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Isnaini MD, Vanichsetakul B, Phisalaphong M. Alginate-Based Hydrogel Bead Reinforced with Montmorillonite Clay and Bacterial Cellulose-Activated Carbon as an Effective Adsorbent for Removing Dye from Aqueous Solution. Gels 2024; 10:597. [PMID: 39330199 PMCID: PMC11431803 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
According to environmental concerns related to water pollution, this study aims to develop a novel hydrogel bead as a biocompatible and efficient adsorbent by integrating bacterial cellulose-activated carbon (BCAC) and montmorillonite (MT) in alginate hydrogel (ALG). The ionotropic gelation method was applied to the fabrication of BCAC/MT/ALG hydrogel beads. The BCAC/MT/ALG hydrogel bead exhibited significantly higher tensile strength, Young's modulus, and thermal stability, with ~1.4 times higher adsorption uptake of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution as compared to the pristine ALG bead. The textural properties, including specific surface area and porosity, were beneficial to accommodate the size of cationic MB as the target molecule. This resulted in a remarkable MB adsorption uptake of 678.2 mg/g at pH 7 and 30 °C. The adsorption isotherm showed the best fit for the nonlinear Redlich-Peterson isotherm model. Experimental adsorption data were well-described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model, with R2 values reaching 0.997. In addition, the adsorbent bead demonstrated easy regeneration with high reusability with approximately 75% of MB removal after being used for six cycles. Therefore, BCAC/MT/ALG bead represents an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and highly efficient adsorbent for MB removal from water and could potentially be used for removal of a wide range of cationic dye pollutants from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Dody Isnaini
- Bio-Circular-Green-economy Technology & Engineering Center, BCGeTEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Bhawaranchat Vanichsetakul
- Bio-Circular-Green-economy Technology & Engineering Center, BCGeTEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Muenduen Phisalaphong
- Bio-Circular-Green-economy Technology & Engineering Center, BCGeTEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Xue S, Lin P, Pang Y, Li Z, Zhou M, Qiu X, Lou H. A composite of AgNPs and lignin porous microspheres via in-situ reduction of Ag + and its catalytic performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132899. [PMID: 38844275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the widespread utilization of nano silver composites in the domain of catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic pollutants in wastewater, certain challenges persist, including the excessive consumption of chemical reagents during the preparation process and the difficulty in recycling. In this study, silver ions were reduced in-situ by taking advantage of the adsorptive and reducing capacities of hydroxyls and amino groups on lignin porous microspheres (LPMs) under mild ultrasonic conditions, and lignin porous microspheres loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag@LPMs) were conveniently prepared. Ag@LPMs had excellent catalytic and cycling performances for p-nitrophenol (4-NP), methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). The 4-NP could be completely reduced to 4-AP within 155 s under the catalysis of Ag@LPMs, with a pseudo-first-order kinetic constant of 1.28 min-1. Furthermore, Ag@LPMs could still complete the catalytic reduction of 4-NP within 10 min after five cycles. Ag@LPMs with the particle size ranging from 100 to 200 μm conferred ease of recycling, and the porous structure effectively resolved the issue of sluggish mass transfer encountered during the catalytic process. At the same time, the binding force of nano silver and LPMs obtained by ultrasonic was stronger than that of heating, so the materials prepared by ultrasonic had better cycling performance. Silver ions concentration and pH value in the preparation process affected the catalytic performance of Ag@LPMs, 50 mmol/L Ag+ and pH value of 7 turned out to be the optimization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyi Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhixian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingsong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongming Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Amir D, Nasaruddin RR, Yousefi M, Mastuli MS, Sulaiman S, Alam MZ, Engliman NS. Investigating the synthesis parameters of durian skin-based activated carbon and the effects of silver nanocatalysts on its recyclability in methylene blue removal. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:32. [PMID: 38386194 PMCID: PMC10883905 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) is the most common and economically viable adsorbent for eliminating toxic organic pollutants, particularly dyes, from wastewater. Its widespread adoption is due to the simplicity and affordable production of AC, wherein low-cost agricultural wastes, such as durian skin can be used. Converting durian skin into AC presents a promising solution for its solid waste management. However, inherent drawbacks such as its non-selectivity, relatively short lifespan and laborious replacement and recovery processes diminish the overall efficacy of AC as an adsorbent. To address these challenges, the immobilisation of metal nanocatalysts such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is one of the emerging solutions. AgNPs can facilitate the regeneration of the adsorption sites of AC by catalysing the conversion of the adsorbed dyes into harmless and simpler molecules. Nevertheless, the immobilisation of AgNPs on AC surface can be challenging as the pore size formation of AC is hard to control and the nanomaterials can easily leach out from the AC surface. Hence, in this study, we synthesised AC from durian skin (DS) and immobilised AgNPs on the AC-DS surface. Then, we used methylene blue (MB) removal for studying the adsorption capability and recyclability of the AC-DS. In the synthesis of AC-DS, the influences of reaction temperature, activating agent, and acid-washing to its capability in adsorptive removal of MB in solution were first determined. It was found that 400 °C, KOH activating agent, and the presence of acid-washing (50% of HNO3) resulted in AC-DS with the highest percentage of MB removal (91.49 ± 2.86%). Then, the overall results from three recyclability experiments demonstrate that AC-DS with immobilised AgNPs exhibited higher MB removal after several cycles (up to 6 cycles) as compared to AC-DS alone, proving the benefit of AgNPs for the recyclability of AC-DS. We also found that AgNPs/Citrate@AC-DS exhibited better adsorption capability and recyclability as compared to AgNPs/PVP@AC-DS indicating significant influences of type of stabilisers in this study. This study also demonstrates that the presence of more oxygen-containing functional groups (i.e., carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups) after acid-washing on AC-DS and in citrate molecules, has greater influence to the performance of AC-DS and AgNPs/Citrate@AC-DS in the removal of MB as compared to the influences of their BET surface area and pore structure. The findings in this study have the potential to promote and serve as a guideline for harnessing the advantages of nanomaterials, such as AgNPs, to enhance the properties of AC for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzilal Amir
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ricca Rahman Nasaruddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Maryam Yousefi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sufri Mastuli
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Functional Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarina Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Zahangir Alam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Sakinah Engliman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Alraddadi HM, Fagieh TM, Bakhsh EM, Akhtar K, Khan SB, Khan SA, Bahaidarah EA, Homdi TA. Adsorptive removal of heavy metals and organic dyes by sodium alginate/coffee waste composite hydrogel. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125708. [PMID: 37414323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and dyes used in technological applications have a detrimental influence on human health and the environment. The most used methods for removing pollutants depend on high-cost materials. Therefore, this research was conducted on cost-effective alternatives derived from natural resources and food waste. Herein, we designed a composite hydrogel based on sodium alginate/coffee waste (Alg/coffee) as adsorbent for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from aquatic solutions. The selectivity study displayed that Alg/coffee is more effective in adsorbing Pb(II) and acridine orange dye (AO). Adsorption of Pb(II) and AO was studied at concentration range of 0-170 mgL-1 and 0-40 mgL-1. Adsorption data of Pb(II) and AO reveals their fitting to Langmuir-isotherm and pseudo-second-order-kinetic models. The findings demonstrated that Alg/coffee hydrogel are more effective than coffee powder itself with an adsorption (%) approaching 98.44 % of Pb(II) and 80.53 % of AO. Real sample analysis reveals the efficiency of Alg/coffee hydrogel beads in Pb(II) adsorption. The adsorption cycle was examined four times providing high efficiency toward Pb(II) and AO. Desorption of Pb(II) and AO was easily performed using HCl eluent. Thus, Alg/coffee hydrogel beads could be promising adsorbent for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen M Alraddadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taghreed M Fagieh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esraa M Bakhsh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kalsoom Akhtar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sher Bahadar Khan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Effat A Bahaidarah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani A Homdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Masod MB, El-Fiqi A, Ebiad MA. Encapsulation of activated carbon into calcium alginate microspheres toward granular-activated carbon adsorbents for elemental mercury capture from natural gas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28176-7. [PMID: 37318735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) is an effective adsorbent for removing environmental pollutants. However, the traditional powder form of AC shows difficulty in handling during application which widely limits its utilization on the industrial scale. Herein, to avoid such limitation, traditional AC powder was encapsulated into calcium alginate (CA) microspheres. Calcium alginate/activated carbon (CAA) composite microspheres were prepared via cross-linking of sodium alginate/activated carbon composite solutions in a calcium chloride solution. Furthermore, in order to boost adsorption affinity of CAA composite microspheres toward elemental mercury (Hg°), ammonium iodide (NH4I)-treated calcium alginate/activated carbon (NCA) composite microspheres were obtained by a simple impregnation method using NH4I treatment. The morphological, structural, and textural properties of the microspheres were characterized and their Hg° adsorptive capacity was tested at different temperatures. Interestingly, the maximum adsorption capacity of NCA adsorbent composite microspheres was determined as 36,056.5 μg/g at a flow rate of 250 mL/min, temperature of 25 °C, and 500 μg/Nm3 of Hg° initial concentration. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) for NCA adsorbent composite microspheres varied from - 8.59 to - 10.54 kJ/mol indicating a spontaneous adsorption process with an exothermic nature. The experimental Hg° breakthrough curve correlated well with Yoon‒Nelson and Thomas models. The breakthrough time (tb) and equilibrium time (te) were found to be 7.5 days and 23 days, respectively. Collectively, the findings of this work indicate a good feasibility of using NCA composite microspheres as potential adsorbents for removing Hg° from natural gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bakry Masod
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Fiqi
- Glass Research Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Ebiad
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt
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Haq F, Kiran M, Chinnam S, Farid A, Khan RU, Ullah G, Aljuwayid AM, Habila MA, Mubashir M. Synthesis of bioinspired sorbent and their exploitation for methylene blue remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138000. [PMID: 36724851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this research article, novel starch phosphate grafted polyvinyl imidazole (StP-g-PIMDZs) was synthesized. Firstly, a phosphate group was attached to starch polymer via a phosphorylation reaction. Next, 1-vinyl imidazole (VIMDZ) was grafted on the backbone of starch phosphate (StP) through a free radical polymerization reaction. The synthesis of these modified starches was confirmed by 1H NMR, 31P NMR and FT-IR techniques. The grafting of vinyl imidazole onto StP diminished the crystallinity. Due to the insertion of the aromatic imidazole ring, the StP-g-PIMDZs demonstrated greater thermal stability. The StP and StP-g-PIMDZs were used as sorbents for the adsorption of methylene blue dye (MBD) from the model solution. The maximum removal percentage for starch, StP, StP-g-PIMDZ 1, StP-g-PIMDZ 2 and StP-g-PIMDZ 3 was found to be 60.6%, 66.7%, 74.2%, 85.3 and 95.4%, respectively. The Pseudo second order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm were best suited to the experimental data with R2 = 0.999 and 0.99, respectively. Additionally, the thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic and favored chemi-sorption mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Kiran
- Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Sampath Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Ghazanfar Ullah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan; Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Ahmed Muteb Aljuwayid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Habila
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Benali F, Boukoussa B, Benkhedouda NEH, Cheddad A, Issam I, Iqbal J, Hachemaoui M, Abboud M, Mokhtar A. Catalytic Reduction of Dyes and Antibacterial Activity of AgNPs@Zn@Alginate Composite Aerogel Beads. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224829. [PMID: 36432956 PMCID: PMC9698220 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the preparation of aerogel composite beads based on Zn(II)-crosslinked alginate and loaded with different percentages of AgNPs using a simple approach. The obtained samples were evaluated in two different applications: the first application consists in their use as catalysts for the reduction of MB, MO, OG and CR dyes in a simple and binary system under the presence of NaBH4. For this, several parameters affecting the catalytic behavior of these catalysts have been investigated and discussed such as the catalyst mass, AgNPs content, dye nature, and the selectivity of the catalyst in a binary system. The second application concerns their antibacterial activities towards two Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and a Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). The physico-chemical properties of different samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDS, and TGA analysis. The obtained results confirmed the presence of AgNPs on a highly porous alginate structure. The dispersion of a high percentage of AgNPs leads to the formation of nanoparticles on the outer surface of the alginate which led to their leaching after the catalytic test, while the composite having a low percentage of AgNPs showed good results through all dyes without leaching of AgNPs. For the antibacterial application of the different samples, it was shown that a composite with a higher percentage of AgNPs was the most effective against all bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Benali
- Département de Génie des Matériaux, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 1505, El-Mnaouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Bouhadjar Boukoussa
- Département de Génie des Matériaux, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 1505, El-Mnaouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux LCM, Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (J.I.); (M.A.)
| | - Nour-El-Houda Benkhedouda
- Département de Génie des Matériaux, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 1505, El-Mnaouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Amina Cheddad
- Département de Génie des Matériaux, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 1505, El-Mnaouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Ismail Issam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jibran Iqbal
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (J.I.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Hachemaoui
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux LCM, Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
- Département de Sciences de la Matière, Institut des Sciences et Technologies, Université Ahmed Zabana, Relizane 48000, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Abboud
- Catalysis Research Group (CRG), Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (J.I.); (M.A.)
| | - Adel Mokhtar
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux LCM, Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El-Mnaouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
- Département Génie des Procédés, Institut des Sciences et Technologies, Université Ahmed Zabana, Relizane 48000, Algeria
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