Structural characterization of a low molecular weight Bletilla striata polysaccharide and antitumor activity on H22 tumor-bearing mice

Anti-liver cancer effects and mechanisms and its application in nano DDS of polysaccharides: A review

Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death, with high incidence and poor treatment effect. In recent years, polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention in the research field of anti-liver cancer because of their high efficiency, low toxicity, good biocompatibility, wide sources and low cost. Polysaccharides have been proven to have good anti-liver cancer activity. In this paper, the pathways and molecular mechanisms of polysaccharides against liver cancer were reviewed in detail. Polysaccharides exert anti-liver cancer activity by blocking cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, regulating immunity, inhibiting cancer cell metastasis, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and so on. The primary structure and chain conformation of polysaccharides have an important influence on their anti-liver cancer activity. Structural modification enhanced the anti-liver cancer activity of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides have good attenuated and synergistic effects on chemotherapy drugs. Polysaccharides can be used as functional carriers to construct intelligent nano drug delivery systems (DDS) targeting liver cancer. This review can provide theoretical support for the further development and application of polysaccharides in the field of anti-liver cancer, and provide theoretical reference and clues for relevant researchers in food, nutrition, medicine and other fields.

Structural characteristics and wound-healing effects of Bletilla striata fresh tuber polysaccharide

A homogeneous polysaccharide from Bletilla striata fresh tuber (BSPS) was prepared and extensively characterized using HP-GPC, colorimetry, FT-IR, methylation, GC-MS, NMR, Congo red experiment, SEM, and AFM. The molecular weight of BSPS was 722.90 kDa. BSPS consisted of glucose and mannose in the molar ratio of 1 : 2.5. BSPS had a linear chain structure consisting mainly of →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ and →4)-β-d-Manp-(1→ residues. O-acetyl group linked to C2 of →4)-β-d-Manp-(1→ residue. Its monosaccharide molar ratio, molecular weight, and O-acetyl substituted position were different from that of the polysaccharide from B. striata dried tuber reported previously. Furthermore, BSPS at concentrations of 3.125-25 μg/mL significantly promoted the viability (ca. 10%), differentiation (1.5-4 folds), migration (15%-70%), and invasion (1.84-4.65 folds) of C2C12 cells. Of note, BSPS remarkably accelerated the epidermal regeneration and wound healing in mice. This study for the first time reported the structure of polysaccharides in B. striata fresh tubers. The results demonstrated that BSPS could be explored as a novel natural wound-healing drug.

Self-assembled ROS-triggered Bletilla striata polysaccharide-releasing hydrogel dressing for inflammation-regulation and enhanced tissue-healing

The antimicrobial and pro-healing properties remain critical clinical objectives for skin wound management. However, the escalating problem of antibiotic overuse and the corresponding rise in bacterial resistance necessitates an urgent shift towards an antibiotic-free approach to antibacterial treatment. The quest for antimicrobial efficacy while accelerating wound healing without antibiotic treatment have emerged as innovative strategies in skin wound treatment. Here, a dual-function hydrogel with antimicrobial and enhanced tissue-healing properties was developed by utilizing cyclodextrin, ferrocene, polyethyleneimine (PEI), and Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP), through multiple non-covalent interactions, which can intelligently release BSP by recognizing the wound inflammatory microenvironment through the cyclodextrin-ferrocene unit. Moreover, the porosity (65 % - 85 %), Young's modulus (400 KPa - 140 KPa), and DPPH scavenge rate (18 % - 40 %) of the hydrogel are modulated by varying the BSP content. The hydrogel exhibits outstanding antibacterial properties (98.3 % reduction of Escherichia coli observed after exposure to HTFC@BSP-20 for 24 h) and favorable biocompatibility. Furthermore, in a rat full-thickness skin wound model, the dual-function hydrogel significantly accelerates wound healing, increased CD31 expression promotes vascular regeneration, reduced TNF-α express and inhibited the inflammation. This multifunctional ROS responsive hydrogel provides a new perspective for antibiotics-free treatment of skin injuries.

Chemical structure and immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide from Saposhnikoviae Radix

A new polysaccharide, named SP40015A01, was obtained from Saposhnikoviae Radix by water extraction, isolation and purification. SP40015A01 (9.7 × 105 Da) is composed of Rhamnose (Rha), Galacturonic acid (GalA), Galactose (Gal), and Arabinose (Ara) with the proportion of 1.6:85.6:5.8:7.6. The backbone of SP40015A01 is composed of 3-α-GalAp, 2-α-GalAp, 2,3-β-GalAp and 2,3-β-Galp, and branched at C3 of 2,3-β-GalAp, C3 of 2,3-β-Galp. Zebrafish experiments were used to explore the immunomodulatory activity of SP40015A01. Results showed that SP40015A01 could significantly improve the neutrophils density of immunocompromised zebrafish and reduce the content of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). This study demonstrated that SP40015A01 has significant immunomodulatory activity, which can improve the neutrophils density and reduce inflammatory factor content, suggesting SP40015A01 may be a potential immunomodulator in Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR) for treatment of hypoimmunity related disease. This study supplemented the research on the polysaccharide components in traditional Chinese medicine and provided a scientific explanation for the development and clinical applications of SR.

Structural characterization and innate immunomodulatory effect of glucomannan from Bletilla striata

The crude polysaccharide of Bletilla striata in this study was extracted by water extraction and alcohol precipitation and further purified by gel column to yield the purified component Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP). Its structure and innate immune regulation activity were studied. BSP mainly comprises mannose and glucose, with a monosaccharide molar ratio of 2.9:1 and a weight-average molecular weight of 28,365 Da. It is a new low-molecular-weight water-soluble neutral glucomannan. BSP contains a → 6)-β-Manp-(1→, →4)-β-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-Manp-(1 → and →3)-α-Manp-(1 → linear main chain, containing β-Glcp-(1 → and β-Manp-(1 → two branched chain fragments were connected to the Man residue at position 4. BSP can enhance the anti-infection ability of Caenorhabditis elegans against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, significantly improve the phagocytic ability of RAW264.7 macrophages, stimulate the secretion of NO and TNF-α, and have good innate immune regulation activity. These findings guide the use of Bletilla striata polysaccharides with immunomodulatory action.

Isolation, structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity on RAW264.7 cells of a novel exopolysaccharide of Dictyophora rubrovalvata

Fungal polysaccharides have been explored by many for both structural studies and biological activities, but few studies have been done on the extracellular polysaccharides of Dictyophora rubrovalvata, so a new exopolysaccharide was isolated from Dictyophora rubrovalvata and its structure and its immunological activity were investigated. The crude exopolysaccharide (EPS) was purified by DEAE52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 to obtain a new acidic polysaccharide (DR-EPS). DR-EPS (2.66 × 103 kDa) was consisted mainly of mannose, glucose, galactose and glucuronic acid with a molar ratio of 1: 0.86: 0.20: 0.01. In addition, DR-EPS increased the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells up to 2.67 times of the blank control group. DR-EPS improved intracellular nucleic acid and glycogen metabolism as observed by AO and PAS staining. DR-EPS(40 μg/mL) promoted NO production up to 30.66 μmol, enhanced acid phosphatase (ACP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, with activity maxima of 660 U/gprot and 96.27 U/mgprot, respectively, and DR-EPS (160 μg / mL) significantly increased the lysozyme content as 2.73 times of the control group. The good immunological activity of extracellular polysaccharides of Dictyophora rubrovalvata provides directions for the use of fermentation broths.

Self-healing, antioxidant, and antibacterial Bletilla striata polysaccharide-tannic acid dual dynamic crosslinked hydrogels for tissue adhesion and rapid hemostasis

Biomaterials capable of achieving effective sealing and hemostasis at moist wounds are in high demand in the clinical management of acute hemorrhage. Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP), a natural polysaccharide renowned for its hemostatic properties, holds promising applications in biomedical fields. In this study, a dual-dynamic-bonds crosslinked hydrogel was synthesized via a facile one-pot method utilizing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-borax as a matrix system, followed by the incorporation of BSP and tannic acid (TA). Chemical borate ester bonds formed around borax, coupled with multiple physical hydrogen bonds between BSP and other components, enhanced the mechanical properties and rapid self-healing capabilities. The catechol moieties in TA endowed the hydrogel with excellent adhesive strength of 30.2 kPa on the surface of wet tissues and facilitated easy removal without residue. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of TA and the preservation of the intrinsic properties of BSP, the hydrogel exhibited outstanding biocompatibility, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Moreover, it effectively halted acute bleeding within 31.3 s, resulting in blood loss of 15.6 % of that of the untreated group. As a superior hemostatic adhesive, the hydrogel in this study is poised to offer a novel solution for addressing future acute hemorrhage, wound healing, and other biomedical applications.

Structure elucidation and anticancer activity of a heteropolysaccharide from white tea

White tea, one of the six traditional teas in China, is made only through natural withering and low-temperature drying processes. It demonstrates diverse pharmacological and health-promoting effects, including antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and hypolipidemic activities. Despite the significance of polysaccharides in white tea leaves, their fine structure and physiological functions remain unexplored. In this study, the polysaccharide fragment WTP-80a with anticancer activity was isolated and purified from white tea through water extraction, alcohol precipitation, DEAE-52 ion exchange column chromatography, and sephacryl S-200 dextran gel column chromatography. WTP-80a exhibited a molecular weight of 1.14 × 105 Da and consisted of galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara), rhamnose (Rha), and glucuronic acid (Glc-UA). The main chain skeleton of WTP-80a contained 3,6)-β-Galp-(1→, 3)-α-Galp-(1→, 5)-α-Araf-(1 → and 3)-α-Glcp-UA-(1→. Branch chains included α-Araf-(1 → and β-Rhap-(1 → connected to the C3 and C6 positions of →3,6)-β-Galp-(1→, respectively. In vitro anticancer experiments revealed that WTP-80a effectively hindered the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of B16F10 cells. Additionally, it induced apoptosis in B16F10 cells by blocking the G2/M phase, increasing active oxygen content, and reducing mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation for the application of white tea polysaccharides as anticancer products.

Therapeutic Effects of Natural Products on Liver Cancer and Their Potential Mechanisms

Liver cancer ranks third globally among causes of cancer-related deaths, posing a significant public health challenge. However, current treatments are inadequate, prompting a growing demand for novel, safe, and effective therapies. Natural products (NPs) have emerged as promising candidates in drug development due to their diverse biological activities, low toxicity, and minimal side effects. This paper begins by reviewing existing treatment methods and drugs for liver cancer. It then summarizes the therapeutic effects of NPs sourced from various origins on liver cancer. Finally, we analyze the potential mechanisms of NPs in treating liver cancer, including inhibition of angiogenesis, migration, and invasion; regulation of the cell cycle; induction of apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis; influence on tumor metabolism; immune regulation; regulation of intestinal function; and regulation of key signaling pathways. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of NPs research in liver cancer treatment, offering a foundation for further development and application in pharmaceuticals and functional foods.

Structure of a polysaccharide MDP2-1 from Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. and its anti-inflammatory effects

The anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharides derived from Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. was evaluated in pyretic mice and HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 cells. The testing led to the identification of MDP2-1, which was then investigated for its structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory effects. Results showed that MDP2-1 had a molecular weight of 29.234 kDa and primarily consisted of galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid. Its main backbone was composed of →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →3,4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, →2,4)-α-D-GlcpA-(1→, and its side chains were connected by →4)-α-D-Galp-(1→, α-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, and α-L-Araf-(1→. In vivo experiments on mice demonstrated that MDP2-1 attenuated LPS-induced acute lung injury, and in vitro experiments on RAW264.7 cells showed that MDP2-1 reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators and mitigated LPS-induced inflammatory damage by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4 downstream NF-κB/MAPK pathway. These findings suggest that MDP2-1 is a novel anti-inflammatory agent for therapeutic interventions.

Integrated management of fruit trees and Bletilla striata: implications for soil nutrient profiles and microbial community structures

Introduction

Forest medicinal compound systems in agroforestry ecosystems represent a multi-layered cultivation approach that utilizes forest resources efficiently. However, research on how these systems affect soil nutrients and microbial communities is limited.

Methods

This study compared the soil chemical properties and microbial communities of Bletilla striata (C) grown alone versus in agroforestry systems with apple (PB), pear (LB), and peach trees (TB), aiming to understand the impact of these systems on soil health and microbial diversity.

Results

Soil in the GAB systems showed increased levels of essential nutrients but lower pH and ammonium nitrogen levels compared to the control. Significant improvements in organic matter, total phosphorus, and total potassium were observed in TB, PB, and LB systems, respectively. The bacterial diversity increased in GAB systems, with significant changes in microbial phyla indicative of a healthier soil ecosystem. The correlation between soil properties and bacterial communities was stronger than with fungal communities.

Discussion

Integrating B. striata with fruit trees enhances soil nutrients and microbial diversity but may lead to soil acidification. Adjustments such as using controlled-release fertilizers and soil amendments like lime could mitigate negative impacts, improving soil health in GAB systems.

Skin healthcare protection with antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis activity of polysaccharide purification from Bletilla striata

In this study, we investigated the structural characterization and biological activities of Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSPs) for their role as antioxidants and anti-melanogenesis agents in skin healthcare protection. Three neutral polysaccharides (BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3) with molecular weights of 269.121 kDa, 57.389 kDa, and 28.153 kDa were extracted and purified. Their structural characteristics were analyzed by ion chromatography, GC-MS, and 1D/2D NMR. The results showed that BSP-1, which constitutes the major part of BSPs, was composed of α-D-Glcp, β-D-Glcp, β-D-Manp, and 2-O-acetyl-β-D-Manp, with the branched-chain accompanied by β-D-Galp and α-D-Glcp. BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3 can enhance the total antioxidant capacity of skin fibroblasts with non-toxicity. Meanwhile, BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3 could significantly inhibit the proliferative activity of melanoma cells. Among them, BSP-1 and BSP-2 showed more significance in anti-melanogenesis, tyrosinase inhibition activity, and cell migration inhibition. BSPs have effective antioxidant capacity and anti-melanogenesis effects, which should be further emphasized and developed as skin protection components.

Structural characterization and prebiotic activity of Bletilla striata polysaccharide prepared by one-step fermentation with Bacillus Licheniformis BJ2022

Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BP) is one of the main active ingredients in Orchidaceae plant Bletilla striata. BP has a high molecular weight, high viscosity, and complex diffusion, which is not conducive to the absorption and utilization of the human body. For the first time, we produced fermented Bletilla striata polysaccharide (FBP) with a low polymerization degree using Bacillus licheniformis BJ2022 one-step fermentation. FBP was a neutral polysaccharide with the molecular weight of 6790 Da. It was composed of glucose and mannose at a molar ratio of 1:2.7. The glycosidic bonds of FBP were composed of β-1,4-linked mannose, β-1,4-linked glucose and β-1,6-linked mannose according to methylation and NMR analysis. Compared with BP, FBP has a lower viscosity and higher solubility. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that the surface of FBP was porous and honeycomb-like. The rheology properties of FBP solution were close to non-Newtonian fluid. Using in vitro fermentation, we proved that FBP could regulate human gut microbiota and significantly increase the content of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides. Our results suggested that Bacillus licheniformis fermentation significantly improved the physical and prebiotic properties of FBP. This study provides a new strategy for developing and utilizing Bletilla striata resources in China.

Dual properties of pharmacological activities and preparation excipient: Bletilla striata polysaccharides

Bletilla striata has been used for thousands of years and shows the functions of stopping bleeding, reducing swelling, and promoting healing in traditional applications. For Bletilla striata, Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSP) is the main active ingredient, exhibiting biological functions of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic, immune modulation, anti-glycation, and so on. In addition, BSP has exhibited the characteristics of excipient such as bio-adhesion, bio-degradability, and bio-safety and has been prepared into a series of preparations such as nanoparticles, microspheres, microneedles, hydrogels, etc. BSP, as both a drug and an excipient, has already aroused more and more attention. In this review, publications in recent years related to the extraction and identification, biological activities, and excipient application of BSP are reviewed. Specifically, we focused on the advances in the application of BSP as a formulation excipient. We hold opinion that BSP not only needed more researches in the mechanisms, but also the development into hydrogels, nano-formulations, tissue engineering, and so on. And we believe that this paper provides a beneficial reference for further BSP innovation and in-depth research and promotes the use of these natural products in pharmaceutical applications.

Hirsutella sinensis mycelium polysaccharides attenuate the TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells

Hirsutella sinensis is the anamorph of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, and its mycelia has been used to effectively treat a variety of hepatobiliary diseases in clinical practice. In the present study, we performed a systematic study on the composition and structure of its polysaccharides, and then employed a TGF-β1-induced human intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cell-epithelial-mesenchymal transition (HIBEC-EMT) model to investigate their effects on treating primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) based on hepatic bile duct fibrosis. Four polysaccharide fractions were obtained from H. sinensis mycelia by hot-water extraction, DEAE-cellulose column and gradient ethanol precipitation separation. HSWP-1a was an α-(1,4)-D-glucan; HSWP-1b and HSWP-1d mainly consisted of mannoglucans with a backbone composed of 1,4-linked α-D-Glcp and 1,4,6-linked α-D-Manp residues branched at O-6 of the 1,4-linked α-D-Glcp with a 1-linked α-D-Glcp as a side chain; and HSWP-1c mainly contained galactomannoglucans. These polysaccharide fractions protected HIBECs from a TGF-β1-induced EMT, according to HIBEC morphological changes, cell viability, decreased E-cadherin and ZO-1 expression, and increased vimentin and collagen I expression. Furthermore, the effects of the polysaccharides might be mediated by inhibiting the activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, which attenuated hepatic bile duct fibrosis and potential PBC effects.

Recent advances in natural polysaccharides against hepatocellular carcinoma: A review

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor of the digestive system that poses a serious threat to human life and health. Chemotherapeutic drugs commonly used in the clinic have limited efficacy and heavy adverse effects. Therefore, it is imperative to find effective and safe alternatives, and natural polysaccharides (NPs) fit the bill. This paper summarizes in detail the anti-HCC activity of NPs in vitro, animal and clinical trials. Furthermore, the addition of NPs can reduce the deleterious effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as immunotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, oxidative stress, etc. The potential mechanisms are related to induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, block of angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, stimulation of immune activity and targeting of MircoRNA. And on this basis, we further elucidate that the anti-HCC activity may be related to the monosaccharide composition, molecular weight (Mw), conformational features and structural modifications of NPs. In addition, due to its good physicochemical properties, it is widely used as a drug carrier in the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and small molecule components. This review provides a favorable theoretical basis for the application of the anti-HCC activity of NPs.

Structural Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis on Monosodium Urate-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages

The structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPs) were investigated. The study showed that TFPs were mainly composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, and fucose. TFPs significantly inhibited monosodium urate (MSU)-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells, as well as the secretion levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 cytokines. The concentrations of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species in RAW264.7 macrophages were reduced, but superoxide dismutase activity was increased. RNA-Seq technology was applied to explore the mechanisms of TFPs ameliorating MSU-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 macrophages. Results revealed that TFPs significantly reduce MSU-stimulated inflammatory damage in RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting signaling pathways like the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway and erythroblastic oncogene B (ErbB) signaling pathway. This study provides a foundation for TFPs to be developed as novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

Preclinical pharmacokinetics-related pharmacological effects of orally administered polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicines: A review

Polysaccharides (TCMPs) derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), such as Ganoderma lucidum, Astragalus membranaceus, Lycium barbarum, and Panax ginseng, are considered to be the main active constituents in TCMs. However, the significant pharmacological effects of orally administered TCMPs do not align well with their poor pharmacokinetics. This article aims to review the literature published mainly from 2010 to 2022, focusing on the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects. It has been found that unabsorbed TCMPs can exert local pharmacological effects in the gut, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, regulation of intestinal flora, modulation of intestinal immunity, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. Unabsorbed TCMPs can also produce systemic pharmacological effects, such as anti-tumor activity and immune system modulation, by regulating intestinal flora and immunity. Conversely, some TCMPs can be absorbed and distributed to various tissues, especially the liver, where they exhibit tissue-protecting effects against inflammation and oxidative stress-induced damage and improve glucose and lipid metabolism. In future studies, it is important to improve quality control and experimental design. Furthermore, research on enhancing the oral bioavailability of TCMPs, exploring the activity of TCMP metabolites, investigating pharmacokinetic interactions between TCMPs and oral drugs, and developing oral drug delivery systems using TCMPs holds great significance.

Exploring the partial degradation of polysaccharides: Structure, mechanism, bioactivities, and perspectives

Polysaccharides are promising biomolecules with lowtoxicity and diverse bioactivities in food processing and clinical drug development. However, an essential prerequisite for their applications is the fine structure characterization. Due to the complexity of polysaccharide structure, partial degradation is a powerful tool for fine structure analysis, which can effectively provide valid information on the structure of backbone and branching glycosidic fragments of complex polysaccharides. This review aims to conclude current methods of partial degradation employed for polysaccharide structural characterization, discuss the molecular mechanisms, and describe the molecular structure and solution properties of degraded polysaccharides. In addition, the effects of polysaccharide degradation on the conformational relationships between the molecular structure and bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities, are also discussed. Finally, we summarize the prospects and current challenges for the partial degradation of polysaccharides. This review will be of great value for the scientific elucidation of polysaccharide fine structures and potential applications.

Antitumor Activity of Carboxymethyl Pachymaran with Different Molecular Weights Based on Immunomodulatory and Gut Microbiota

Carboxymethyl pachymaran (CMP) was treated via high-temperature and cellulase hydrolysis to obtain HTCMP, HTEC-24, and HTEC-48. The chemical structure and in vivo antitumor activities of the four types of CMPs were investigated. Compared with CMP (787.9 kDa), the molecular weights of HTCMP, HTEC-24, and HTEC-48 were decreased to 429.8, 129.9, and 68.6 kDa, respectively. The viscosities and particle sizes of the CMPs could also decrease with the decline in the molecular weights. All the CMPs showed antitumor abilities, but HTEC-24 exhibited the best activity. In the animal study, when curing the spleen and thymus, CMPs displayed immunomodulatory effects by increasing the secretion of IFN-γ and IL2 in mice. The CMPs also exerted an antitumor ability by regulating the gut microbiota in tumor-bearing mice. Our results established a foundation to develop an antitumor drug with CMP.

Extraction, structural-activity relationships, bioactivities, and application prospects of Bletilla striata polysaccharides as ingredients for functional products: A review

Bletilla striata is a well-known medicinal plant with high pharmaceutical and ornamental values. Polysaccharide is the most important bioactive ingredient in B. striata and has various health benefits. Recently, B. striata polysaccharides (BSPs) have attracted much attention from industries and researchers due to their remarkable immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, gastroprotective, and liver protective effects. Despite the successful isolation and characterization of B. striata polysaccharides (BSPs), there is still limited knowledge regarding their structure-activity relationships (SARs), safety concerns, and applications, which hinders their full utilization and development. Herein, we provided an overview of the extraction, purification, and structural features, as well as the effects of different influencing factors on the components and structures of BSPs. We also highlighted and summarized the diversity of chemistry and structure, specificity of biological activity, and SARs of BSP. The challenges and opportunities of BSPs in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical fields are discussed, and the potential development and future study direction are scrutinized. This article provides comprehensive knowledge and underpinnings for further research and application of BSPs as therapeutic agents and multifunctional biomaterials.

Extraction, purification, structural characterization and biological activity of polysaccharides from Fritillaria: A review

Fritillaria is a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) with a history of thousands of years. Fritillaria always contain saponins, alkaloids, amino acids, flavones, and polysaccharides. Among them, Fritillaria polysaccharide has a variety of biological activities. Its anti-inflammatory and antiaging activities are new study hotspots. The extraction, purification, quantitative determination, monosaccharide composition, and biological activity of Fritillaria polysaccharides have been examined for several years in an attempt to identify the active components and understand the pharmacological process. In this review, ample original publications related to the distribution, extraction, purification, quantitative determination, monosaccharide composition and biological activities of Fritillaria until 2023 were searched and collected by using various literature databases. Databases included the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP database, Wan Fang database, PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science database, as well as the classic Chinese medical books and PhD and MSc theses. The properties and outcomes of various extractions, purifications, quantitative determination methods, monosaccharide compositions, and biological activities of Fritillaria polysaccharides are discussed here. Additionally, we summarize the research potential of Fritillaria polysaccharide and identify promising research direction candidates.

Structure characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide from Saposhnikoviae Radix

A new polysaccharide, named SP800201 with Mw of 2.17 × 10⁵ g/mol, was isolated from Saposhnikoviae Radix. The monosaccharide composition of SP800201 mainly contained Gal, GalA, Ara, and Rha. SP800201 has a core structure containing GalA as the backbone and side chains consisting of GalA, Gal, Ara and Rha. Cell and zebrafish experiments were used to explore the immunomodulatory activity of SP800201. Results of vitro RAW264.7 cell experiments showed that SP800201 could significantly improve the proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophages, and promote the release of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Results of vivo experiments in immunocompromised zebrafish showed that SP800201 could also significantly increase the density of immune cells, the number of macrophages, and reduce NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The above results showed that the Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharide has certain immunomodulatory activity.

Purification, structure identification and immune activity of a neutral polysaccharide from Cynanchum Auriculatum

The crude polysaccharides CAPS and CAP of Cynanchum Auriculatum, which were prepared by degrading starch by single-enzymatic method (α-amylase) and double-enzymatic method (α-amylase and glucoamylase) respectively, were compared. CAP had good water solubility and higher non-starch polysaccharide content. A homogeneous neutral polysaccharide CAPW, with the degree of acetylation about 17 %, was obtained from CAP by anion exchange column chromatography. Its detailed structure was identified by various methods. CAPW, with the weight average molecular weight of 8.4 kDa, was composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 1.27:1.00:0.25:0.10:1.16. The backbone included β-1,4-Manp, β-1,4,6-Manp, β-1,4-Glcp and β-1,4,6-Glcp residues, with branches at the O-6 position of β-1,4,6-Manp and β-1,4,6-Glcp residues, consisting of α-T-Araf, α-1,5-Araf, α-1,2,5-Araf, α-1,3,5-Araf, T-Xylp,1,4-Xylp, β-T-Manp and β-T-Galp residues. In vitro immunological experiments suggested that CAP-W improved the phagocytic ability of macrophages, stimulated the release of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 from RAW264.7 cells, promoted the expression of NF-κB and caused nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65.

Structural characteristics of a novel Bletilla striata polysaccharide and its activities for the alleviation of liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis has proven to be the main predisposing factor for liver cirrhosis and liver cancer; however, an effective treatment remains elusive. Polysaccharides, with low toxicity and a wide range of bioactivities, are strong potential candidates for anti-hepatic fibrosis applications. For this study, a new low molecular weight neutral polysaccharide (B. striata glucomannan (BSP)) was extracted and purified from Bletilla striata. The structure of BSP was characterized and its activities for alleviating liver fibrosis in vivo were further evaluated. The results revealed that the structural unit of BSP was likely →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-2ace-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 4)-β-D-3ace-Manp-(1→, with a molecular weight of only 58.5 kDa. Additionally, BSP was observed to attenuate the passive impacts of liver fibrosis in a manner closely related to TLR2/TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway conduction. In summary, the results of this study provide theoretical foundations for the potential applications of BSP as an anti-liver fibrosis platform.

The protective effect and antitumor activity of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) polysaccharide on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in H22 tumor-bearing mice

Background: Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, also known as Fuzi in Chinese, has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for more than 2,000 years. In recent years, some traditional herbal compounds containing Fuzi have achieved positive clinical results in tumor treatment. And the polysaccharide isolated from Fuzi has attracted much attention as a potential immunomodulator. However, its immunomodulatory mechanism remains to be further studied. Aim of the study. Fuzi neutral polysaccharide (FNPS) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) were combined to treat Hepatoma 22 (H22) tumor-bearing mice, and its mechanism of ameliorating immunosuppression caused by CTX was studied. Methods: FNPS was isolated and purified. The molecular weight, functional groups, monosaccharide composition, and apparent morphology were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, ion chromatography and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Through the analysis of tumor, immune organs, and serum cytokine levels of H22 tumor-bearing mice, the immunomodulatory effect and the protective effect on immunosuppressive mice induced by CTX was evaluated. And the immunomodulatory activity of FNPS was further verified by macrophage functional experiments. Results: FNPS was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 0.008:0.017:0.018:0.908:0.048. Its molecular weight was 94 kDa. In vivo experiments showed that 200 mg mL^-1 FNPS could alleviate the suppression of immune organs and immune cells caused by CTX treatment, enhance the antitumor effect of CTX, increase the serum levels of Th1 immune-related pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), and decrease Th2 immune-related anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and tumor-related pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) in the chemotherapy mice. Functional experiments revealed that 25 μg mL^-1 FNPS could promote phagocytosis and proliferation of macrophages. When the concentration reached 50 μg mL^-1, it enhanced the migration activity. Conclusion: FNPS has the potential to alleviate the immunosuppressive effect of CTX by activating immune cells and promoting inflammation. It could be used as a potential auxiliary medication for liver cancer treatment.

Structural Characterization of an Alcohol-Soluble Polysaccharide from Bletilla striata and Antitumor Activities in Vivo and in Vitro

In general, Bletilla striata polysaccharides were mostly water-soluble. However, the structural property, immunomodulatory effects and antitumor activities of alcohol-soluble Bletilla striata polysaccharide were rarely reported. In this study, an alcohol-soluble Bletilla striata polysaccharide was firstly extracted, investigated the structural property and evaluated the antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. Results showed that BSAP was a low molecular weight polysaccharide (2.29×10⁴  Da) and consisted of glucose, xylose and mannose (molar ratio: 2.39 : 1.00 : 0.21). Animal experiments results suggested that BSAP could effectively inhibit the expansion of H22 solid tumors, protect thymus and spleen, improve macrophages, lymphocytes and NK cells activities and enhance lymphocyte subsets proportion, presenting a better immunological enhancement effect in vivo. Additionally, the results of cell experiments showed that BSAP had obvious antitumor effect in vitro, including inhibiting the proliferation of H22 cells and inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells. These results would provide theoretical basis and new ideas for the further development and utilization of BSAP in the biomedical field.

Arabinogalactan derived from Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. Alleviates cisplatin-induced acute intestinal injury in vitro and in vivo through IRE1α/JNK axis mediated apoptotic signaling pathways

Many dietary polysaccharides have been shown to protect against various harmful external stimuli by protecting the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Arabinogalactan (AG) is a high molecular weight polysaccharide composed of arabinose and galactose, which has good immunomodulatory, antioxidant and intestinal conditioning activities. Gastrointestinal injury caused by cisplatin (CP) is an inevitable damage during CP chemotherapy. This research explored the ameliorative effect of AG on cisplatin-induced intestinal toxicity and its possible molecular targets and mechanisms. The results showed that AG (200, 400 mg/kg) could significantly reverse the intestinal histopathological changes and oxidative stress injury caused by CP. Meantime, AG could target the IRE1α/JNK axis to inhibit the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and block the apoptotic cascade, thus reducing intestinal damage. In vitro, AG (10, 20, and 40 μg/mL) could regulate the IRE1α/JNK axis, inhibit apoptosis, and restore the antioxidant defense system damaged by CP to play a protective role in the intestine. In addition, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), a specific inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress, was used to verify that AG also affected protein expression levels by regulating the IRE1α/JNK pathway-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway, thereby alleviating CP-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction. Therefore, AG may be a potential drug to prevent CP-induced intestinal damage.

Isolation and Structural Characterization of Two Polysaccharides from Dracocephalum moldavica and Their Anti-Complementary Activity

The two novel polysaccharides, DMP-1 and DMP-2, with molecular weights of 4.1553×10⁵  kDa and 1.9764×10⁵  kDa, respectively, were isolated from Dracocephalum moldavica. The structural characterization indicated that DMP-1 and DMP-2 shared a similar backbone consisting of →5)-Araf-(1→, Manp-(1→, Glcp-(1→, →2)-Manp-(1→, →6)-Glcp-(1→ and →3,6)-Galp-(1→ with a different molar ratios and triple-helix structures with α- and β-type glycosidic bonds. The anti-complementary activity evaluation showed that DMP-1 and DMP-2 had strong complement inhibition through the classical pathway (CP), alternative pathway (AP) and lectin pathway (LP). Mechanistic studies indicated that DMP-1 can block the activation cascade of the complement system by targeting C2, C3, C5, C9, Factor B and Factor P, and that DMP-2 inhibited complement activation by blocking C2, C3, C4, C5, C9 and Factor B.