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Li Y, Ma L, Deng Y, Du Z, Guo B, Yue J, Liu X, Zhang Y. The Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway affects autophagy by adjusting DNA methyltransferases expression in a valproic acid-induced autism spectrum disorder model. Neuropharmacology 2023; 239:109682. [PMID: 37543138 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
As a pervasive neurodevelopmental disease, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is caused by both hereditary and environmental elements. Research has demonstrated the functions of the Notch pathway and DNA methylation in the etiology of ASD. DNA methyltransferases DNMT3 and DNMT1 are responsible for methylation establishment and maintenance, respectively. In this study, we aimed to explore the association of DNA methyltransferases with the Notch pathway in ASD. Our results showed Notch1 and Hes1 were upregulated, while DNMT3A and DNMT3B were downregulated at the protein level in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC) and cerebellum (CB) of VPA-induced ASD rats compared with Control (Con) group. However, the protein levels of DNMT3A and DNMT3B were augmented after treatment with 3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl-S-phenylglycine-2-butyl ester (DAPT), suggesting that abnormal Notch pathway activation may affect the expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Besides, our previous findings revealed that the Notch pathway may participate in development of ASD by influencing autophagy. Therefore, we hypothesized the Notch pathway adjusts autophagy and contributes to ASD by affecting DNA methyltransferases. Our current results showed that after receiving the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-2'dc), the VPA + DAPT+5-Aza-2'dc (V + D + Aza) group exhibited reduced social interaction ability and increased stereotyped behaviors, and decreased expression of DNMT3A, DNMT3B and autophagy-related proteins, but did not show changes in Notch1 and Hes1 protein levels. Our results indicated that the Notch1/Hes1 pathway may adjust DNMT3A and DNMT3B expression and subsequently affect autophagy in the occurrence of ASD, providing new insight into the pathogenesis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Li
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Liping Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Yanan Deng
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Ziwei Du
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Bingqian Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Jianing Yue
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Xianxian Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China.
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Maiese K. The impact of aging and oxidative stress in metabolic and nervous system disorders: programmed cell death and molecular signal transduction crosstalk. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273570. [PMID: 38022638 PMCID: PMC10663950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Life expectancy is increasing throughout the world and coincides with a rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially for metabolic disease that includes diabetes mellitus (DM) and neurodegenerative disorders. The debilitating effects of metabolic disorders influence the entire body and significantly affect the nervous system impacting greater than one billion people with disability in the peripheral nervous system as well as with cognitive loss, now the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. Metabolic disorders, such as DM, and neurologic disease remain a significant challenge for the treatment and care of individuals since present therapies may limit symptoms but do not halt overall disease progression. These clinical challenges to address the interplay between metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders warrant innovative strategies that can focus upon the underlying mechanisms of aging-related disorders, oxidative stress, cell senescence, and cell death. Programmed cell death pathways that involve autophagy, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis can play a critical role in metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders and oversee processes that include insulin resistance, β-cell function, mitochondrial integrity, reactive oxygen species release, and inflammatory cell activation. The silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) are novel targets that can oversee programmed cell death pathways tied to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), nicotinamide, apolipoprotein E (APOE), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) exposure with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and trophic factors, such as erythropoietin (EPO). The pathways of programmed cell death, SIRT1, AMPK, and WISP1 offer exciting prospects for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and nervous system function that can be compromised during aging-related disorders and lead to cognitive impairment, but these pathways have dual roles in determining the ultimate fate of cells and organ systems that warrant thoughtful insight into complex autofeedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Innovation and Commercialization, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Poddar NK, Khan A, Fatima F, Saxena A, Ghaley G, Khan S. Association of mTOR Pathway and Conformational Alterations in C-Reactive Protein in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Infections. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3815-3832. [PMID: 37665407 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory biomarkers have been very useful in detecting and monitoring inflammatory processes along with providing helpful information to select appropriate therapeutic strategies. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a nonspecific, but quite useful medical acute inflammatory biomarker and is associated with persistent chronic inflammatory processes. Several studies suggest that different levels of CRP are correlated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, dynamics of CRP levels have also been observed in virus/bacterial-related infections leading to inflammatory responses and this triggers mTOR-mediated pathways for neurodegeneration diseases. The biophysical structural transition from CRP to monomeric CRP (mCRP) and the significance of the ratio of CRP levels on the onset of symptoms associated with inflammatory response have been discussed. In addition, mTOR inhibitors act as immunomodulators by downregulating the expression of viral infection and can be explored as a potential therapy for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007.
| | - Arshma Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, 243123
| | - Falak Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India, 201301
| | - Anshulika Saxena
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007
| | - Garima Ghaley
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, 247554.
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Maiese K. Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:871. [PMID: 37508898 PMCID: PMC10376413 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost three million individuals suffer from multiple sclerosis (MS) throughout the world, a demyelinating disease in the nervous system with increased prevalence over the last five decades, and is now being recognized as one significant etiology of cognitive loss and dementia. Presently, disease modifying therapies can limit the rate of relapse and potentially reduce brain volume loss in patients with MS, but unfortunately cannot prevent disease progression or the onset of cognitive disability. Innovative strategies are therefore required to address areas of inflammation, immune cell activation, and cell survival that involve novel pathways of programmed cell death, mammalian forkhead transcription factors (FoxOs), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), and associated pathways with the apolipoprotein E (APOE-ε4) gene and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). These pathways are intertwined at multiple levels and can involve metabolic oversight with cellular metabolism dependent upon nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Insight into the mechanisms of these pathways can provide new avenues of discovery for the therapeutic treatment of dementia and loss in cognition that occurs during MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY 10022, USA
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Maiese K. Cellular Metabolism: A Fundamental Component of Degeneration in the Nervous System. Biomolecules 2023; 13:816. [PMID: 37238686 PMCID: PMC10216724 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that, at minimum, 500 million individuals suffer from cellular metabolic dysfunction, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), throughout the world. Even more concerning is the knowledge that metabolic disease is intimately tied to neurodegenerative disorders, affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as leading to dementia, the seventh leading cause of death. New and innovative therapeutic strategies that address cellular metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), growth factor signaling with erythropoietin (EPO), and risk factors such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE-ε4) gene and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can offer valuable insights for the clinical care and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders impacted by cellular metabolic disease. Critical insight into and modulation of these complex pathways are required since mTOR signaling pathways, such as AMPK activation, can improve memory retention in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and DM, promote healthy aging, facilitate clearance of β-amyloid (Aß) and tau in the brain, and control inflammation, but also may lead to cognitive loss and long-COVID syndrome through mechanisms that can include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytokine release, and APOE-ε4 if pathways such as autophagy and other mechanisms of programmed cell death are left unchecked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY 10022, USA
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Maiese K. Clinical Depression, the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), and Forkhead Transcription Factors (FoxOs). Curr Neurovasc Res 2023; 20:429-433. [PMID: 37767959 DOI: 10.2174/1567202620999230928124725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
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Mishra R, Haldar S, Biondi S, Bhari VK, Singh G, Bhowmick NA. TGF-β controls stromal telomere length through epigenetic modifications. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:290. [PMID: 36276465 PMCID: PMC9512944 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length is primarily controlled by the enzyme telomerase, but being chromatin structures, telomeres undergo epigenetic regulation for their maintenance and function. Altered telomere length among cancer cells combined with shorter telomere length in cancer-associated stromal cells, strongly implicated with progression to prostate cancer metastasis and cancer death and providing a novel target for therapeutics. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways are well-recognized for their role in stromal-epithelial interactions responsible for prostate androgen responsiveness, promoting tumorigenesis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We sought to establish a role for TGF-β in the regulation of telomere length in mouse and human prostate fibroblast. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based telomere length measuring methods are widely used due to their repeatability and reproducibility. Using real-time RT-PCR-based telomere length measuring method, we identified that TGF-beta regulates telomere length via increased expression of histone methyltransferase, Suv39h1, which in turn affected histone methylation levels at the telomeric ends. Moreover, treatment of DAPT and non-steroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide demonstrated that notch and androgen signaling co-operated with TGF-ß in regulating stromal telomere length. Telomere variation in tumor cells and non-tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment greatly facilitates the clinical assessment of prostate cancer; therefore, understanding stromal telomere length regulation mechanism will hold significant prospects for cancer treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03346-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, UP 208024 India
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Subhash Haldar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Gour Banga, Mokdumpur, West Bengal 732101 India
| | - Shea Biondi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Vikash Kumar Bhari
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007 India
| | - Gyanendra Singh
- Toxicology Department, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016 India
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Department of Research, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA 90073 USA
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Genetically modified mice for research on human diseases: A triumph for Biotechnology or a work in progress? THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetically modified mice are engineered as models for human diseases. These mouse models include inbred strains, mutants, gene knockouts, gene knockins, and ‘humanized’ mice. Each mouse model is engineered to mimic a specific disease based on a theory of the genetic basis of that disease. For example, to test the amyloid theory of Alzheimer’s disease, mice with amyloid precursor protein genes are engineered, and to test the tau theory, mice with tau genes are engineered. This paper discusses the importance of mouse models in basic research, drug discovery, and translational research, and examines the question of how to define the “best” mouse model of a disease. The critiques of animal models and the caveats in translating the results from animal models to the treatment of human disease are discussed. Since many diseases are heritable, multigenic, age-related and experience-dependent, resulting from multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, it will be essential to develop mouse models that reflect these genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors from a developmental perspective. Such models would provide further insight into disease emergence, progression and the ability to model two-hit and multi-hit theories of disease. The summary examines the biotechnology for creating genetically modified mice which reflect these factors and how they might be used to discover new treatments for complex human diseases such as cancers, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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