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Hu J, Chen Y, Lin M, Duan K, Xu M, Li T, Zhao Y, Lee BH, Deng H. Arginine-loaded globular BSAMA/fibrous GelMA biohybrid cryogels with multifunctional features and enhanced healing for soft gingival tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134932. [PMID: 39179087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Mucogingival surgery has been widely used in soft gingival tissue augmentation in which autografts are predominantly employed. However, the autografts face grand challenges, such as scarcity of palatal donor tissue and postoperative discomfort. Therefore, development of alternative soft tissue substitutes has been an imperative need. Here, we engineered an interconnected porous bovine serum albumin methacryloyl (BSAMA: B, as a drug carrier and antioxidant)/gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA: G, as a biocompatible collagen-like component)-based cryogel with L-Arginine (Arg) loaded as an angiogenic molecule, which could serve as a promising gingival tissue biohybrid scaffold. BG@Arg cryogels featured macroporous architecture, biodegradation, sponge-like properties, suturability, and sustained Arg release. Moreover, BG@Arg cryogels promoted vessel formation and collagen deposition which play an important role in tissue regeneration. Most interestingly, BG@Arg cryogels were found to enhance antioxidant effects. Finally, the therapeutic effect of BG@Arg on promoting tissue regeneration was confirmed in rat full-thickness skin and oral gingival defect models. In vivo results revealed that BG@Arg2 could promote better angiogenesis, more collagen production, and better modulation of inflammation, as compared to a commercial collagen membrane. These advantages might render BG@Arg cryogels a promising alternative to commercial collagen membrane products and possibly autografts for soft gingival tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Hu
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Mian Lin
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Kairui Duan
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Mengdie Xu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China
| | - Yueming Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China.
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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2
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Wang YY, Huang JP, Fu SL, Jiang Y, Chen T, Liu XY, Jin EW, Dong Y, Wang ZK, Ding PH. Collagen-based scaffolds with high wet-state cyclic compressibility for potential oral application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127193. [PMID: 37793517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue substitutes have been developed to treat gingival recessions to avoid a second surgical site. However, products of pure collagen for clinical application lack their original mechanical strengths and tend to degrade fast in vivo. In this study, a collagen-based scaffold crosslinked with oxidized sodium alginate (OSA-Col) was developed to promote mechanical properties. Compared with commercial products collagen matrix (CM) and collagen sponge (CS), OSA-Col scaffolds presented higher wet-state cyclic compressibility, early anti-degradation ability, similar hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. Furthermore, in the subcutaneous implantation experiment, OSA2-Col3 scaffolds showed better anti-degradation performance than CS scaffolds and superior neovascularization than CM scaffolds. These results demonstrated that OSA2-Col3 scaffolds had potential as a new soft tissue substitute for the treatment of gingival recessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China; Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, China
| | - Jia-Ping Huang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shu-Lei Fu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Tan Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - En-Wei Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yan Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zheng-Ke Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Pei-Hui Ding
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Tian Z, Zhao Z, Rausch MA, Behm C, Shokoohi-Tabrizi HA, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. In Vitro Investigation of Gelatin/Polycaprolactone Nanofibers in Modulating Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7508. [PMID: 38138649 PMCID: PMC10744501 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The aesthetic constancy and functional stability of periodontium largely depend on the presence of healthy mucogingival tissue. Soft tissue management is crucial to the success of periodontal surgery. Recently, synthetic substitute materials have been proposed to be used for soft tissue augmentation, but the tissue compatibility of these materials needs to be further investigated. This study aims to assess the in vitro responses of human gingival mesenchymal stromal cells (hG-MSCs) cultured on a Gelatin/Polycaprolactone prototype (GPP) and volume-stable collagen matrix (VSCM). hG-MSCs were cultured onto the GPP, VSCM, or plastic for 3, 7, and 14 days. The proliferation and/or viability were measured by cell counting kit-8 assay and resazurin-based toxicity assay. Cell morphology and adhesion were evaluated by microscopy. The gene expression of collagen type I, alpha1 (COL1A1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), integrin beta-1 (ITG-β1), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) was investigated by RT-qPCR. The levels of VEGF-A, TGF-β1, and IL-8 proteins in conditioned media were tested by ELISA. GPP improved both cell proliferation and viability compared to VSCM. The cells grown on GPP exhibited a distinct morphology and attachment performance. COL1A1, α-SMA, VEGF-A, FGF-2, and FAK were positively modulated in hG-MSCs on GPP at different investigation times. GPP increased the gene expression of TGF-β1 but had no effect on protein production. The level of ITG-β1 had no significant changes in cells seeded on GPP at 7 days. At 3 days, notable differences in VEGF-A, TGF-β1, and α-SMA expression levels were observed between cells seeded on GPP and those on VSCM. Meanwhile, GPP showed higher COL1A1 expression compared to VSCM after 14 days, whereas VSCM demonstrated a more significant upregulation in the production of IL-8. Taken together, our data suggest that GPP electrospun nanofibers have great potential as substitutes for soft tissue regeneration in successful periodontal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Tian
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Zhongqi Zhao
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Marco Aoqi Rausch
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
- Clinical Division of Orthodontics, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Behm
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Hassan Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi
- Core Facility Applied Physics, Laser and CAD/CAM Technology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria;
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria; (Z.T.); (Z.Z.); (M.A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Center for Clinical Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria;
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Duan K, Mehwish N, Xu M, Zhu H, Hu J, Lin M, Yu L, Lee BH. Autoclavable Albumin-Based Cryogels with Uncompromising Properties. Gels 2023; 9:712. [PMID: 37754393 PMCID: PMC10530076 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of autoclavable hydrogels has been driven by the need for materials that can withstand the rigors of sterilization without compromising their properties or functionality. Many conventional hydrogels cannot withstand autoclave treatment owing to the breakdown of their composition or structure under the high-temperature and high-pressure environment of autoclaving. Here, the effect of autoclaving on the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of bovine serum albumin methacryloyl (BSAMA) cryogels at three protein concentrations (3, 5, and 10%) was extensively studied. We found that BSAMA cryogels at three concentrations remained little changed after autoclaving in terms of gross shape, pore structure, and protein secondary structure. Young's modulus of autoclaved BSAMA cryogels (BSAMAA) at low concentrations (3 and 5%) was similar to that of BSAMA cryogels, whereas 10% BSAMAA exhibited a higher Young's modulus value, compared with 10% BSAMA. Interestingly, BSAMAA cryogels prolonged degradation. Importantly, cell viability, drug release, and hemolytic behaviors were found to be similar among the pre- and post-autoclaved cryogels. Above all, autoclaving proved to be more effective in sterilizing BSAMA cryogels from bacteria contamination than UV and ethanol treatments. Thus, autoclavable BSAMA cryogels with uncompromising properties would be useful for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Duan
- Postgraduate Training Base Alliance, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325011, China;
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China; (M.X.); (H.Z.); (J.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Nabila Mehwish
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China; (M.X.); (H.Z.); (J.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengdie Xu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China; (M.X.); (H.Z.); (J.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Hu Zhu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China; (M.X.); (H.Z.); (J.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Jiajun Hu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China; (M.X.); (H.Z.); (J.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Mian Lin
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China; (M.X.); (H.Z.); (J.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Postgraduate Training Base Alliance, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325011, China;
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China; (M.X.); (H.Z.); (J.H.); (M.L.)
- Department of Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
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5
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Gyulay KK, Karászi P, Rédei M, Sólymos P, Schandl K, Lacza Z, Horváthy DB. Evaluation of Serum Albumin-Coated Bone Allograft for Bone Regeneration: A Seven-Year Follow-Up Study of 26 Cases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119232. [PMID: 37298182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that serum albumin-coated bone allograft (BoneAlbumin, BA) is an effective bone substitute. It improves bone regeneration at the patellar and tibial donor sites six months after harvesting bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autografts for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). In the present study, we examined these donor sites seven years after implantation. The study group (N = 10) received BA-enhanced autologous cancellous bone at the tibial and BA alone at the patellar site. The control group (N = 16) received autologous cancellous bone at the tibial and blood clot at the patellar site. We evaluated subcortical density, cortical thickness, and bone defect volume via CT scans. At the patellar site, subcortical density was significantly higher in the BA group at both time points. There was no significant difference in cortical thickness between the two groups at either donor site. The control group's bone defect significantly improved and reached the BA group's values at both sites by year seven. Meanwhile, the bone defects in the BA group did not change significantly and were comparable to the six-month measurements. No complications were observed. There are two limitations in this study: The number of patients recruited is small, and the randomization of the patients could have improved the quality of the study as the control group patients were older compared to the study group patients. Our 7-year results seem to demonstrate that BA is a safe and effective bone substitute that supports faster regeneration of donor sites and results in good-quality bone tissue at the time of ACLR with BPTB autografts. However, studies with a larger number of patients are required to definitively confirm the preliminary results of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata K Gyulay
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Karászi
- Department of Sports Surgery, Saint George University Teaching Hospital of County-Fejér, 8000 Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Rédei
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Sólymos
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Schandl
- Department of Sports Surgery, Saint George University Teaching Hospital of County-Fejér, 8000 Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Lacza
- Department of Sports Physiology, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Translational Medicine Institute, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes B Horváthy
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Rong X, Mehwish N, Niu X, Zhu N, Lee BH. Human Albumin-Based Hydrogels for Their Potential Xeno-Free Microneedle Applications. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200463. [PMID: 36563292 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, hydrogels-based microneedles (MNs) have attracted a great interest owing to their outstanding qualities for biomedical applications. For the fabrication of hydrogels-based microneedles as tissue engineering scaffolds and drug delivery carriers, various biomaterials have been tested. They are required to feature tunable physiochemical properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility, nonimmunogenicity, high drug loading capacity, and sustained drug release. Among biomaterials, human proteins are the most ideal biomaterials for fabrication of hydrogels-based MNs; however, they are mechanically weak and poorly processible. To the best of the knowledge, there are no reports of xeno-free human protein-based MNs so far. Here, human albumin-based hydrogels and microneedles for tissue engineering and drug delivery by using relatively new processible human serum albumin methacryloyl (HSAMA) are engineered. The resultant HSAMA hydrogels display tunable mechanical properties, biodegradability, and good biocompatibility. Moreover, the xeno-free HSAMA microneedles display a sustained drug release profile and significant mechanical strength to penetrate the model skin. In vitro, they also show good biocompatibility and anticancer efficacy. Sustainable processible human albumin-based biomaterials may be employed as a xeno-free platform in vivo for tissue engineering and drug delivery in clinical trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Rong
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China.,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Nabila Mehwish
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China.,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xueming Niu
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China.,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Niteng Zhu
- Wenzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China.,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
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Kong F, Mehwish N, Lee BH. Emerging albumin hydrogels as personalized biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2023; 157:67-90. [PMID: 36509399 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing biomaterials-based tissue engineering scaffolds with personalized features and intrinsic biocompatibility is appealing and urgent. Through utilizing various strategies, albumin, as the most abundant protein in plasma, could be fabricated into sustainable, cost-effective, and potentially personalized hydrogels that would display enormous biological applications. To date, much of the albumin-based research is primarily engrossed in using albumin as a therapeutic molecule or a drug carrier, not much as a scaffold for tissue engineering. For this reason, we have come up with a detailed and insightful review of recent progress in albumin-based hydrogels having an emphasis on production techniques, material characteristics, and biological uses. It is envisioned that albumin-based scaffolds would be appealing and useful platforms to meet current tissue engineering needs and achieve the goal of clinical translation to benefit patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The creation of autologous material-based scaffolds is a potential method for preventing immunological reactions and obtaining the best therapeutic results. Patient-derived albumin hydrogels may consequently provide improved opportunities for personalized treatment due to their abundant supply and minimal immunogenicity. To provide a detailed and insightful summary on albumin-based hydrogels, this review includes latest comprehensive information on their preparation procedures, features, and applications in 3D printing and other biomedical applications. The challenges, along with the future potential for implementing albumin-based hydrogels in clinics, have also been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhui Kong
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Nabila Mehwish
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China.
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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