the structure and conformation, thus effectively improving their functional properties and biological activities so as to meet the requirement for targeted applications. This review outlined the modification methods of representative red algae polysaccharides (carrageenan and agar), brown algae polysaccharides (fucoidan, alginate, and laminaran), and green algae polysaccharides (ulvan) that have potential food applications, including etherification, esterification, degradation, sulfation, phosphorylation, selenylation, and so on. The improved functional properties and bioactivities of the modified seaweed polysaccharides and their potential food applications are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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4
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Sun M, Zhang Y, Gao W, He Y, Wang Y, Sun Y, Kuang H. Polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis: A Review of Their Extraction, Modification, Structures, and Bioactivities. Molecules 2024; 29:3105. [PMID: 38999057 PMCID: PMC11243187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyra haitanensis (P. haitanensis), an important food source for coastal residents in China, has a long history of medicinal and edible value. P. haitanensis polysaccharides are some of the main active ingredients in P. haitanensis. It is worth noting that P. haitanensis polysaccharides have a surprising and satisfactory biological activity, which explains the various benefits of P. haitanensis to human health, such as anti-oxidation, immune regulation, anti-allergy, and anticancer properties. Hence, a systematic review aimed at comprehensively summarizing the recent research advances in P. haitanensis polysaccharides is necessary for promoting their better understanding. In this review, we systematically and comprehensively summarize the research progress on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, modification, and biological activity of P. haitanensis polysaccharides and address the shortcomings of the published research and suggest area of focus for future research, providing a new reference for the exploitation of polysaccharides from P. haitanensis in the fields of medicine and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
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5
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Pedrosa LDF, Fabi JP. Polysaccharides from Medicinal Plants: Bridging Ancestral Knowledge with Contemporary Science. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1721. [PMID: 38999561 PMCID: PMC11243750 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants are a core part of cultural identity, as part of a diet, decorations, ceremonies, or as medicinal agents. Empirical knowledge regarding plants and their healing potential has existed worldwide for centuries. With the advance of science and technology, not only is the refinement of such sources or isolation of specific compounds possible, but these compounds can also be characterized based on their natural occurrence. Besides their importance for plant metabolism and structure, polysaccharides have been demonstrated to have substantial positive human health impacts on inflammation, metabolism, oxidative stress, and others. As an inherent part of plant cell walls, many polysaccharides from medicinal herbs, such as fructans, glucans, and pectins, have been extracted and analyzed for their structure and function. However, a review summarizing a significant portion of these studies was still unavailable. This review helps to fill the knowledge gap between polysaccharide bioactivity, their structure, and their plant matrix sources, focusing on historical medicinal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Freitas Pedrosa
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - João Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers), Sâo Paulo 05508-080, SP, Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPIX-USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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6
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Huang G, Lin B. Preparation for shaddock skin polysaccharide derivatives by response surface method. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14054. [PMID: 38890435 PMCID: PMC11189395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The derivation of polysaccharide has an important impact on its properties. The preparation process of phosphorylated-shaddock skin polysaccharides (SSP) and acetylated-SSP was optimized by the response surface method. The constructed model was accurate and reliable in predicting the substitution of acetylated-SSP and the phosphate content of phosphorylated-SSP. This method was simple and easy to operate, which provided a basis for the preparation of a large number of derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Science and Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Bobo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Science and Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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7
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Chen J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Wang M. Research progress in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with natural polysaccharides and related structure-activity relationships. Food Funct 2024; 15:5680-5702. [PMID: 38738935 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of highly prevalent and chronic inflammatory intestinal tract diseases caused by multiple factors. Despite extensive research into the causes of the disease, IBD's pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, side effects of current IBD therapies restrict their long-term clinical use. In contrast, natural polysaccharides exert beneficial anti-IBD effects and offer advantages over current anti-IBD drugs, including enhanced safety and straightforward isolation from abundant and reliable sources, and thus may serve as components of functional foods and health products for use in IBD prevention and treatment. However, few reviews have explored natural polysaccharides with anti-IBD activities or the relationship between polysaccharide conformation and anti-IBD biological activity. Therefore, this review aims to summarize anti-IBD activities and potential clinical applications of polysaccharides isolated from plant, animal, microorganismal, and algal sources, while also exploring the relationship between polysaccharide conformation and anti-IBD bioactivity for the first time. Furthermore, potential mechanisms underlying polysaccharide anti-IBD effects are summarized, including intestinal microbiota modulation, intestinal inflammation alleviation, and intestinal barrier protection from IBD-induced damage. Ultimately, this review provides a theoretical foundation and valuable insights to guide the development of natural polysaccharide-containing functional foods and nutraceuticals for use as dietary IBD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chen
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Wang Z, Zheng Y, Hu Y, Yang L, Liu X, Zhao R, Gao M, Li Z, Feng Y, Xu Y, Li N, Yang J, Wang Q, An L. Improvement of antibacterial activity of polysaccharides via chemical modification: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132163. [PMID: 38729490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic residue and bacterial resistance induced by antibiotic abuse have seriously threatened food safety and human healthiness. Thus, the development and application of safe, high-efficiency, and environmentally friendly antibiotic alternatives are urgently necessary. Apart from antitumor, antivirus, anti-inflammatory, gut microbiota regulation, immunity improvement, and growth promotion activities, polysaccharides also have antibacterial activity, but such activity is relatively low, which cannot satisfy the requirements of food preservation, clinical sterilization, livestock feeding, and agricultural cultivation. Chemical modification not only provides polysaccharides with better antibacterial activity, but also promotes easy operation and large-scale production. Herein, the enhancement of the antibacterial activity of polysaccharides via acetylation, sulfation, phosphorylation, carboxymethylation, selenation, amination, acid graft, and other chemical modifications is reviewed. Meanwhile, a new trend on the application of loading chemically modified polysaccharides into nanostructures is discussed. Furthermore, possible limitations and future recommendations for the development and application of chemically modified polysaccharides with better antibacterial activity are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yiwei Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Libo Yang
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, 19 Taiji Road, Handan, Hebei 056038, China.
| | - Xirui Liu
- School of Foreign Languages, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Renyong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Minjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yingjie Feng
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yongming Xu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Na Li
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinchu Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Lemei An
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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Chen Q, Zhang M, Liu Y, Liu W, Peng C, Zheng L. Sulfated Polysaccharides with Anticoagulant Potential: A Review Focusing on Structure-Activity Relationship and Action Mechanism. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400152. [PMID: 38600639 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Thromboembolism is the culprit of cardiovascular diseases, leading to the highest global mortality rate. Anticoagulation emerges as the primary approach for managing thrombotic conditions. Notably, sulfated polysaccharides exhibit favorable anticoagulant efficacy with reduced side effects. This review focuses on the structure-anticoagulant activity relationship of sulfated polysaccharides and the underlying action mechanisms. It is concluded that chlorosulfonicacid-pyridine method serves as the preferred technique to synthesize sulfated polysaccharides. The anticoagulant activity of sulfated polysaccharides is linked to the substitution site of sulfate groups, degree of substitution, molecular weight, main side chain structure, and glycosidic bond conformation. Moreover, sulfated polysaccharides exert anticoagulant activity via various pathways, including the inhibition of blood coagulation factors, activation of antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II, antiplatelet aggregation, and promotion of the fibrinolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Chen
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
| | - Lixue Zheng
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
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10
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Mao X, Chen J, Yao Y, Liu D, Wang H, Chen Y. Progress in phosphorylation of natural products. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:697. [PMID: 38802698 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Natural medicines are a valuable resource for the development of new drugs. However, factors such as low solubility and poor bioavailability of certain constituents have hindered their efficacy and potential as pharmaceuticals. Structural modification of natural products has emerged as an important research area for drug development. Phosphorylation groups, as crucial endogenous active groups, have been extensively utilized for structural modification and development of new drugs based on natural molecules. Incorporating phosphate groups into natural molecules not only enhances their stability, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties, but also improves their biological activity by altering their charge, hydrogen bonding, and spatial structure. This review summarizes the phosphorylation mechanism, modification approaches, and biological activity enhancement of natural medicines. Notably, compounds such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and coumarins exhibit increased antioxidation, anticancer, antiviral, immune regulatory, Antiaging, enzyme inhibition, bacteriostasis, liver protection, and lipid-lowering effects following phosphorylation modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Mao
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yingrui Yao
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Defu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Characteristic Medical Center of PAP, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yuzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Wang Y, Guo X, Huang C, Shi C, Xiang X. Biomedical potency and mechanisms of marine polysaccharides and oligosaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131007. [PMID: 38508566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Derived from bountiful marine organisms (predominantly algae, fauna, and microorganisms), marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides are intricate macromolecules that play a significant role in the growth and development of marine life. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides as auspicious natural products due to their promising biological attributes. Herein, we provide an overview of recent advances in the miscellaneous biological activities of marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides that encompasses their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-diabetes mellitus, and anticoagulant properties. Furthermore, we furnish a concise summary of the underlying mechanisms governing the behavior of these biological macromolecules. We hope that this review inspires research on marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides in medicinal applications while offering fresh perspectives on their broader facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xueying Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Chunxiao Huang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Chuanqin Shi
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255020, China.
| | - Xinxin Xiang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255020, China.
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12
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Wang J, Zhang A, Hu Y, Yuan X, Qiu Y, Dong C. Polysaccharides from fructus corni: Extraction, purification, structural features, and biological activities. Carbohydr Res 2024; 538:109072. [PMID: 38484601 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Fructus Corni, derived from the dried fruit of Cornus officinalis Sieb. Et Zucc., is widely used as a food source and Chinese herb. Fructus Corni, as an indispensable ingredient in Liuwei Dihuang decoction, tonifies the liver and kidneys. As the main component of water decoctions, Fructus Corni polysaccharides demonstrate multifaceted effects, including hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-aging, sexual function regulation, and anti-epileptic, The ultrasound-assisted extraction method obtained the highest yields of Fructus Corni polysaccharides. However, it has notable shortcomings and lacks further innovation. The homogeneous polysaccharides obtained from Fructus Corni are mostly neutral polysaccharides with relatively limited structure, and the mechanism of their biological activity needs to be further elucidated. In addition, different extraction, isolation and purification methods may change the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and biological activity of polysaccharides. Therefore, this study systematically summarized the extraction, purification, structural features, and biological activities of Fructus Corni polysaccharides. This study aimed to provide support for the ongoing development and application of Fructus Corni polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China; College of Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China
| | - Aoying Zhang
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China; College of Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China
| | - Yulong Hu
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Yuanhao Qiu
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China; College of Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China.
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
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13
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Tian J, Zhang Z, Shang Y, Zheng Y. Extraction, structure and antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides from morels (Morchella spp.): A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130656. [PMID: 38453116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Morels (Morchella spp.), which are cultivated only in a few regions of the world, are edible mushrooms known for their various properties including antioxidation, immune regulation, antiinflammation, and antitumor effects. Polysaccharides from Morchella are principally responsible for its antioxidant activity. This paper reviews the extraction, purification, structural analysis and antioxidant activity of Morchella polysaccharides (MPs), providing updated research progress. Meanwhile, the structural-property relationships of MPs were further discussed. In addition, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, the major factors responsible for the antioxidant activity of MPs were summarized including scavenging free radicals, reduction capacity, inhibitory lipid peroxidation activity, regulating the signal transduction pathway, reducing the production of ROS and NO, etc. Finally, we hope that our research can provide a reference for further research and development of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Tian
- College of Basic Medicine, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, PR China
| | - Yuanhong Shang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, PR China.
| | - Yi Zheng
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, PR China
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14
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Chen Y, Zhang N, Chen X. Structurally Modified Polysaccharides: Physicochemical Properties, Biological Activities, Structure-Activity Relationship, and Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3259-3276. [PMID: 38308635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are an important class of biomolecules derived from several sources. However, the inherent structure of polysaccharides prevents them from exhibiting favorable physicochemical properties, which restricts their development in agriculture, industry, food, and biomedicine. This paper systematically summarizes the changes in the primary and advanced structures of modified polysaccharides, and focuses on the effects of various modification methods on the hydrophobicity, rheological properties, emulsifying properties, antioxidant activity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities of polysaccharides. Then there is a list the applications of modified polysaccharides in treating heavy metal pollutants, purifying water resources, improving beverage stability and bread quality, and precisely delivering the drug. When summarized and reviewed, the information above can shed further light on the relationship between polysaccharide structure and function. Determining the structure-activity relationship provides a scientific basis for the direction of molecular modifications of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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15
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Yang SH, Wang XL, Zhang HN, Zhu LF, Qu SH, Zhang MY, Zhang H, Liu PF. Phosphorylation Modification, Structural Characterization, Antioxidant and DNA Protection Capacities of Polysaccharides from Asarum Sieboldii Miq. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301781. [PMID: 38146649 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide from Asarum sieboldii Miq (ASP) was extracted and five phosphorylation polysaccharides with different degree of substitution were obtained, namely ASPP1, ASPP2, ASPP3, ASPP4, and ASPP5 (ASPPs). The physical and chemical structure and biological activities were studied. The results suggested that the carbohydrate and protein content were reduced while uronic acid was increased after phosphorylation modification. The molecular weight of ASPPs was significantly lower than that of ASP. ASPPs were acidic heteropolysaccharides mainly composed of galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, fructose, and arabinose. The UV-vis spectrum indicated that the polysaccharides did not contain nucleic acid or protein after modification. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum demonstrated that ASPPs contained characteristic absorption peaks of P=O and P-O-C near 1270 and 980 cm-1 . ASPPs presented a triple helix conformation, but it was not presented in ASP. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the surface topography and particle structure of ASP were different after modification. Compared with ASP, ASPPs enhanced the activity to scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals and possessed more protective ability to DNA oxidation caused by OH⋅, GS⋅, and AAPH free radicals. These results suggest that chemical modification is beneficial for the exploitation and utilization of natural polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-He Yang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University/Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China, 450046
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China, 450046
| | - Hao-Nan Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University/Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China, 450046
| | - Li-Fei Zhu
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China, 450046
| | - Shu-Hao Qu
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China, 450046
| | - Ming-Yue Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University/Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China, 450046
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University/Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China, 450046
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University/Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China, 450046
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16
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Castro RH, Burgos I, Corredor LM, Llanos S, Franco CA, Cortés FB, Romero Bohórquez AR. Carboxymethyl Scleroglucan Synthesized via O-Alkylation Reaction with Different Degrees of Substitution: Rheology and Thermal Stability. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:207. [PMID: 38257006 PMCID: PMC10821296 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the methodology for synthesizing and characterizing two carboxymethyl EOR-grade Scleroglucans (CMS-A and CMS-B). An O-Alkylation reaction was used to insert a hydrophilic group (monochloroacetic acid-MCAA) into the biopolymer's anhydroglucose subunits (AGUs). The effect of the degree of the carboxymethyl substitution on the rheology and thermal stability of the Scleroglucan (SG) was also evaluated. Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA/TGA-DSC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) were employed to characterize both CMS products. FTIR analysis revealed characteristic peaks corresponding to the carboxymethyl functional groups, confirming the modification. Also, SEM analysis provided insights into the structural changes in the polysaccharide after the O-Alkylation reaction. TGA results showed that the carboxymethylation of SG lowered its dehydroxylation temperature but increased its thermal stability above 300 °C. The CMS products and SG exhibited a pseudoplastic behavior; however, lower shear viscosities and relaxation times were observed for the CMS products due to the breakage of the SG triple helix for the chemical modification. Despite the viscosity results, the modified Scleroglucans are promising candidates for developing new engineering materials for EOR processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén H. Castro
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (C.A.F.); (F.B.C.)
| | - Isidro Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Estructural (GIQUE), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (I.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.R.B.)
| | - Laura M. Corredor
- Centro de Innovación y Tecnología—ICP, Ecopetrol S.A., Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia;
| | - Sebastián Llanos
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Estructural (GIQUE), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (I.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.R.B.)
| | - Camilo A. Franco
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (C.A.F.); (F.B.C.)
| | - Farid B. Cortés
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (C.A.F.); (F.B.C.)
| | - Arnold R. Romero Bohórquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Estructural (GIQUE), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (I.B.); (S.L.); (A.R.R.B.)
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17
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Ying Y, Hao W. Corrigendum: Immunomodulatory function and anti-tumor mechanism of natural polysaccharides: a review. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1361355. [PMID: 38264646 PMCID: PMC10804138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1361355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147641.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ying
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wu Hao
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Wu Z, Zhang T, Ma X, Guo S, Zhou Q, Zahoor A, Deng G. Recent advances in anti-inflammatory active components and action mechanisms of natural medicines. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2901-2937. [PMID: 37947913 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a series of reactions caused by the body's resistance to external biological stimuli. Inflammation affects the occurrence and development of many diseases. Anti-inflammatory drugs have been used widely to treat inflammatory diseases, but long-term use can cause toxic side-effects and affect human functions. As immunomodulators with long-term conditioning effects and no drug residues, natural products are being investigated increasingly for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on the inflammatory process and cellular mechanisms in the development of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, and coronavirus disease-2019. Also, we focus on three signaling pathways (Nuclear factor-kappa B, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3) to explain the anti-inflammatory effect of natural products. In addition, we also classified common natural products based on secondary metabolites and explained the association between current bidirectional prediction progress of natural product targets and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Arshad Zahoor
- College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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19
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Wang H, Yuan M, Li G, Tao Y, Wang X, Ke S, Zhuang M, Wang A, Zhou Z. Chemical characterization, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of acetylated polysaccharides from Cyperus esculentus. Food Chem 2023; 427:136734. [PMID: 37418805 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This research was designed to characterize the structure of Cyperus esculentus polysaccharide (CEP) and its acetylated one (ACEP), and then investigated the effects of acetylation on the changes in physicochemical properties, thermal stability, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. Results showed that CEP and ACEP were heteropolysaccharides consisting of glucose, mannose, arabinose and xylose. The main chain of CEP included α-1,4-Glcp residues with the branching points at the O-6 position of the α-1,6-Manp residues. Acetyl groups were substituted at the O-2 and O-6 positions of some glucose residues. Meanwhile, the acetylation remarkably improved the polysaccharides thermal stability, and the ACEP exhibited a greater antioxidant activity. Furthermore, CEP and ACEP were proved to protect RAW 264.7 cells against LPS-induced inflammation by improving cellular morphology and decreasing reactive oxygen species secretion. This study may highlight a new approach for developing a high value-added ingredient from C. esculentus for functional food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Meiyu Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Gaoheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuxin Tao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuanyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Sheng Ke
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; ARC Functional Grains Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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20
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Wang Z, Xu Z, Yang X, Li M, Yip RCS, Li Y, Chen H. Current application and modification strategy of marine polysaccharides in tissue regeneration: A review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213580. [PMID: 37634336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Marine polysaccharides (MPs) are exceptional bioactive materials that possess unique biochemical mechanisms and pharmacological stability, making them ideal for various tissue engineering applications. Certain MPs, including agarose, alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, and glucan have been successfully employed as biological scaffolds in animal studies. As carriers of signaling molecules, scaffolds can enhance the adhesion, growth, and differentiation of somatic cells, thereby significantly improving the tissue regeneration process. However, the biological benefits of pure MPs composite scaffold are limited. Therefore, physical, chemical, enzyme modification and other methods are employed to expand its efficacy. Chemically, the structural properties of MPs scaffolds can be altered through modifications to functional groups or molecular weight reduction, thereby enhancing their biological activities. Physically, MPs hydrogels and sponges emulate the natural extracellular matrix, creating a more conducive environment for tissue repair. The porosity and high permeability of MPs membranes and nanomaterials expedite wound healing. This review explores the distinctive properties and applications of select MPs in tissue regeneration, highlighting their structural versatility and biological applicability. Additionally, we provide a brief overview of common modification strategies employed for MP scaffolds. In conclusion, MPs have significant potential and are expected to be a novel regenerative material for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokun Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Xuan Yang
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Man Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Ryan Chak Sang Yip
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, NO. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China; The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, NO. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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21
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Li Y, Zhang R, Hei H. Advances in post-translational modifications of proteins and cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229397. [PMID: 37675097 PMCID: PMC10477431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is a regulatory mechanism for protein activity modulation, localization, expression, and interactions with other cellular molecules. It involves the addition or removal of specific chemical groups on the amino acid residues of proteins. Its common forms include phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, methylation, and acetylation. Emerging research has highlighted lactylation, succinylation, and glycosylation. PTMs are involved in vital biological processes. The occurrence and development of diseases depends on protein abundance and is regulated by various PTMs. In addition, advancements in tumor immunotherapy have revealed that protein PTM is also involved in the proliferation, activation, and metabolic reprogramming of immune cells in tumor microenvironment. These PTMs play an important role in tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the role of several types of PTMs in tumor immunotherapy. This review could provide new insights and future research directions for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hu Hei
- Department of Thyroid and Neck, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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22
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Liu T, Ren Q, Wang S, Gao J, Shen C, Zhang S, Wang Y, Guan F. Chemical Modification of Polysaccharides: A Review of Synthetic Approaches, Biological Activity and the Structure-Activity Relationship. Molecules 2023; 28:6073. [PMID: 37630326 PMCID: PMC10457902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides are macromolecular substances with great potential owing to their wide biological activity and low toxicity. However, not all polysaccharides have significant pharmacodynamic activity; hence, appropriate chemical modification methods can be selected according to the unique structural characteristics of polysaccharides to assist in enhancing and promoting the presentation of their biological activities. This review summarizes research progress on modified polysaccharides, including common chemical modification methods, the change in biological activity following modification, and the factors affecting the biological activity of chemically modified polysaccharides. At the same time, the difficulties and challenges associated with the structural modification of natural polysaccharides are also outlined in this review. Thus, research on polysaccharide structure modification is critical for improving the development and utilization of sugar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; (T.L.); (Q.R.); (S.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qianqian Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; (T.L.); (Q.R.); (S.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; (T.L.); (Q.R.); (S.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jianing Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; (T.L.); (Q.R.); (S.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Congcong Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; (T.L.); (Q.R.); (S.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; (T.L.); (Q.R.); (S.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yanhong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; (T.L.); (Q.R.); (S.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Feng Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; (T.L.); (Q.R.); (S.W.); (J.G.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
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23
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Fernandes PAR, Coimbra MA. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides: A structure-function relationship overview. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 314:120965. [PMID: 37173007 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, polysaccharides have been linked to antioxidant effects using both in vitro chemical and biological models. The reported structures, claimed to act as antioxidants, comprise chitosan, pectic polysaccharides, glucans, mannoproteins, alginates, fucoidans, and many others of all type of biological sources. The structural features linked to the antioxidant action include the polysaccharide charge, molecular weight, and the occurrence of non-carbohydrate substituents. The establishment of structure/function relationships can be, however, biased by secondary phenomena that tailor polysaccharides behavior in antioxidant systems. In this sense, this review confronts some basic concepts of polysaccharides chemistry with the current claim of carbohydrates as antioxidants. It critically discusses how the fine structure and properties of polysaccharides can define polysaccharides as antioxidants. Polysaccharides antioxidant action is highly dependent on their solubility, sugar ring structure, molecular weight, occurrence of positive or negatively charged groups, protein moieties and covalently linked phenolic compounds. However, the occurrence of phenolic compounds and protein as contaminants leads to misleading results in methodologies often used for screening and characterization purposes, as well as in vivo models. Despite falling in the concept of antioxidants, the role of polysaccharides must be well defined according with the matrices where they are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A R Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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24
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Qiu T, Shi Y, He M, Wang W, Meng J, Ding J, Wang W, Li S, Li K, Liu J. Phosphorylated bush sophora root polysaccharides protect the liver in duck viral hepatitis by preserving mitochondrial function. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125419. [PMID: 37364809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to ascertain the mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of Bush sophora root polysaccharides (BSRPS) and phosphorylated Bush sophora root polysaccharides (pBSRPS) in the treatment of in duck viral hepatitis (DVH), an investigation was conducted to assess the protective impact of BSRPS and pBSRPS against duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) induced mitochondrial dysfunction both in vivo and vitro. The BSRPS underwent modification through the utilization of the sodium trimetaphosphate - sodium tripolyphosphate method, and was subsequently characterized though Fourier infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Following this, the degree of mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction was described through the use of fluorescence probes and various antioxidative enzyme assay kits. Furthermore, the utilization of transmission electron microscopy facilitated the observation of alterations in the mitochondrial ultrastructure within the liver tissue. Our findings demonstrated that both BSRPS and pBSRPS effectively mitigated mitochondrial oxidative stress and conserved mitochondrial functionality, as evidenced by heightened antioxidant enzyme activity, augmented ATP production, and stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential. Meanwhile, the histological and biochemical examinations revealed that the administration of BSRPS and pBSRPS resulted in a reduction of focal necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells, thereby mitigating liver injury. Additionally, both BSRPS and pBSRPS exhibited the ability to maintain liver mitochondrial membrane integrity and enhance the survival rate of ducklings infected with DHAV-1. Notably, pBSRPS demonstrated superior performance in all aspects of mitochondrial function compared to BSRPS. The findings indicated that maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is a crucial factor in DHAV-1 infections, and the administration of BSRPS and pBSRPS may mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and safeguard liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Qiu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yu Shi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Miao He
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jinwu Meng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jinxue Ding
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weiran Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Siya Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Jeewon R, Aullybux AA, Puchooa D, Nazurally N, Alrefaei AF, Zhang Y. Marine Microbial Polysaccharides: An Untapped Resource for Biotechnological Applications. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:420. [PMID: 37504951 PMCID: PMC10381399 DOI: 10.3390/md21070420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the largest habitat on Earth, the marine environment harbors various microorganisms of biotechnological potential. Indeed, microbial compounds, especially polysaccharides from marine species, have been attracting much attention for their applications within the medical, pharmaceutical, food, and other industries, with such interest largely stemming from the extensive structural and functional diversity displayed by these natural polymers. At the same time, the extreme conditions within the aquatic ecosystem (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity) may not only induce microorganisms to develop a unique metabolism but may also increase the likelihood of isolating novel polysaccharides with previously unreported characteristics. However, despite their potential, only a few microbial polysaccharides have actually reached the market, with even fewer being of marine origin. Through a synthesis of relevant literature, this review seeks to provide an overview of marine microbial polysaccharides, including their unique characteristics. In particular, their suitability for specific biotechnological applications and recent progress made will be highlighted before discussing the challenges that currently limit their study as well as their potential for wider applications. It is expected that this review will help to guide future research in the field of microbial polysaccharides, especially those of marine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aadil Ahmad Aullybux
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Daneshwar Puchooa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Nadeem Nazurally
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Ecology and Natural Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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Tan Z, Zhang Q, Zhao R, Huang T, Tian Y, Lin Y. A Comparative Study on the Effects of Different Sources of Carboxymethyl Poria Polysaccharides on the Repair of DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109034. [PMID: 37240380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide plays important anti-tumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory roles. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the healing impacts of two different sources of carboxymethyl poria polysaccharides [Carboxymethylat Poria Polysaccharides I (CMP I) and Carboxymethylat Poria Polysaccharides II (CMP II)] on ulcerative colitis in mice caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). All the mice were arbitrarily split into five groups (n = 6): (a) control (CTRL), (b) DSS, (c) SAZ (sulfasalazine), (d) CMP I, and (e) CMP II. The experiment lasted for 21 days, and the body weight and final colon length were monitored. A histological analysis of the mouse colon tissue was carried out using H&E staining to assess the degree of inflammatory infiltration. The levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-4 (IL-4)] and enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)] in the serum were examined using ELISA. Additionally, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was used to analyze the microorganisms in the colon. The results indicated that both CMP I and CMP II alleviated weight loss, colonic shortening, and inflammatory factor infestation in colonic tissues caused by DSS (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ELISA results revealed that both CMP I and CMP II reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MPO, and elevated the expression of IL-4 and SOD in the sera of the mice (p < 0.05). Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing showed that CMP I and CMP II increased the plenitude of microorganisms in the mouse colon relative to that in the DSS group. The results also indicated that the therapeutic effect of CMP I on DSS-induced colitis in the mice was superior to that of CMP II. This study demonstrated that carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide from Poria cocos had therapeutic effects on DSS-induced colitis in mice, with CMP I being more effective than CMP II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Tan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiaoyi Zhang
- Agricultural Bioengineering Institute, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rou Zhao
- Agricultural Bioengineering Institute, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Agricultural Bioengineering Institute, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Agricultural Bioengineering Institute, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuanshan Lin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Wang J, Wu W, Wang C, He S, Yu Z, Wu M, Wu Q. Application of carboxymethyl chitosan-based coating in fresh-cut apple preservation: Incorporation of guava leaf flavonoids and their noncovalent interaction study. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124668. [PMID: 37121413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) has antibacterial activity and coating-forming ability. Under the impact of noncovalent interactions, the bioactivity and functionality of CMCS may be positively affected by the coexistence of flavonoids. This study investigated the effect of a CMCS coating incorporated with flavonoids from guava (Psidium guajava L. cv. Carmine) leaf (GLF) on the refrigeration of fresh-cut apples for preservation. Compared with the CMCS group, apples treated with the CMCS-GLF coating showed better quality (weight loss, browning index, firmness), nutritional value (ascorbic acid and total phenolic content), and microbial safety during storage. The mechanism study indicated that the hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions between CMCS and GLF (the carboxymethyl moiety of CMCS had the highest response priority and binding strength of the interaction with -C-O of GLF) changed the surface charge distribution and microstructure of CMCS, and increased its molecular weight, particle size, viscosity, and hydrophobicity. Thus, the CMCS-GLF coating exerted better bioactivities (antibacterial and antioxidant activity), and its film showed better mechanical and barrier properties. These results revealed that the noncovalent interaction with GLF could modify the physiochemical properties of CMCS, which was beneficial to improve its bioactivity and application value in fresh fruit preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Shumin He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zuwei Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Muci Wu
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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28
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Zhang X, Liu D, Ye Z, Chen X, Chen H, Ye M. Gastroprotective effect of the Lachnum polysaccharide and polysaccharide-dipeptide conjugates against gastric ulcer. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113661. [PMID: 36803919 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Lachnum have many important biological activities. The LEP2a-dipeptide derivative (LAG) was obtained by carboxymethyl modification and alanyl-glutamine modification of LEP2a, an extracellular polysaccharide component of Lachnum. Mice with acute gastric ulcers were treated with 50 (low doses) and 150 (high doses) mg/kg, and their therapeutic effects were evaluated from the aspects of pathological damage to gastric tissue, oxidative stress response and inflammatory signal cascade reaction. High doses of LAG and LEP2a significantly inhibited pathological damage to the gastric mucosa, increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and decreased the levels of MDA, and MPO. LEP-2A and LAG could also inhibit the production of proinflammatory factors and reduce the inflammatory response. They significantly decreased the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, while upregulated the level of PGE2 at high doses. LAG and LEP2a inhibited the protein expression of p-JNK, p-ERK, p-P38, p-IKK, p-IKB α and p-NF-KBP65. LAG and LEP2a protect the gastric mucosa in mice with ulcers by improving oxidative stress, blocking the MAPK/NF-κB pathway and inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors, and the anti-ulcer activity of LAG is superior to that of LEP2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Anqing Vocational and Technical College, Anqing, 246003, China.
| | - Ziyang Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China.
| | - Ming Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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29
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Yu S, Duan M, Zeng R, Chen F, Zhong W, Sun J, Xu J, Li D, Zheng Y, Liu X, Pang J, Wu C. Preparation, characterization and biological activity of phosphorylated surface deacetylated chitin nanofibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123492. [PMID: 36736984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a key route to achieve varieties of biological activities for polysaccharides. Here, we report the phosphorylated surface deacetylated chitin nanofibers (PS-ChNFs) using the sodium tripolyphosphate/sodium trimetaphosphate (STPP/STMP) method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize in this study. Under optimal conditions, a maximum degree of substitution (DS) of 0.13 was obtained. In addition, the structures of PS-ChNFs were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy-mapping) EDS-mapping. The findings revealed that the FT-IR spectroscopy and XPS analysis confirmed the appearance of phosphate groups in PS-ChNFs. The 31P NMR results indicate that the PS-ChNFs structure has characteristic peaks of P elements. SEM images showed that PS-ChNFs had a rough surface with many cavities, but the P elements on the surface of the EDS-mapping are uniformly distributed throughout the sample without any enrichment. Antioxidant and antibacterial test showed that PS-ChNFs had significant scavenging effect on free radicals and antibacterial effect. The above results indicate that the chemical modification of PS-ChNFs was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Mengxia Duan
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ronghuai Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Fujie Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Weiquan Zhong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jishuai Sun
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingting Xu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Danjie Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yafeng Zheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jie Pang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Chunhua Wu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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30
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Laffargue T, Moulis C, Remaud-Simeon M. Phosphorylated polysaccharides: Applications, natural abundance, and new-to-nature structures generated by chemical and enzymatic functionalization. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108140. [PMID: 36958536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are foreseen as serious candidates for the future generation of polymers, as they are biosourced and biodegradable materials. Their functionalisation is an attractive way to modify their properties, thereby increasing their range of applications. Introduction of phosphate groups in polysaccharide chains for the stimulation of the immune system was first described in the nineteen seventies. Since then, the use of phosphorylated polysaccharides has been proposed in various domains, such as healthcare, water treatment, cosmetic, biomaterials, etc. These alternative usages capitalize on newly acquired physico-chemical or biological properties, leading to materials as diverse as flame-resistant agents or drug delivery systems. Phosphorylated polysaccharides are found in Nature and need to be extracted to assess their biological potential. However, they are not abundant, often present complex backbones hard to characterize, and most of them have a low phosphate content. These drawbacks have pushed forward the development of chemical phosphorylation employing a wide variety of phosphorylating agents to obtain polysaccharides with a large range of phosphate content. Chemical phosphorylation requires the use of harsh conditions and toxic, petroleum-based solvents, which hinders their exploitation in the food and health industry. Over the last 20 years, although enzymes are regiospecific catalysts that work in aqueous and mild conditions, enzymatic phosphorylation has been little investigated. To date, only three families of enzymes have been used for the in vitro phosphorylation of polysaccharides. Considering the number of unresolved metabolic pathways leading to phosphorylated polysaccharides, the huge diversity of kinase sequences, and the recent progress in protein engineering one can envision native and engineered kinases as promising tools for polysaccharide phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Laffargue
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Simeon
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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31
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Knight BM, Edgar KJ, De Yoreo JJ, Dove PM. Chitosan as a Canvas for Studies of Macromolecular Controls on CaCO 3 Biological Crystallization. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1078-1102. [PMID: 36853173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of how macromolecules, typically as an organic matrix, nucleate and grow crystals to produce functional biomineral structures remains elusive. Advances in structural biology indicate that polysaccharides (e.g., chitin) and negatively charged proteoglycans (due to carboxyl, sulfate, and phosphate groups) are ubiquitous in biocrystallization settings and play greater roles than currently recognized. This review highlights studies of CaCO3 crystallization onto chitinous materials and demonstrates that a broader understanding of macromolecular controls on mineralization has not emerged. With recent advances in biopolymer chemistry, it is now possible to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels with tailored functional group compositions. By deploying these characterized compounds in hypothesis-based studies of nucleation rate, quantitative relationships between energy barrier to crystallization, macromolecule composition, and solvent structuring can be determined. This foundational knowledge will help researchers understand composition-structure-function controls on mineralization in living systems and tune the designs of new materials for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M Knight
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Patricia M Dove
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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32
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Ying Y, Hao W. Immunomodulatory function and anti-tumor mechanism of natural polysaccharides: A review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147641. [PMID: 36969152 PMCID: PMC10035574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides extracted from natural resources have attracted extensive attention in biomedical research and pharmaceutical fields, due to their medical values in anti-tumor, immunomodulation, drug delivery, and many other aspects. At present, a variety of natural polysaccharides have been developed as adjuvant drugs in clinical application. Benefit from their structural variability, polysaccharides have great potential in regulating cellular signals. Some polysaccharides exert direct anti-tumor effects by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, while the majority of polysaccharides can regulate the host immune system and indirectly inhibit tumors by activating either non-specific or specific immune responses. As the essential of microenvironment in the process of tumor development has been gradually revealed, some polysaccharides were found to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells via tumoral niche modulation. Here, we focused on natural polysaccharides with biomedical application potential, reviewed the recent advancement in their immunomodulation function and highlighted the importance of their signaling transduction feature for the antitumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ying
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wu Hao
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Fang F, Sheng J, Guo Y, Wen J, Chen Z. Protection of H 2S against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury in Rat Hippocampal Neurons through Inhibiting Phosphorylation of ROCK 2 at Thr436 and Ser575. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:218. [PMID: 37259366 PMCID: PMC9966024 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H2S (hydrogen sulfide) protects cerebral vasodilatation and endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury via the inhibition of the RhoA-ROCK pathway and ROCK2 expression. However, the inhibitory mechanism of H2S on ROCK2 expression is still unclear. The study aimed to investigate the target and mechanism of H2S in inhibition of ROCK2. METHODS His-ROCK2wild protein was constructed, expressed, and was used for phosphorylation assay in vitro. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the potential phosphorylation sites of ROCK2. Recombinant ROCK2wild-pEGFP-N1, ROCK2T436A-pEGFP-N1, and ROCK2S575F-pEGFP-N1 plasmids were constructed and transfected into rat hippocampal neurons (RHNs). ROCK2 expression, cell viability, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), nerve-specific enolase (NSE), and Ca2+ were detected to evaluate the neuroprotective mechanism of H2S. RESULTS Phosphorylation at Thr436 and Ser575 of ROCK2 was observed by mass spectrometry when Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and protein kinase A (PKA) were added in vitro, and NaHS significantly inhibited phosphorylation at Thr436 and Ser575. Additionally, NaHS significantly inhibited the expression of ROCK2 and recombinant proteins GFP-ROCK2, GFP-ROCK2T436A, and GFP-ROCK2S575F in transfected RHNs. Compared with empty plasmid, GFP-ROCK2T436A, and GFP-ROCK2S575F groups, NaHS significantly inhibited the release of LDH, NSE, and Ca2+ and promoted ROCK2 activity in the GFP-ROCK2wild group. Thr436 and Ser575 may be dominant sites that mediate NaHS inhibition of ROCK2 protein activity in RHNs. Compared with the empty plasmid, GFP-ROCK2T436A, and the GFP-ROCK2S575F group, NaHS had more significant inhibitory effects on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury-induced cell viability reduction and increased LDH and NSE release in the GFP-ROCK2wild group. CONCLUSION Exogenous H2S protected the RHNs against H/R injury via Thr436 and Ser575 of ROCK2. These findings suggested that Thr436 and Ser575 may be the dominant sites that mediated the effect of NaHS on protecting RHNs against H/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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YAN YY, XU CY, YUAN S, SHI LY, ZHANG XF. Preparation and application of carboxymethylated and phosphatised Melaleuca polysaccharide. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.130022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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Dong Y, Wang T, Zhao J, Gan B, Feng R, Miao R. Polysaccharides Derived from Mushrooms in Immune and Antitumor Activity: A Review. Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:1-17. [PMID: 37560886 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023049062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are full of nutrition and have beneficial properties for human health. Polysaccharides are the main component of edible and medicinal mushrooms, especially β-glucans, which have attracted much more attention for their complex structure and diverse biological activities. Among all the diverse medicinal activities of mushroom polysaccharides, antitumor and immune-enhancing activities are two excellent bioactivities that have much more potential and deserve application. Their bioactivities are highly dependent on their structural features, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, degree of branching, type and configuration of glycosidic bonds, substituent pattern, and chain conformation. This review summarizes the current method for obtaining polysaccharides from mushrooms, chemical characterizations of the structures and their roles in immune and antitumor activities. In addition, the methods for preparation of the polysaccharide derivatives and the potential medicinal clinical application are also discussed in this review, which may provide new guidance for mushroom polysaccharide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Dong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food Physical Processing, International Joint Research Center for Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China; Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science & Technology Center (NASC), 9 Hupan West Road, Tianfu New Area, Chengdu, 610000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science & Technology Center (NASC), 9 Hupan West Road, Tianfu New Area, Chengdu, 610000 P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science & Technology Center (NASC), 9 Hupan West Road, Tianfu New Area, Chengdu, 610000, P.R. China
| | - Bingcheng Gan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science & Technology Center (NASC), 9 Hupan West Road, Tianfu New Area, Chengdu, 610000 P.R. China
| | - Rencai Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science & Technology Center (NASC), 9 Hupan West Road, Tianfu New Area, Chengdu, 610000, P.R. China
| | - Renyun Miao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science & Technology Center (NASC), 9 Hupan West Road, Tianfu New Area, Chengdu, 610000, P.R. China
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Le TA, Huynh TP. Current advances in the Chemical functionalization and Potential applications of Guar gum and its derivatives. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Antioxidant Activities of Natural Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives for Biomedical and Medicinal Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122491. [PMID: 36552700 PMCID: PMC9774958 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are closely related to in vivo oxidative stress caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Natural polysaccharides, as a kind of biomacromolecule with good biocompatibility, have been widely used in biomedical and medicinal applications due to their superior antioxidant properties. In this review, scientometric analysis of the highly cited papers in the Web of Science (WOS) database finds that antioxidant activity is the most widely studied and popular among pharmacological effects of natural polysaccharides. The antioxidant mechanisms of natural polysaccharides mainly contain the regulation of signal transduction pathways, the activation of enzymes, and the scavenging of free radicals. We continuously discuss the antioxidant activities of natural polysaccharides and their derivatives. At the same time, we summarize their applications in the field of pharmaceutics/drug delivery, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial food additives/packaging materials. Overall, this review provides up-to-date information for the further development and application of natural polysaccharides with antioxidant activities.
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Chemical Modification, Characterization, and Activity Changes of Land Plant Polysaccharides: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194161. [PMID: 36236108 PMCID: PMC9570684 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides are widely found in nature and have a variety of biological activities, including immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and antitumoral. Due to their low toxicity and easy absorption, they are widely used in the health food and pharmaceutical industries. However, low activity hinders the wide application. Chemical modification is an important method to improve plant polysaccharides' physical and chemical properties. Through chemical modification, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory abilities of polysaccharides were significantly improved. Some polysaccharides with poor water solubility also significantly improved their water solubility after modification. Chemical modification of plant polysaccharides has become an important research direction. Research on the modification of plant polysaccharides is currently increasing, but a review of the various modification studies is absent. This paper reviews the research progress of chemical modification (sulfation, phosphorylation, acetylation, selenization, and carboxymethylation modification) of land plant polysaccharides (excluding marine plant polysaccharides and fungi plant polysaccharides) during the period of January 2012-June 2022, including the preparation, characterization, and biological activity of modified polysaccharides. This study will provide a basis for the deep application of land plant polysaccharides in food, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals.
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Xue H, Wang W, Bian J, Gao Y, Hao Z, Tan J. Recent advances in medicinal and edible homologous polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structure, modification, and biological activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1110-1126. [PMID: 36181889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
110 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines can be used for medicine and food from Chinese pharmacopoeia in 2021. With the deepening of research in recent years, medicinal and edible homologous (MEH) traditional Chinese medicines have great development and application prospects in many fields. Polysaccharides are one of the major and representative pharmacologically active macromolecules in traditional Chinese medicines with MEH. Moreover, traditional Chinese medicines with MEH have become the main source of natural polysaccharides with safety, high efficiency, and low side effects. Increasing researches have confirmed that MEH polysaccharides (MEHPs) have multiple biological activities both in vitro and in vivo methods, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic activities, and regulating intestinal flora. Additionally, different raw materials, extraction, purification, and chemical modification methods result in differences in the structure and biological activities of MEHPs. The purpose of the present review is to provide comprehensively and systematically reorganized information in the extraction, purification, structure, modification, biological activities, and potential mechanism of MEHPs to support their therapeutic effects and health functions. New valuable insights and theoretical basis for the future researches and developments regarding MEHPs were proposed in the fields of medicine and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Xue
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jiayue Bian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuchao Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zitong Hao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- Medical Comprehensive Experimental Center, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China.
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Yue F, Zhang J, Xu J, Niu T, Lü X, Liu M. Effects of monosaccharide composition on quantitative analysis of total sugar content by phenol-sulfuric acid method. Front Nutr 2022; 9:963318. [PMID: 35983486 PMCID: PMC9378961 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.963318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenol-sulfuric acid method is one of the most common methods applied to the analysis of total sugar content during polysaccharides study. However, it was found that the results obtained from the phenol-sulfuric acid method was generally lower than the real total sugar content, especially when acidic monosaccharides were contained in the polysaccharides samples. Therefore, the present study focused to unveil the proposed problem. Based on the optimization of colorimetric conditions, such as optimal wave length of absorption, linearity range, color reaction time and temperature, it indicated that the phenol-sulfuric acid method was a convenient and accurate way for the total sugar content analysis. In addition, the color-rendering capabilities of 10 common monosaccharides were systematically analyzed to obtain a relative correction factor for each monosaccharide relative to glucose, which was proved to be the main reason for the deviation in the detection of total sugar content. Moreover, the key points during the application of phenol-sulfuric acid method were suggested. This study provides a scientific theoretical basis and a reliable experimental research method for the accurate determination of total sugar content by the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and which will also promote the application of this convenient method in the polysaccharides study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinrui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tengfei Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Manshun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Wang N, Kong Y, Li J, Hu Y, Li X, Jiang S, Dong C. Synthesis and application of phosphorylated saccharides in researching carbohydrate-based drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116806. [PMID: 35696797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated saccharides are valuable targets in glycochemistry and glycobiology, which play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes. The current research on phosphorylated saccharides primarily focuses on small molecule inhibitors, glycoconjugate vaccines and novel anti-tumour targeted drug carrier materials. It can maximise the pharmacological effects and reduce the toxicity risk caused by nonspecific off-target reactions of drug molecules. However, the number and types of natural phosphorylated saccharides are limited, and the complexity and heterogeneity of their structures after extraction and separation seriously restrict their applications in pharmaceutical development. The increasing demands for the research on these molecules have extensively promoted the development of carbohydrate synthesis. Numerous innovative synthetic methodologies have been reported regarding the continuous expansion of the potential building blocks, catalysts, and phosphorylation reagents. This review summarizes the latest methods for enzymatic and chemical synthesis of phosphorylated saccharides, emphasizing their breakthroughs in yield, reactivity, regioselectivity, and application scope. Additionally, the anti-bacterial, anti-tumour, immunoregulatory and other biological activities of some phosphorylated saccharides and their applications were also reviewed. Their structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action were discussed and the key phosphorylation characteristics, sites and extents responsible for observed biological activities were emphasised. This paper will provide a reference for the application of phosphorylated saccharide in the research of carbohydrate-based drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yuanfang Kong
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jieming Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yulong Hu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Shiqing Jiang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
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Qiu Z, Qiao Y, Zhang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Zheng Z. Bioactive polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from garlic (Allium sativum L.): Production, physicochemical and biological properties, and structure-function relationships. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3033-3095. [PMID: 35765769 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is a common food, and many of its biological functions are attributed to its components including functional carbohydrates. Garlic polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as main components are understudied but have future value due to the growing demand for bioactive polysaccharides/oligosaccharides from natural sources. Garlic polysaccharides have molecular weights of 1 × 103 to 2 × 106 Da, containing small amounts of pectins and fructooligosaccharides and large amounts of inulin-type fructans ((2→1)-linked β-d-Fruf backbones alone or with attached (2→6)-linked β-d-Fruf branched chains). This article provides a detailed review of research progress and identifies knowledge gaps in extraction, production, composition, molecular characteristics, structural features, physicochemical properties, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships of garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides. Whether the extraction processes, synthesis approaches, and modification methods established for other non-garlic polysaccharides are also effective for garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (to preserve their desired molecular structures and bioactivities) requires verification. The metabolic processes of ingested garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (as food ingredients/dietary supplements), their modes of action in healthy humans or populations with chronic conditions, and molecular/chain organization-bioactivity relationships remain unclear. Future research directions related to garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yiteng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Mutailifu P, Nuerxiati R, Lu C, Huojiaaihemaiti H, Abuduwaili A, Yili A. Extraction, purification, and characterization of polysaccharides from Alhagi pseudoalhagi with antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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44
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Tang Z, Huang G. Extraction, structure, and activity of polysaccharide from Radix astragali. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113015. [PMID: 35468585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix astragali polysaccharide (RAP) is a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide. It is an immune promoter and regulator, and has antivirus, antitumor, anti-aging, anti-radiation, anti-stress, anti-oxidation and other activitys. The extraction, separation, purification, structure, activity and modification of RAP were summarized. Some extraction methods of RAP had been introduced, and the separation and purification methods of RAP were reviewed, and the structure and activity of RAP were highly discussed. Current derivatization of RAP was outlined. Through the above discussion that the yield of crude polysaccharides from Radix astragali by enzyme-assisted extraction was significantly higher than that by other extraction methods, but each extraction method had different extraction effects under certain conditions, and the activity efficiency of RAP was also different. Therefore, it is particularly important to optimize the extraction method with known better yield for the study of RAP. In addition, the purification and separation of RAP are the key factors affecting the yield and activity of RAP. At the same time, there are still few studies on the derivatiration of Radix astragali polysaccharide, but the researches in this area are very important. RAP also has many important pharmacological effects on human body, but its practical application needs further study. Finally, studies on the structure-activity relationship of RAP still need to be carried out by many scholars. This review would provide some help for further researches on various important applications of RAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Tang
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Science and Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Science and Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Li Q, Li L, Li Q, Wang J, Nie S, Xie M. Influence of Natural Polysaccharides on Intestinal Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Overview. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081084. [PMID: 35454671 PMCID: PMC9029011 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased in recent years. Considering the potential side effects of conventional drugs, safe and efficient treatment methods for IBD are required urgently. Natural polysaccharides (NPs) have attracted considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents for IBD owing to their high efficiency, low toxicity, and wide range of biological activities. Intestinal microbiota and their fermentative products, mainly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are thought to mediate the effect of NPs in IBDs. This review explores the beneficial effects of NPs on IBD, with a special focus on the role of intestinal microbes. Intestinal microbiota exert alleviation effects via various mechanisms, such as increasing the intestinal immunity, anti-inflammatory activities, and intestinal barrier protection via microbiota-dependent and microbiota-independent strategies. The aim of this paper was to document evidence of NP–intestinal microbiota-associated IBD prevention, which would be helpful for guidance in the treatment and management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Q.L.); (L.L.); (S.N.); (M.X.)
| | - Linyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Q.L.); (L.L.); (S.N.); (M.X.)
| | - Qiqiong Li
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Junqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Q.L.); (L.L.); (S.N.); (M.X.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Q.L.); (L.L.); (S.N.); (M.X.)
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Q.L.); (L.L.); (S.N.); (M.X.)
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Qian S, Sheng Z, Meng Q, Chen L, Wu D, Tang J, Liu Y, Han Z, Hu W. Evaluation of a Novel Phosphorylated Red Dragon Fruit Peel Pectin for Enhancement of Thermal Stability and Functional Activity. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 77:150-154. [PMID: 35292935 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Red dragon fruit peel, as a fruit waste, is rich in plant-based nutritional pectins that can be applied as food additives. The present study aims to characterize a novel phosphorylated red dragon fruit peel pectin (PRDFP-P) and to explore its functional activities. The thermal analysis, morphology analysis, antibacterial, antioxidant and antitumor activities of PRDFP-P were evaluated. The results showed that the phosphorylated derivative PRDFP-P had typical phosphate groups. Compared with the native red dragon fruit peel pectin (PRDFP), PRDFP-P possessed superior thermal stability and exhibited significant inhibition effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the phosphate groups on the derivative PRDFP-P chains remarkably enhanced the scavenging ability of hydroxyl radicals and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. In addition, PRDFP-P showed a significant inhibition effect on growth of human hepatic carcinoma cells (HepG2) and the IC50 value was determined to be 248.69 μg/mL (P < 0.05). Our results suggested that the phosphorylated derivative PRDFP-P might be potentially applied as stabilizing, thickening and gelling agents with functional activities in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiquan Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaian, 223300, China.
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Zhangrui Sheng
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Qi Meng
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Jiwu Tang
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaian, 223300, China
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Zhenlian Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaian, 223300, China
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaian, 223300, China
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
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Qian S, Yu Y, Ma J, Diao E, Ye S, Gao J, Liu Y, Hu W. Evaluation of a novel phosphorylated corn straw xylan for enhancement of thermal stability, crystallinity and functional activity. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiquan Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation Huaiyin Normal University Huaian 223300 China
| | - Yuting Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation Huaiyin Normal University Huaian 223300 China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Life Sciences Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036 China
| | - Enjie Diao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation Huaiyin Normal University Huaian 223300 China
| | - Shijia Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation Huaiyin Normal University Huaian 223300 China
| | - Jiamin Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation Huaiyin Normal University Huaian 223300 China
| | - Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation Huaiyin Normal University Huaian 223300 China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation Huaiyin Normal University Huaian 223300 China
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