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Fathi-Karkan S, Sargazi S, Shojaei S, Farasati Far B, Mirinejad S, Cordani M, Khosravi A, Zarrabi A, Ghavami S. Biotin-functionalized nanoparticles: an overview of recent trends in cancer detection. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12750-12792. [PMID: 38899396 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00634h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical bio-sensing is a potent and efficient method for converting various biological recognition events into voltage, current, and impedance electrical signals. Biochemical sensors are now a common part of medical applications, such as detecting blood glucose levels, detecting food pathogens, and detecting specific cancers. As an exciting feature, bio-affinity couples, such as proteins with aptamers, ligands, paired nucleotides, and antibodies with antigens, are commonly used as bio-sensitive elements in electrochemical biosensors. Biotin-avidin interactions have been utilized for various purposes in recent years, such as targeting drugs, diagnosing clinically, labeling immunologically, biotechnology, biomedical engineering, and separating or purifying biomolecular compounds. The interaction between biotin and avidin is widely regarded as one of the most robust and reliable noncovalent interactions due to its high bi-affinity and ability to remain selective and accurate under various reaction conditions and bio-molecular attachments. More recently, there have been numerous attempts to develop electrochemical sensors to sense circulating cancer cells and the measurement of intracellular levels of protein thiols, formaldehyde, vitamin-targeted polymers, huwentoxin-I, anti-human antibodies, and a variety of tumor markers (including alpha-fetoprotein, epidermal growth factor receptor, prostate-specific Ag, carcinoembryonic Ag, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 15-3, etc.). Still, the non-specific binding of biotin to endogenous biotin-binding proteins present in biological samples can result in false-positive signals and hinder the accurate detection of cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes various categories of biotin-functional nanoparticles designed to detect such biomarkers and highlights some challenges in using them as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 94531-55166 Iran.
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 9414974877, Iran.
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Shirin Shojaei
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Farasati Far
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul 34959, Turkiye.
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkiye.
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, India
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320315, Taiwan
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Moaness M, Kamel AM, Salama A, Kamel R, Beherei HH, Mabrouk M. Fast skin healing chitosan/PEO hydrogels: In vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130950. [PMID: 38513911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to its outstanding qualities, particularly when it takes the shape of hydrogels, chitosan is a well-known biological macromolecule with many applications. When chitosan hydrogels are modified with other polymers, the desirable function as skin regeneration hydrogels is compromised; nevertheless, the mechanical properties can be improved, which is crucial for commercialization. In this study, for the first time, bimetallic zinc silver metal-organic frameworks (ZAg MOF) loaded with ascorbic acid were added to chitosan/polyethylene oxide (PEO) based interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels that were crosslinked with biotin to improve their antimicrobial activity, mechanical characteristics, and sustainable treatment of wounds. Significant changes in the microstructure, hydrophilicity level, and mechanical properties were noticed. Ascorbic acid release patterns were upregulated in an acidic environment pH (5.5) that mimics the initial wound pH. Impressive cell viability (98 %), antimicrobial properties, and almost full skin healing in a short time were achieved for the non-replaceable chitosan/PEO developed hydrogels. Enhancing the wound healing of the treated animals using the prepared CS/PEO hydrogel dressing was found to be a result of the inhibition of dermal inflammation via decreasing IL-1β, suppressing ECM degradation (MMP9), stimulating proliferation through upregulation of TGF-β and increasing ECM synthesis as it elevates collagen 1 and α-SMA contents. The findings support the implementation of developed hydrogels as antimicrobial hydrogels dressing for fast skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Moaness
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, PO Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amira M Kamel
- Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33El Bohouth St., Dokki, PO Box12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, PO Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab Kamel
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Beherei
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, PO Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, PO Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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Chen MM, Tang X, Li JJ, Chen FY, Jiang ZT, Fu R, Li HB, Hu XY, Geng WC, Guo DS. Active targeting tumor therapy using host-guest drug delivery system based on biotin functionalized azocalix[4]arene. J Control Release 2024; 368:691-702. [PMID: 38492860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Host-guest drug delivery systems (HGDDSs) provided a facile method for incorporating biomedical functions, including efficient drug-loading, passive targeting, and controlled drug release. However, developing HGDDSs with active targeting is hindered by the difficult functionalization of popular macrocycles. Herein, we report an active targeting HGDDS based on biotin-modified sulfonated azocalix[4]arene (Biotin-SAC4A) to efficiently deliver drug into cancer cells for improving anti-tumor effect. Biotin-SAC4A was synthesized by amide condensation and azo coupling. Biotin-SAC4A demonstrated hypoxia responsive targeting and active targeting through azo and biotin groups, respectively. DOX@Biotin-SAC4A, which was prepared by loading doxorubicin (DOX) in Biotin-SAC4A, was evaluated for tumor targeting and therapy in vitro and in vivo. DOX@Biotin-SAC4A formulation effectively killed cancer cells in vitro and more efficiently delivered DOX to the lesion than the similar formulation without active targeting. Therefore, DOX@Biotin-SAC4A significantly improved the in vivo anti-tumor effect of free DOX. The facilely prepared Biotin-SAC4A offers strong DOX complexation, active targeting, and hypoxia-triggered release, providing a favorable host for effective breast cancer chemotherapy in HGDDSs. Moreover, Biotin-SAC4A also has potential to deliver agents for other therapeutic modalities and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Chen
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xingchen Tang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Fang-Yuan Chen
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Ze-Tao Jiang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Rong Fu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xin-Yue Hu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Wen-Chao Geng
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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Chen Z, Wei X, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Gu W, Liao W, Zhang H, Wang X, Liu J, Li H, Xu W. Targeted co-delivery of curcumin and erlotinib by MoS 2 nanosheets for the combination of synergetic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy of lung cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:333. [PMID: 37717020 PMCID: PMC10505307 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin (Cur), a bioactive component of Chinese traditional medicine, has demonstrated inhibitory properties against cancer cell proliferation while synergistically enhancing the anticancer efficacy of erlotinib (Er). However, the individual limitations of both drugs, including poor aqueous solubility, lack of targeting ability, short half-life, etc., and their distinct pharmacokinetic profiles mitigate or eliminate their combined antitumor potential. RESULTS In this study, we developed a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-based delivery system, functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and biotin, and co-loaded with Cur and Er, to achieve efficient cancer therapy. The MoS2-PEG-Biotin-Cur/Er system effectively converted near-infrared (NIR) light into heat, thereby inducing direct photothermal ablation of cancer cells and promoting controlled release of Cur and Er. Biotin-mediated tumor targeting facilitated the selective accumulation of MoS2-PEG-Biotin-Cur/Er at the tumor site, thus enhancing the synergistic antitumor effects of Cur and Er. Remarkably, MoS2-PEG-Biotin-Cur/Er achieved the combination of synergistic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) upon NIR irradiation, effectively suppressing lung cancer cell proliferation and inhabiting tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The as-synthesized MoS2-PEG-Biotin-Cur/Er, featuring high targeting ability, NIR light-responsive drug release, and the integration of synergistic chemotherapy and PTT, may provide a promising strategy for the treatment of lung cancer in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihuai Chen
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Xinqi Wei
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Yunru Zheng
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Zongwei Zhang
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Wang Gu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
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Fadaei MR, Mohammadi M, Fadaei MS, Jaafari MR. The crossroad of nanovesicles and oral delivery of insulin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1387-1413. [PMID: 37791986 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2266992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is one of the challenging health problems worldwide. Multiple daily subcutaneous injection of insulin causes poor compliance in patients. Development of efficient oral formulations to improve the quality of life of such patients has been an important goal in pharmaceutical industry. However, due to serious issues such as low bioavailability and instability, it has not been achieved yet. AREAS COVERED Due to functional properties of the vesicles and the fact that hepatic-directed vesicles of insulin could reach the clinical phases, we focused on three main vesicular delivery systems for oral delivery of insulin: liposomes, niosomes, and polymersomes. Recent papers were thoroughly discussed to provide a broad overview of such oral delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION Although conventional liposomes are unstable in the presence of bile salts, their further modifications such as surface coating could increase their stability in the GI tract. Bilosomes showed good flexibility and stability in GI fluids. Also, niosomes were stable, but they could not induce significant hypoglycemia in animal studies. Although polymersomes were effective, they are expensive and there are some issues about their safety and industrial scale-up. Also, we believe that other modifications such as addition of a targeting agent or surface coating of the vesicles could significantly increase the bioavailability of insulin-loaded vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Fadaei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saleh Fadaei
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Taylor SK, Kostic N, Stojanovic MN. Oligonucleotide-Blocked Streptavidin for Biotinylation Analysis. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:92-96. [PMID: 36006852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Binding between streptavidin, or its homologues, to biotin is one of the most widely exploited biological interactions in the biomedical sciences. Controlling the extent of biotinylation is important for meeting the requirements of the intended design and to preserve the native function of the biotin recipient. Within the protein world, a"trial-and-error" optimization approach toward biotinylation reaction conditions is often necessary due to widely varying properties of proteins. Therefore, product analysis is important. We show here that a oligonucleotide-blocked streptavidin, effectively "monovalent streptavidin", can tag biotin moieties individually and the tagged products visualized via a polyacrylamide gel shift assay to reveal the product distribution, i.e., [protein-(biotin)n] products where n = 1, 2, 3, etc. This is in contrast, and complementary, to current commercially available analytical reagents for biotinylation characterization, which use an absorbance or fluorescence signal to yield the mean number of biotin moieties.
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Rogowski LW, Kim MJ. Spontaneous symmetry breaking propulsion of chemically coated magnetic microparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17646. [PMID: 36271100 PMCID: PMC9587300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemically coated micro/nanoparticles are often used in medicine to enhance drug delivery and increase drug up-take into specific areas of the body. Using a recently discovered spontaneous symmetry breaking propulsion mechanism, we demonstrate that chemically coated microparticles can swim through mucus solution under precise navigation and that certain functionalizations can dynamically change propulsion behavior. For this investigation biotin, Bitotin-PEG3-amine, and biotin chitosan were chemically functionalized onto the surfaces of magnetic microparticles using an avidin-biotin complex. These chemicals were chosen because they are used prolifically in drug delivery applications, with PEG and chitosan having well known mucoadhesive effects. Coated microparticles were then suspended in mucus synthesized from porcine stomach mucins and propelled using rotating magnetic fields. The relationship between different chemical coatings, microparticle velocity, and controllability were thoroughly explored and discussed. Results indicate that the biotinylated surface coatings altered the propulsion behavior of microparticles, with performance differences interlinked to both magnetic field properties and localized mucus properties. Precisely controlled drug carrying microparticles are envisioned to help supplant traditional drug delivery methods and enhance existing medical techniques utilizing micro/nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Jun Kim
- grid.263864.d0000 0004 1936 7929Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275 USA
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Synthesis of Hydroxypropyltrimethyl Ammonium Chitosan Derivatives Bearing Thioctate and the Potential for Antioxidant Application. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092682. [PMID: 35566038 PMCID: PMC9101115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) is one of the most important water-soluble chitosan derivatives; its derivatives have gained growing attention due to their potential biomedical applications. Here, hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chitosan derivatives bearing thioctate (HACTs), with different degrees of substitution of thioctate, were prepared using HACC and α-lipoic acid as the reaction precursors, using an ion exchange method. The structural characteristics of the synthesized derivatives were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. In addition, their antioxidant behaviors were also investigated in vitro by the assays of reducing power, and scavenging activities against hydroxyl radicals and DPPH radicals. The antioxidant assay indicated that HACTs displayed strong antioxidant activity compared with HACC, especially in terms of reducing power. Besides, the antioxidant activities of the prepared products were further enhanced with the increase in the test concentration and the degrees of substitution of thioctate. At the maximum test concentration of 1.60 mg/mL, the absorbance value at 700 nm of HACTs, under the test conditions, was 4.346 ± 0.296, while the absorbance value of HACC was 0.041 ± 0.007. The aforementioned results support the use of HACTs as antioxidant biomaterials in food and the biomedical field.
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