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Pan X, Li X, Wang Z, Ni Y, Wang Q. Nanolignin-Facilitated Robust Hydrogels. ACS NANO 2024; 18:24095-24104. [PMID: 39150717 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Recently, certain challenges and accompanying drawbacks have emerged in the preparation of high-strength and tough polymer hydrogels. Insights from wood science highlight the role of the intertwined molecular structure of lignin and crystalline cellulose in contributing to wood's strength. Herein, we immersed prestretched poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer hydrogels into a solution of nanosized lignosulfonate sodium (LS), a water-soluble anionic polyelectrolyte, to creatively reconstruct this similar structure at the molecular scale in hydrogels. The nanosized LS effectively fixed and bundled the prestretched PVA polymers while inducing the formation of dense crystalline domains within the polymer matrix. Consequently, the interwoven structure of crystalline PVA and LS conferred good strength to the composite hydrogels, exhibiting a tensile strength of up to ∼23 MPa, a fracture strain of ∼350%, Young's modulus of ∼17 MPa, toughness of ∼47 MJ/m3, and fracture energy of ∼42 kJ/m2. This hydrogel far outperformed previous hydrogels composed directly of lignin and PVA (tensile strength <1.5 MPa). Additionally, the composite hydrogels demonstrated excellent antifreezing properties (<-80 °C). Notably, the LS-assisted reconstruction technology offers opportunities for the secondary fixation of PVA hydrogel shapes and high-strength welding of hydrogel components. This work introduces an approach for the high-value utilization of LS, a green byproduct of pulp production. LS's profound biomimetic strategy will be applied in multifunctional hydrogel fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Pan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylon, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylon, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylon, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylon, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
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2
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Chen H, Chen Z, Hu Z. Recent advances in moisture-induced electricity generation based on wood lignocellulose: Preparation, properties, and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135258. [PMID: 39233166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Moisture-induced electricity generation (MEG), which can directly harvest electricity from moisture, is considered as an effective strategy for alleviating the growing energy crisis. Recently, tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing MEG active materials from wood lignocellulose (WLC) due to its excellent properties including environmental friendliness, sustainability, and biodegradability. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in MEG based on WLC (wood, cellulose, lignin, and woody biochar), covering its principles, preparation, performances, and applications. In detail, the basic working mechanisms of MEG are discussed, and the natural features of WLC and their significant advantages in the fabrication of MEG active materials are emphasized. Furthermore, the recent advances in WLC-based MEG for harvesting electrical energy from moisture are specifically discussed, together with their potential applications (sensors and power sources). Finally, the main challenges of current WLC-based MEG are presented, as well as the potential solutions or directions to develop highly efficient MEG from WLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Nature Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China.
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- School of Environmental and Nature Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Yachong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Environmental and Nature Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Environmental and Nature Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Zhijun Hu
- School of Environmental and Nature Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China.
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3
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Pan X, Pan J, Li X, Wang Z, Ni Y, Wang Q. Tough Supramolecular Hydrogels Crafted via Lignin-Induced Self-Assembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406671. [PMID: 38988151 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels are typically assembled through weak non-covalent interactions, posing a significant challenge in achieving ultra strength. Developing a higher strength based on molecular/nanoscale engineering concepts is a potential improvement strategy. Herein, a super-tough supramolecular hydrogel is assembled by gradually diffusing lignosulfonate sodium (LS) into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. Both simulations and analytical results indicate that the assembly and subsequent enhancement of the crosslinked network are primarily attributed to LS-induced formation and gradual densification of strong crystalline domains within the hydrogel. The optimized hydrogel exhibits impressive mechanical properties with tensile strength of ≈20 MPa, Young's modulus of ≈14 MPa, and toughness of ≈50 MJ m⁻3, making it the strongest lignin-PVA/polymer hydrogel known so far. Moreover, LS provides the supramolecular hydrogel with excellent low-temperature stability (<-60 °C), antibacterial, and UV-blocking capability (≈100%). Interestingly, the diffusion ability of LS is demonstrated for self-restructuring damaged supramolecular hydrogel, achieving 3D patterning on hydrogel surfaces, and enhancing the local strength of the freeze-thaw PVA hydrogel. The goal is to foster a versatile hydrogel platform by combining eco-friendly LS with biocompatible PVA, paving the way for innovation and interdisciplinarity in biomedicine, engineering materials, and forestry science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Pan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Pan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
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4
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Kim D, Eun J, Jeon S. Photothermally carbonized natural kelp for hydrovoltaic power generation. iScience 2024; 27:109848. [PMID: 38770142 PMCID: PMC11103375 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We have developed an eco-friendly and efficient method for hydrovoltaic power generation through carbonizing natural kelp, a hydrogel with abundant cations. Under ambient conditions, a CO2 laser beam was focused on the top surface of dried kelp, photothermally converting it into porous graphitic carbon (PGC) and reducing dissociable cations by thermal evaporation. Owing to the preservation of the bottom surface, this photothermal process yielded a PGC-hydrogel membrane (PHM) featuring a cation concentration gradient. With the introduction of deionized water to the intact region, the kelp hydrogel retained a considerable volume of water, creating a moist environment for the PGC. The cation concentration gradient facilitated a continuous migration of cations between the PGC and unaltered kelp, generating a voltage of 0.34 V and a current density of 49 μA/cm2. We demonstrated its practical applicability by turning on three light-emitting diodes using an array of eight PHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewoong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jakyung Eun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wu X, Qi Z, Yang K, Yang G, Cai H, Han X. Lignin reinforced tough, adhesive, and recoverable protein organohydrogels for wearable strain sensing under sub-zero temperatures. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130305. [PMID: 38382788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Protein-based hydrogels with promising biocompatibility and biodegradability have attracted considerable interest in areas of epidermal sensing, whereas, which are still difficult to synchronously possess high mechanical strength, self-adhesion, and recoverability. Hence, the bio-polymer lignosulfonate-reinforced gluten organohydrogels (GOHLx) are fabricated through green and simple food-making processes and the following solvent exchange with glycerol/water binary solution. Ascribing to the uniform distribution of lignosulfonate in gluten networks, as well as the noncovalent interactions (e.g., H-bond) between them, the resultant GOHLx exhibit favorable conductivity (∼14.3 × 10-4 S m-1), toughness (∼711.0 kJ m-3), self-adhesion (a maximal lap-shear strength of ∼33.5 kPa), high sensitivity (GF up to ∼3.04), and durability (∼3000 cycles) toward shape deformation, which are suitable for the detection of both drastic (e.g., elbow and wrist bending) and subtle (e.g., swallowing and speaking) human movements even under -20 °C. Furthermore, the GOHLx is also biocompatible, degradable, and recoverable (by a simple kneading process). Thus, this work may pave a simple, green, and cheap way to prepare all-biomass-based, tough, sticky, and recoverable protein-based organohydrogels for epidermal strain sensing even in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qi
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Keyan Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Guorui Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Hongzhen Cai
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo, 255000, China.
| | - Xiangsheng Han
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo, 255000, China.
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6
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Zhang Y, Tang Q, Zhou J, Zhao C, Li J, Wang H. Conductive and Eco-friendly Biomaterials-based Hydrogels for Noninvasive Epidermal Sensors: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:191-218. [PMID: 38052003 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
As noninvasive wearable electronic devices, epidermal sensors enable continuous, real-time, and remote monitoring of various human physiological parameters. Conductive biomaterials-based hydrogels as sensor matrix materials have good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and efficient stimulus response capabilities and are widely applied in motion monitoring, healthcare, and human-machine interaction. However, biomass hydrogel-based epidermal sensing devices still need excellent mechanical properties, prolonged stability, multifunctionality, and extensive practicality. Therefore, this paper reviews the common biomass hydrogel materials for epidermal sensing (proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, etc.) and the various types of noninvasive sensing devices (strain/pressure sensors, temperature sensors, glucose sensors, electrocardiograms, etc.). Moreover, this review focuses on the strategies of scholars to enhance sensor properties, such as strength, conductivity, stability, adhesion, and self-healing ability. This work will guide the preparation and optimization of high-performance biomaterials-based hydrogel epidermal sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qianhui Tang
- School of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Junyang Zhou
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chenghao Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Haiting Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
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7
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Hu F, Dong B, Zhao R, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Liu W, Yu D. Lignosulfonate sodium and ionic liquid synergistically promote tough hydrogels for intelligent wearable human-machine interaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127958. [PMID: 37951428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable devices are garnering significant interest, with conductive hydrogels emerging as a particularly notable category. While many of these hydrogels offer impressive conductivity, they often lack the innate ability to adhere autonomously to human skin. The ideal hydrogel should possess both superior adhesion properties and a wide responsive range. This study introduces a novel double-network conductive hydrogel, synthesized from lignosulfonate sodium and ionic liquid using a one-pot method. The gel's mechanical robustness (fracture elongation of ∼3500 % and tensile strength of ∼130 kPa) and exceptional conductivity sensing performance arise from the synergistic effects of electrostatic interactions, dynamic hydrogen bonding, and a three-dimensional network structure. Additionally, the phenolic hydroxyl and sulfonic groups from lignosulfonate sodium imbue the hydrogel with adhesive qualities, allowing it to easily bond with varied material surfaces. This hydrogel excels in human physiological signal detection and wireless monitoring, demonstrating a rapid response time (149 ms) and high sensitivity (a maximum gauge factor of 10.9 for strains between 400 and 600 %). Given these properties, the flexible, self-adhesive, and conductive hydrogel showcases immense promise for future applications in wearable devices and wireless transmission sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, China
| | - Baoting Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, China
| | - Fengshan Zhang
- Shandong Huatai Paper Co., Ltd. & Shandong Yellow Triangle Biotechnology Industry Research Institute Co. Ltd., Dongying, Shandong Province 257335, China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China.
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8
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Patel DK, Patil TV, Ganguly K, Dutta SD, Lim KT. Nanocellulose-assisted 3D-printable, transparent, bio-adhesive, conductive, and biocompatible hydrogels as sensors and moist electric generators. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120963. [PMID: 37230632 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transparent hydrogels have found increasing applications in wearable electronics, printable devices, and tissue engineering. Integrating desired properties, such as conductivity, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and sensitivity, in one hydrogel remains challenging. To address these challenges, multifunctional hydrogels of methacrylate chitosan, spherical nanocellulose, and β-glucan with distinct physicochemical characteristics were combined to develop multifunctional composite hydrogels. The nanocellulose facilitated the self-assembly of the hydrogel. The hydrogels exhibited good printability and adhesiveness. Compared with the pure methacrylated chitosan hydrogel, the composite hydrogels exhibited improved viscoelasticity, shape memory, and conductivity. The biocompatibility of the composite hydrogels was monitored using human bone marrow-derived stem cells. Their motion-sensing potential was analyzed on different parts of the human body. The composite hydrogels also possessed temperature-responsiveness and moisture-sensing abilities. These results suggest that the developed composite hydrogels demonstrate excellent potential to fabricate 3D-printable devices for sensing and moist electric generator applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Li X, Meng Y, Cheng Z, Li B. Research Progress and Prospect of Stimuli-Responsive Lignin Functional Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3372. [PMID: 37631428 PMCID: PMC10458107 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world's second most abundant renewable natural phenolic polymer after cellulose, lignin is an extremely complex, amorphous, highly cross-linked class of aromatic polyphenolic macromolecules. Due to its special aromatic structure, lignin is considered to be one of the most suitable candidates to replace fossil materials, thus the research on lignin functional materials has received extensive attention. Because lignin has stimuli-sensitive groups such as phenolic hydroxyl, hydroxyl, and carboxyl, the preparation of stimuli-responsive lignin-based functional materials by combining lignin with some stimuli-responsive polymers is a current research hotspot. Therefore, this article will review the research progress of stimuli-responsive lignin-based functional materials in order to guide the subsequent work. Firstly, we elaborate the source and preparation of lignin and various types of lignin pretreatment methods. We then sort out and discuss the preparation of lignin stimulus-responsive functional materials according to different stimuli (pH, light, temperature, ions, etc.). Finally, we further envision the scope and potential value of lignin stimulus-responsive functional materials for applications in actuators, optical coding, optical switches, solar photothermal converters, tissue engineering, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bin Li
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (Y.M.); (Z.C.)
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Chen C, Zheng N, Wu W, Tang M, Feng W, Zhang W, Li X, Jiang Y, Pang J, Min D, Fu L. Self-Adhesive and Conductive Dual-Network Polyacrylamide Hydrogels Reinforced by Aminated Lignin, Dopamine, and Biomass Carbon Aerogel for Ultrasensitive Pressure Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54127-54140. [PMID: 36413754 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have attracted extensive interest owing to its potential in soft robotics, electronic skin, and human monitoring. However, insufficient mechanical properties, lower adhesivity, and unsatisfactory conductivity seriously hinder potential applications in this emerging field. Herein, a highly elastic conductive hydrogel with a combination of favorable mechanical properties, self-adhesiveness, and excellent electrical performance was achieved by the synergistic effect of aminated lignin (AL), polydopamine (PDA), polyacrylamide (PAM) chains, and biomass carbon aerogel (C-SPF). In detail, AL was applied to induce slow oxidative polymerization of DA for preparing the sticky hydrogel containing PDA. Then, C-SPF carbon aerogel was used as a matrix to construct a dual-network structured composite hydrogel by combining with the hydrogels derived from PDA, AL, and PAM. The as-prepared conductive hydrogel displayed excellent mechanical performance, strong adhesive strength, and repeatable adhesivity. The prepared hydrogel-based pressure sensor possessed fast response (0.6 s loading and 0.8 s unloading stress time), high response (maximum RCR = 1.8 × 104), wide working pressure range (from 0 to 240.0 kPa), and excellent durability (stable 500 compression cycles with 30% deformation). In addition, the prepared sensor also displayed ultrahigh sensitivity (170 kPa-1), which was near 4 orders of magnitude higher than the conventional lignin-modified PAM hydrogels. The multiple interactions between hydrogel components and the mechanical properties of hydrogel were also verified by molecular dynamics investigation. Moreover, the excellent cytocompatibility and antibacterial activity of this composite hydrogel ensured high potential in various applications such as human/machine interaction, artificial intelligence, personal healthcare, and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhou Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning530004, China
| | - Na Zheng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning530004, China
| | - Weixin Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning530004, China
| | - Mengqi Tang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning530004, China
| | - Wenyao Feng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning530004, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning530004, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning530004, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning530004, China
| | - Jinhui Pang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao266042, China
| | - Douyong Min
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning530004, China
| | - Lianhua Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
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11
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Bonifacio MA, Cometa S, Cochis A, Scalzone A, Gentile P, Scalia AC, Rimondini L, Mastrorilli P, De Giglio E. A bioprintable gellan gum/lignin hydrogel: a smart and sustainable route for cartilage regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:336-346. [PMID: 35798077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work a hydrogel, based on a blend of two gellan gums with different acyl content embedding lignin (up to 0.4%w/v) and crosslinked with magnesium ions, was developed for cartilage regeneration. The physico-chemical characterizations established that no chemical interaction between lignin and polysaccharides was detected. Lignin achieved up to 80 % of ascorbic acid's radical scavenging activity in vitro on DPPH and ABTS radicals. Viability of hMSC onto hydrogel containing lignin resulted comparable to the lignin-free one (>70 % viable cells, p > 0.05). The presence of lignin improved the hMSC 3D-constructs chondrogenesis, bringing to a significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of the collagen type II, aggrecan and SOX 9 chondrogenic genes, and conferred bacteriostatic properties to the hydrogel, reducing the proliferation of S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Finally, cellularized 3D-constructs were manufactured via 3D-bioprinting confirming the processability of the formulation as a bioink and its unique biological features for creating a physiological milieu for cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Bonifacio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Cochis
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Annachiara Scalzone
- Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Alessandro C Scalia
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- DICATECh Department Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Elvira De Giglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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12
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Zaidi SFA, Kim YA, Saeed A, Sarwar N, Lee NE, Yoon DH, Lim B, Lee JH. Tannic acid modified antifreezing gelatin organohydrogel for low modulus, high toughness, and sensitive flexible strain sensor. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1665-1675. [PMID: 35487373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current hydrogel strain sensors have met assorted essential requirements of wearing comfort, mechanical toughness, and strain sensitivity. However, an increment in the toughness of a hydrogel usually leads to an increase in elastic moduli that could be unfavorable for wearing comfort. In addition, traits of biofriendly and sustainability require synthesis of the hydrogels from natural polymer-based networks. We propose a novel strategy to fabricate an ionic conductive organohydrogel from natural biological macromolecule "gelatin" and polyacid "tannic acid" to resolve these challenges. Tannic acid modified the structure of the gelatin network in the ionic conductive organohydrogels, that not only led to an increase in toughness accompanying a decrease in elastic moduli but also headed to higher strain sensitivity and tunability. The proposed methodology exhibited tunable tensile modulus from 27 to 13 kPa, tensile strength from 287 to 325 kPa, elongation at fracture from 510 to 620%, toughness from 500 to 550 kJ/m3, conductivity from 0.29 to 0.8 S/m, and strain sensitivity (GF = 1.4-6.5). Moreover, the proposed organohydrogel exhibited excellent freezing tolerance. This study provides a facile yet powerful strategy to tune the mechanical and electrical properties of organohydrogels which can be adapted to various wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Farrukh Alam Zaidi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 39161, Pakistan
| | - Yun Ah Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Aiman Saeed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nasir Sarwar
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Textile Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Faisalabad Campus) 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Yoon
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkwon Lim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Khan A, Kian LK, Jawaid M, Khan AAP, Marwani HM, Alotaibi MM, Asiri AM. Preparation and characterization of lignin/nano graphene oxide/styrene butadiene rubber composite for automobile tyre application. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:363-370. [PMID: 35240212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), is a synthetic polymer and the most abundantly used in the tire industry, which have good collaborative properties with additives and fillers. In present work, we aim to synthesize SBR composite having the properties of graphene oxide filler and made it to be biodegradable. In composite preparation, we fabricated styrene-butadiene rubber/graphene oxide/lignin composites by adding biodegradable biomolecule of lignin fillers at varying 1-3 wt% quantities amount. Those prepared SBR composites were characterized using advanced analysis techniques, and also their biodegradability was. From microscopy examination results, the morphology of pure SBR composite had been improved after the addition of graphene oxide, while the 1 wt% lignin filled SBR sample revealed well-integrated morphology with crest-and-trough-like feature, showcasing the lignin fibrils could strengthen the molecular interaction between graphene oxide nano sheet and SBR rubber. For 2 wt% lignin filled SBR sample, it exhibited large protuberants due to the aggregation effect of lignin fibrils. However, bulky and bundle structure of protuberant was more significantly formed in 3 wt% lignin filled SBR, as a result of poor interface between lignin and SBR rubber. The porosity had also been improved for 1 wt% lignin filled SBR sample, imparting it with great surface area to act as tire in automobile application. The physico-chemical analysis also detected the trace of graphene oxide and lignin functional groups in the SBR composite. In addition, the thermal analysis revealed those lignin-filled composites had stable heat tolerance behavior, which suitably used in extreme weather condition. Moreover, the 1 wt% lignin filled SBR sample exhibited good characteristics in both mechanical and biodegradable properties. Thus, the composite of 1 wt% lignin filled SBR could be regarded as a promising candidate for green tire application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lau Kia Kian
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi M Marwani
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Moteb Alotaibi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Fu C, Lin J, Tang Z, Chen L, Huang F, Kong F, Ni Y, Huang L. Design of asymmetric-adhesion lignin reinforced hydrogels with anti-interference for strain sensing and moist air induced electricity generator. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:104-110. [PMID: 34998868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flexible hydrogels with integration of excellent mechanical and electrical properties are well suited for applications as wearable electronic sensors, and others. Self-adhesion is an important feature of wearable sensors. However, the usual isotropic- adhesion hydrogels have the drawback of poor anti-interference, which negatively affects their applications. In this study, we developed asymmetric-adhesion and tough lignin reinforced hydrogels in a facile two-step process: 1) PAA hydrogels, with lignin as the binder and conductive filler, were first prepared; 2) the asymmetric-adhesion property was imparted to lignin reinforced hydrogel by simple soaking of the top portion of the hydrogel in CaCl2 solution. The as-obtained asymmetric-adhesion lignin reinforced hydrogel was assembled into a wearable sensor, which shows excellent anti-interference and accurate and stable collections of sensing signals, with its gauge factor (GF) of 2.51 (in the strain range of 0-51.5%). In addition, the tough hydrogel is capable of generating electricity upon moist air sweeping through it, showing excellent energy conversion capabilities, with open-circuit voltage of as high as 306.6 mV. These results provided new prospects for the application of polyelectrolyte hydrogel materials in the fields of wet-to-electric conversion and wearable electronic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Fu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Junkang Lin
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Tang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China.
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Liulian Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.
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15
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Mondal AK, Xu D, Wu S, Zou Q, Lin W, Huang F, Ni Y. High lignin containing hydrogels with excellent conducting, self-healing, antibacterial, dye adsorbing, sensing, moist-induced power generating and supercapacitance properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:48-61. [PMID: 35247419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we design a dynamic redox system of using high contents of lignosulfonate (LS) and Al3+ to prepare poly acrylic acid (PAA) (LS-g-PAA-Al) hydrogels. The presence of high LS and Al3+ contents, in combination with the effective Al3+ complexes formed, renders the resultant hydrogel with some unique attributes, including excellent ionic conductivity (as high as 7.38 S·m-1) and antibacterial activity; furthermore, a very fast gelation (in 1 min) was obtained. As a flexible strain sensor, the LS-g-PAA-Al hydrogel with high conductivity demonstrates superior sensitivity in human movement detection. In addition, the rich anionic hydrophilic groups, such as sulfonic groups, phenolic hydroxyl groups, in the hydrogels impart the resultant hydrogels with excellent adsorption capacity for cationic dyes: when using Rhodamine B (RB) as a model cationic dye, the adsorption capacity of the resultant hydrogel reaches 334.64 mg·g-1; as a moist-induced power generator, it generates maximum 150.5 mV open circuit voltage with moist air flow. When the hydrogel electrolyte is assembled into a supercapacitor assembly, it shows high specific capacitance of 245.4 F·g-1, with the maximum energy density of 21.8 Wh·kg-1, power density of 2.37 kW·kg-1, and capacitance retention of 95.1% after 5000 consecutive charge-discharge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Kanti Mondal
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Institute of Fuel Research and Development, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Dezhong Xu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qiuxia Zou
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Weijie Lin
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yonghao Ni
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton E3B 5A3, Canada.
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16
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Fu C, Yi Y, Lin J, Kong F, Chen L, Ni Y, Huang L. Lignin reinforced hydrogels with fast self-recovery, multi-functionalities via calcium ion bridging for flexible smart sensing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:226-233. [PMID: 34999036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have found applications in many different fields. However, poor mechanical properties, such as low elasticity and lack of rapid recovery under large deformation, can severely limit their applications. In this study, we developed lignin reinforced hydrogels made of calcium ion containing ternary polymers (lignosulfonate (LS), alginate (Alg), and polyacrylic acid (PAA)). The resultant hydrogel has excellent elasticity, rapid self-recovery, and multi-functionalities. The covalent PAA network acts as the elastic scaffold of hydrogel, while calcium bridging networks of LS, Alg, and PAA, as well as the strong hydrogen bonding network in the system, function as sacrifice bonds to dissipate energy and transfer stress. The PAA/LS/Alg/Ca hydrogels exhibit rapid and durable elastic recovery ability under large deformation with the highest compressive stress of 835 kPa (95% strain), highest tensile fracture stress of 357 kPa, and highest tensile strain of 1144%. In addition, these tough hydrogels show UV resistance, self-healing, antifreeze, and excellent electro-conductivity. When assembled into a strain sensor, stable and reliable electrical responses with 375 ms response time are demonstrated. The PAA/LS/Alg/Ca hydrogel strain sensors can monitor human movements with responsive and accurate physiological signals. These results support the conclusion that the PAA/LS/Alg/Ca hydrogel strain sensors have great application potential in flexible wearable electronics and smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Fu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yanbin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Junkang Lin
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton NBE3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Liulian Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.
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