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Lawal U, Kumar N, Samyuktha R, Gopi A, Robert V, Pugazhenthi G, Loganathan S, Valapa RB. Poly (lactic acid)/ amine grafted mesoporous silica-based composite for food packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134567. [PMID: 39116970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the development of environmentally friendly bio-composite films using poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a biopolymer matrix. This is achieved by incorporating amine functionalized green mesoporous silica (GMS) and employing a solution casting method for film fabrication. The motivation behind the work is to improve the compatibility between PLA and green mesoporous silica sourced from rice husk by functionalizing GMS with APTES (3-Aminopropyltriethoxy silane). The primary objective is to explore how the inclusion of GMS influences both the physicochemical attributes and the efficacy of active food packaging in PLA. The introduction of GMS to the PLA matrix not only improves the flexibility of PLA/GMS composite films but also enhances their overall performance. The reinforcement of GMS in the PLA matrix has also significantly contributed towards the reduction in oxygen transmittance rate and provided an anti-bacterial effect towards pathogen i.e. S. aureus and E. coli. The PLA/GMS composite films exhibit antioxidant activity acting as potential scavengers with around 78 % efficacy against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Consequently, the PLA/GMS composite formulation proposed in this study shows promising outcomes in terms of strength, flexibility, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial characteristics. Also, the PLA/GMS films extended the shelf life of cut apple samples for seven days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Lawal
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba, Nigeria
| | - Nishanth Kumar
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Samyuktha
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Akshai Gopi
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vijay Robert
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Pugazhenthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sravanthi Loganathan
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Ravi Babu Valapa
- Electrochemical Process Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Ye H, You T, Nawaz H, Xu F. A comprehensive review on polylactic acid/lignin composites - Structure, synthesis, performance, compatibilization, and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135886. [PMID: 39317276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Today, the world is facing a great problem of plastic pollution due to its non-degradable nature. Alternatively, polylactic acid (PLA), a bio-based and biodegradable polymer, is emerging as a promising substitute for conventional, non-biodegradable plastics. However, its high cost, limited properties, and single functionality hinder its wide application. Lignin, a natural and sustainable biomass derived from plant cell walls, has become a promising filler for PLA. The integration of lignin into PLA composites holds the potential to realize the trifecta of low cost, high performance, and multifunctional properties while maintaining the principles of biodegradation and sustainability. However, the poor compatibility between PLA and lignin severely affects their overall performance, which creates a major challenge for the development of PLA/lignin composites. In recent years, a significant of advancements have been achieved in addressing this challenge. In this review, we provide a systematic insight into PLA/lignin composites, focusing on numerous compatibilization strategies including physical addition and chemical modification, and the progress on the structural characteristics, synthesis methods, performance improvements brought by lignin, and multiple applications. Finally, the existing problems and developmental direction of PLA/lignin composites are discussed. We believe that this review can be useful for future research prospects and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Tingting You
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Soriano-Cuadrado B, Fontecha-Cámara MÁ, Mañas-Villar M, Delgado-Blanca I, Ramírez-Rodríguez MD. Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Study of Bio-Based PLA Composites Reinforced with Lignin-Rich Agri-Food Wastes for Their Valorization in Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2462. [PMID: 39274096 PMCID: PMC11397794 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the performance of different poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites incorporating agri-food waste additives and commercial lignin, comparing their properties with those of virgin PLA. The following composites were prepared using a single-screw extruder: PLA with 20% rice husk, PLA with 20% wheat straw and PLA with 20% olive pit. Additionally, PLA was blended with commercial lignin at the maximum feasible proportion using the same methodology. The resulting composites were injection-molded into specimens for analysis of their mechanical, thermal and morphological behavior. The primary objectives were to assess the dispersion of the additives within the PLA matrix and to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composites. The results indicate that the addition of high percentages of agricultural residues does not significantly compromise the mechanical properties of the composites. Notably, in the case of the PLA with 20% rice husk composite, the elastic modulus surpassed that of virgin PLA, despite the evident heterogeneity in filler particle sizes. It was feasible to incorporate a higher percentage of agricultural residues compared to commercial lignin, attributed to the larger volume occupied by the latter.
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Baniasadi H, Äkräs L, Madani Z, Silvenius F, Fazeli M, Lipponen S, Vapaavuori J, Seppälä J. Development and characterization of polylactic acid/starch biocomposites - From melt blending to preliminary life cycle assessment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135173. [PMID: 39214203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive analysis encompassing melt blending, characterization, life cycle assessment (LCA), and 3D printing of a range of polylactic acid (PLA)/starch biocomposites, with starch content varying from 0 to 50 wt%. To enhance compatibility between the starch particles and the PLA matrix, we utilized a solvent-free method to graft N-octadecyl isocyanate (ODI) molecules onto the surface of the starch particles, resulting in ODI-g-starch, which yielded several improved properties. Notably, toughness and elongation at break improved by approximately 170 % and 300 %, respectively. Moreover, the crystallinity increased from 11.6 % in plain PLA to 30.1 %, suggesting that the uniform dispersion of ODI-g-starch particles acted as nucleating sites for the crystallization of PLA chains. Additionally, viscosity decreased significantly with the introduction of ODI-g-starch particles, indicating their plasticizing effect, thereby enhancing the processability and ease of fabrication of the biocomposite. Crucially, our LCA analysis revealed a significant reduction in the carbon footprint of these biocomposites, up to 18 % and 63 %, compared to plain PLA and selected fossil-based plastics, respectively, upon the incorporation of ODI-g-starch. In summary, our research introduces the newly developed PLA/starch biocomposites as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to commercially available plain PLA and specific fossil-based plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Baniasadi
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Laura Äkräs
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Zahra Madani
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Frans Silvenius
- Bieconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mahyar Fazeli
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sami Lipponen
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jukka Seppälä
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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Alshammari S, Ameli A. Improved Performance of Polylactic Acid Biocomposites at High Lignin Loadings through Glycidyl Methacrylate Grafting of Melt-Flowable Organosolv Lignin. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:35937-35949. [PMID: 39184474 PMCID: PMC11339841 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was grafted onto a melt-flowable organosolv lignin, called bioleum (BL), using a melt mixing process. Then, up to 40 wt % of BL-g-GMA was blended with polylactic acid (PLA) in the presence of dicumyl peroxide as a free radical initiator utilizing a melt extrusion method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing were performed to characterize the biocomposites' performance. The FTIR results revealed a successful grafting of GMA onto BL. Overall, BL and PLA compatibility increased significantly with the grafting and resulted in decreased domain size of BL-g-GMA and thus enhanced all the tensile properties (strength, modulus, and elongation at break) at BL loadings as high as 40 wt %. For instance, in the biocomposites containing 30 wt % BL, the GMA grafting increased the tensile strength by 23%. The presence of BL and BL-g-GMA hindered PLA's crystallization even when it was cooled at a rate of 1 °C/min. However, the composites with BL-g-GMA showed a crystallinity value comparable to that of PLA during isothermal crystallization, but with a slower crystallization rate. This work reveals a facile and scalable method that can be adopted to enhance the performance of lignin-based biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shallal Alshammari
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Amir Ameli
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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Zhou Y, Shi K, Liu G, Sun H, Weng Y. Epoxidized Soybean Oil Toughened Poly(lactic acid)/Lignin-g-Poly(lauryl methacrylate) Bio-Composite Films with Potential Food Packaging Application. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2025. [PMID: 39065342 PMCID: PMC11280936 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of lignin as a filler for poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is limited by their poor interfacial adhesion. To address this challenge, lignin-graft-poly(lauryl methacrylate) (LG-g-PLMA) was first blended with poly (lactic acid), and then epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was also added to prepare PLA/LG-g-PLMA/ESO composite, which was subsequently hot pressed to prepare the composite films. The effect of ESO as a plasticizer on the thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties, as well as the fracture surface morphology of the PLA/LG-g-PLMA composite films, were investigated. It was found that the compatibility and toughness of the composites were improved by the addition of ESO. The elongation at break of the composites with an ESO content of 5 phr was increased from 5.6% to 104.6%, and the tensile toughness was increased from 4.1 MJ/m3 to 44.7 MJ/m3, as compared with the PLA/LG-g-PLMA composite without ESO addition. The toughening effect of ESO on composites is generally attributed to the plasticization effect of ESO, and the interaction between the epoxy groups of ESO and the terminal carboxyl groups of PLA. Furthermore, PLA/LG-g-PLMA/ESO composite films exhibited excellent UV barrier properties and an overall migration value below the permitted limit (10 mg/dm2), indicating that the thus-prepared biocomposite films might potentially be applied to environmentally friendly food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhou
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (K.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Kang Shi
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (K.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Guoshuai Liu
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (K.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (K.S.); (G.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (K.S.); (G.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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7
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Ma H, Yang Y, Xu Z, Liu X, Wang F, Qiao Y, Song Y. Innovative wearable solutions: Semi-releasing ion-conductive lignin hydrogel sensors for enhanced practicability. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132142. [PMID: 38719005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The severe negative effects of impurities adhering to the external surface of wearable devices can significantly influence the signal transmission, performance, and lifespan of hydrogel sensors. Herein, we developed an ion-conducting hydrogel sensor with a strong adhesive side and a non-adhesive side, similar to a "semi-releasing material." This hydrogel, formulated using deep eutectic solvents obtained from choline chloride and acrylic acid, contained lignin. This versatile material, exhibiting properties similar to semi-releasing materials, was treated with an AlCl3 solution on one side. Additionally, the hydrogel was successfully used as a highly adhesive strain sensor for real-time monitoring of various human activity signals. Moreover, the hydrogel demonstrated excellent environmental tolerance and conductivity. Lignin extracted from wood flour endowed the hydrogel sensor with excellent adhesion energy (up to 427.1 J/m2) and UV resistance. Treatment of hydrogels with AlCl3 completely eliminated their adhesiveness, thereby enhancing fracture elongation and tensile strength. This improvement can be attributed to the absence of carboxyl groups and the formation of a metal-phenolic network. The implementation of this convenient and efficient strategy provides a more feasible approach to address challenges related to impurity adhesion and signal transmission in flexible wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Ma
- College Of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yutong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xinru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Fengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yingjie Qiao
- College Of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China.
| | - Yongming Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Home and Art Design, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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Zhu J, Sun H, Yang B, Weng Y. Modified Biomass-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:336. [PMID: 38255504 PMCID: PMC10817700 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA), as a renewable and biodegradable green polymer material, is hailed as one of the most promising biopolymers capable of replacing petroleum-derived polymers for industrial applications. Nevertheless, its limited toughness, thermal stability, and barrier properties have restricted its extensive application. To address these drawbacks in PLA, research efforts have primarily focused on enhancing its properties through copolymerization, blending, and plasticization. Notably, the blending of modified biomass with PLA is expected not only to effectively improve its deficiencies but also to maintain its biodegradability, creating a fully green composite with substantial developmental prospects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of modified biomass-reinforced PLA, with an emphasis on the improvements in PLA's mechanical properties, thermal stability, and barrier properties achieved through modified cellulose, lignin, and starch. At the end of the article, a brief exploration of plasma modification of biomass is presented and provides a promising outlook for the application of reinforced PLA composite materials in the future. This review provides valuable insights regarding the path towards enhancing PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhu
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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9
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Taher MA, Wang X, Faridul Hasan KM, Miah MR, Zhu J, Chen J. Lignin Modification for Enhanced Performance of Polymer Composites. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5169-5192. [PMID: 38036466 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The biopolymer lignin, which is heterogeneous and abundant, is usually present in plant cell walls and gives them rigidity and strength. As a byproduct of the wood, paper, and pulp manufacturing industry, lignin ranks as the second most prevalent biopolymer worldwide, following cellulose. This review paper explores the extraction, modification, and prospective applications of lignin in various industries, including the enhancement of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers, biomedical applications such as vanillin production, fuel development, carbon fiber composites, and the creation of nanomaterials for food packaging and drug delivery. The structural characteristics of lignin remain undefined due to its origin, separation, and fragmentation processes. This comprehensive overview encompasses state-of-the-art techniques, potential applications, diverse extraction methods, chemical modifications, carbon fiber utilization, and the extraction of vanillin. Moreover, the review focuses on the utilization of lignin-modified polymer blends across multiple manufacturing sectors, providing insights into the advantages and limitations of this innovative approach for the development of environmentally friendly materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abu Taher
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | | | - Mohammad Raza Miah
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
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10
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Li K, Zhong W, Li P, Ren J, Jiang K, Wu W. Antibacterial mechanism of lignin and lignin-based antimicrobial materials in different fields. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126281. [PMID: 37572815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The control of microbial infection transmission often relies on the utilization of synthetic and metal-based antimicrobial agents. However, their non-biodegradability and inadequate disposal practices lead to significant environmental contamination. To address this concern, the quest for natural alternatives has gained paramount importance. Lignin, a widely available renewable aromatic compound, emerges as a promising candidate owing to its inherent phenolic moiety, which lends itself well to acting as a natural antimicrobial agent either independently or in combination with other agents. This article provides a comprehensive account of the structure and primary classes of lignin. Additionally, it elucidates the antimicrobial mechanism of lignin, the factors influencing its efficacy, and the methods employed for its detection. Moreover, it describes the progress made in developing the antimicrobial capacity of lignin in different areas. In conclusion, this paper not only outlines the current state of research on the antimicrobial function of lignin, but also identifies challenges and future possibilities for enhancing its antimicrobial properties. This work holds great significance in the ongoing endeavor to contribute to high-impact research on natural alternatives for controlling infections and fostering environmentally conscious practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongyan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianpeng Ren
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Kangjie Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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11
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Vasile C, Baican M. Lignins as Promising Renewable Biopolymers and Bioactive Compounds for High-Performance Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3177. [PMID: 37571069 PMCID: PMC10420922 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recycling of biomass into high-value-added materials requires important developments in research and technology to create a sustainable circular economy. Lignin, as a component of biomass, is a multipurpose aromatic polymer with a significant potential to be used as a renewable bioresource in many fields in which it acts both as promising biopolymer and bioactive compound. This comprehensive review gives brief insights into the recent research and technological trends on the potential of lignin development and utilization. It is divided into ten main sections, starting with an outlook on its diversity; main properties and possibilities to be used as a raw material for fuels, aromatic chemicals, plastics, or thermoset substitutes; and new developments in the use of lignin as a bioactive compound and in nanoparticles, hydrogels, 3D-printing-based lignin biomaterials, new sustainable biomaterials, and energy production and storage. In each section are presented recent developments in the preparation of lignin-based biomaterials, especially the green approaches to obtaining nanoparticles, hydrogels, and multifunctional materials as blends and bio(nano)composites; most suitable lignin type for each category of the envisaged products; main properties of the obtained lignin-based materials, etc. Different application categories of lignin within various sectors, which could provide completely sustainable energy conversion, such as in agriculture and environment protection, food packaging, biomedicine, and cosmetics, are also described. The medical and therapeutic potential of lignin-derived materials is evidenced in applications such as antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor agents; carriers for drug delivery systems with controlled/targeting drug release; tissue engineering and wound healing; and coatings, natural sunscreen, and surfactants. Lignin is mainly used for fuel, and, recently, studies highlighted more sustainable bioenergy production technologies, such as the supercapacitor electrode, photocatalysts, and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Vasile
- Romanian Academy, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, RO700487 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Baican
- “Grigore T. Popa” Medicine and Pharmacy University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences I Department, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physics, 16 University Street, RO700115 Iaşi, Romania;
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12
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Shi K, Liu G, Sun H, Weng Y. Polylactic Acid/Lignin Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2807. [PMID: 37447453 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the gradual depletion of petroleum resources and the increasing global awareness of environmental protection, biodegradable plastics are receiving more and more attention as a green substitute for traditional petroleum-based plastics. Poly (lactic acid) is considered to be the most promising biodegradable material because of its excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and good processability. However, the brittleness and high cost limit its application in more fields. Lignin, as the second largest renewable biopolymer in nature after cellulose, is not only rich in reserves and low in cost, but it also has an excellent UV barrier, antioxidant activity, and rigidity. The molecular structure of lignin contains a large number of functional groups, which are easy to endow with new functions by chemical modification. Currently, lignin is mostly treated as waste in industry, and the value-added utilization is insufficient. The combination of lignin and poly (lactic acid) can on the one hand solve the problems of the high cost of PLA and less efficient utilization of lignin; on the other hand, the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in compounding with biodegradable synthetic polymers is expected to afford high-performance wholly green polymer composites. This mini-review summarizes the latest research achievements of poly (lactic acid)/lignin composites. Emphasis was put on the influence of lignin on the mechanical properties of its composite with poly (lactic acid), as well as the compatibility of the two components. Future research on these green composites is also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guoshuai Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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13
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Makri SP, Xanthopoulou E, Valera MA, Mangas A, Marra G, Ruiz V, Koltsakidis S, Tzetzis D, Zoikis Karathanasis A, Deligkiozi I, Nikolaidis N, Bikiaris D, Terzopoulou Z. Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102386. [PMID: 37242959 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites with 0.5 wt% lignin or nanolignin were prepared with two different techniques: (a) conventional melt-mixing and (b) in situ Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP) by reactive processing. The ROP process was monitored by measuring the torque. The composites were synthesized rapidly using reactive processing that took under 20 min. When the catalyst amount was doubled, the reaction time was reduced to under 15 min. The dispersion, thermal transitions, mechanical properties, antioxidant activity, and optical properties of the resulting PLA-based composites were evaluated with SEM, DSC, nanoindentation, DPPH assay, and DRS spectroscopy. All reactive processing-prepared composites were characterized by means of SEM, GPC, and NMR to assess their morphology, molecular weight, and free lactide content. The benefits of the size reduction of lignin and the use of in situ ROP by reactive processing were demonstrated, as the reactive processing-produced nanolignin-containing composites had superior crystallization, mechanical, and antioxidant properties. These improvements were attributed to the participation of nanolignin in the ROP of lactide as a macroinitiator, resulting in PLA-grafted nanolignin particles that improved its dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P Makri
- Creative Nano PC, 43 Tatoiou, Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Xanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Miguel Angel Valera
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Mangas
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Giacomo Marra
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Ruiz
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Savvas Koltsakidis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 14 km Thessaloniki, 57001 N. Moudania, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tzetzis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 14 km Thessaloniki, 57001 N. Moudania, Greece
| | | | | | - Nikolaos Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Bang J, Kim JH, Park SW, Kim J, Jung M, Jung S, Kim JC, Choi IG, Kwak HW. Effect of chemically modified lignin addition on the physicochemical properties of PCL nanofibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124330. [PMID: 37023881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a chemically modified lignin additive was successfully prepared to improve the physicochemical properties of biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanofibers. The molecular weight and surface functional group characteristics of lignin were effectively controlled through a solvent fractionation process using ethanol. Then, PCL-g-lignin was successfully synthesized by using ethanol-fractionated lignin as a platform for the PCL grafting process. Finally, PCL/PCL-g-lignin composite nanofibers were simply prepared by adding PCL-g-lignin to the PCL doping solution and performing a solution blow spinning process. The addition of PCL-g-lignin could dramatically improve the physical and chemical properties of PCL nanofibers, and in particular, the tensile strength (0.28 MPa) increased by approximately 280 % compared to the conventional PCL. In addition, the lignin moiety present in PCL-g-lignin was able to impart UV blocking properties to PCL nanofibers, and as a result, it was possible to effectively suppress the photolysis phenomenon that occurred rapidly in existing PCL nanofibers. Therefore, PCL-g-lignin may be widely used not only as a reinforcing agent of existing biodegradable nanofibers but also as a functional additive for UV protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsik Bang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Park
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Minjung Jung
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seungoh Jung
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong Chan Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - In-Gyu Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kwak
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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15
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Lu X, Gu X. A review on lignin-based epoxy resins: Lignin effects on their synthesis and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:778-790. [PMID: 36603715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin can be used as a sustainable alternative to bisphenol A (BPA) to prepared lignin-based epoxy resins. Lignin effects including molecular weight, phenolic content, G/S unit ratio and flexible/rigid linkage ratio on epoxy synthesis and performance were summarized comprehensively. The incorporation of lignin with a higher molecular weight would lead to the higher rigidity of epoxy crosslinking network. Higher contents of ether bonds in lignin would provide higher structural flexibility of lignin incorporated epoxy thermosets. Lignin with higher contents of phenolic hydroxyls was more beneficial for improving the reactivity of its epoxy products after glycidylation. Due to the excellent charring capacity of lignin, higher contents of residue char can be produced at higher additions of lignin at high temperatures, while the loss of crosslinking density caused by the increasing lignin addition (especially for the macromolecular lignin) would deteriorate the thermal stability of their thermosets. Several applications of lignin-based epoxy resins were also mentioned based on their mechanical, thermal and chemical properties, such as coatings (with anticorrosion and UV-blocking), adhesives (with highly crosslinking network, excellent mechanical, and thermal properties) and flame retardants (with high charring capability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Zhou M, Fakayode OA, Ren M, Li H, Liang J, Zhou C. Green and sustainable extraction of lignin by deep eutectic solvent, its antioxidant activity, and applications in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:7201-7219. [PMID: 36815260 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2181762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, an amorphous biomacromolecule abundantly distributed in the plant kingdom, has gained considerable attention due to its intrinsic bioactivities and renewable nature. Owing to its polyphenolic structure, lignin has a variety of human health activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antitumor, and other activities. The extraction of lignin from various sources in a green and sustainable manner is critical in the food industry. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has recently been recognized as a class of safe and environmentally friendly media capable of efficiently extracting lignin. This article comprehensively reviews the recent advances in lignin extraction using DES, discusses the influential factors on the antioxidant activity of lignin, interprets the relationship between antioxidant activity and lignin structure, and overviews the applications of lignin in the food industry. We aim to highlight the advantages of DES in lignin extraction and valorization from the nutrition and food views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Olugbenga Abiola Fakayode
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Manni Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Haoxin Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Jiakang Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
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17
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Yan Y, He C, Zhang L, Dong H, Zhang X. Freeze-resistant, rapidly polymerizable, ionic conductive hydrogel induced by Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) after lignocellulose pretreatment for flexible sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:143-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Julinová M, Vaňharová L, Šašinková D, Kalendová A, Burešová I. Characterization and biodegradation of ternary blends of lignosulfonate/synthetic zeolite/polyvinylpyrrolidone for agricultural chemistry. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:110-122. [PMID: 35644317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates novel ternary polymer blends based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the matrix in combination with lignosulfonate and synthetic zeolite. The blends were prepared by the casting method, and their properties were analysed by various techniques, i.e. FTIR analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, including tests for water solubility and uptake, and determination of adhesion and hardness. The biodegradation of the blends in soil was also evaluated, and an experiment was conducted on plant growth (Sinapis alba). Optical microscopy showed that particles of the synthetic zeolite were relatively evenly distributed in the polymer matrix, forming random networks therein. The FTIR spectra for the blends proved that hydrogen bonding interactions had occurred between the PVP/synthetic zeolite and PVP/lignosulfonate. DSC analysis confirmed the good miscibility of the PVP and lignosulfonate. TGA results indicated that the thermal stability of the PVP was maintained. Lignosulfonate had the effect of reducing the adhesion of the blends. However, it was revealed that effect depends greatly on the presence of zeolite and the concentration of lignosulfonate. The obtained results showed that the optimal composition of the blend is 2.5 wt% of zeolite and 5 wt% of lignosulfonate into the PVP. Its water solubility and uptake was satisfactory from the perspective of handling and further utilization. A respirometric biodegradation test confirmed that the ternary blend was environmentally friendly, in addition to which a germination experiment evidenced that the lignosulfonate and synthetic zeolite promoted the root growth and development of S. alba. From these findings it was concluded that the novel ternary polymer blend was applicable as either as seed carriers (in the form of seed tapes) or as a biocompatible coating to protect seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Julinová
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Ovčírnou 3685, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Ludmila Vaňharová
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Ovčírnou 3685, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Šašinková
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Ovčírnou 3685, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kalendová
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavrečkova 275, 762 72 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Burešová
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Mostní 5139, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
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