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Zhang Y, Qiao Z, Li J, Bertaccini A. Paulownia Witches' Broom Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:885. [PMID: 38792713 PMCID: PMC11123829 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted bacterial pathogens associated with diseases in a wide range of host plants, resulting in significant economic and ecological losses. Perennial deciduous trees in the genus Paulownia are widely planted for wood harvesting and ornamental purposes. Paulownia witches' broom (PaWB) disease, associated with a 16SrI-D subgroup phytoplasma, is a destructive disease of paulownia in East Asia. The PaWB phytoplasmas are mainly transmitted by insect vectors in the Pentatomidae (stink bugs), Miridae (mirid bugs) and Cicadellidae (leafhoppers) families. Diseased trees show typical symptoms, such as branch and shoot proliferation, which together are referred to as witches' broom. The phytoplasma presence affects the physiological and anatomical structures of paulownia. Gene expression in paulownia responding to phytoplasma presence have been studied at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels by high throughput sequencing techniques. A PaWB pathogenic mechanism frame diagram on molecular level is summarized. Studies on the interactions among the phytoplasma, the insect vectors and the plant host, including the mechanisms underlying how paulownia effectors modify processes of gene expression, will lead to a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and to the development of efficient control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
- Henan Provincial Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zesen Qiao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Jidong Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Assunta Bertaccini
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Zhu P, Fan Y, Xu P, Fan G. Bioinformatic Analysis of the BTB Gene Family in Paulownia fortunei and Functional Characterization in Response to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4144. [PMID: 38140471 PMCID: PMC10747981 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
To learn about the gene structure, phylogenetic evolution, and function under biotic and abiotic stresses of BTB (Bric-a-Brac/Tramtrack/Broad Complex) genes in Paulownia fortunei, a whole-genome sequence evaluation was carried out, and a total of 62 PfBTB genes were identified. The phylogenetic analysis showed that PfBTB proteins are divided into eight groups, and these proteins are highly conserved. PfBTB genes were unevenly distributed on 17 chromosomes. The colinearity analysis found that fragment replication and tandem replication are the main modes of gene amplification in the PfBTB family. The analysis of cis-acting elements suggests that PfBTB genes may be involved in a variety of biological processes. The transcriptomic analysis results showed that PfBTB3/12/14/16/19/36/44 responded to Paulownia witches' broom (PaWB), while PfBTB1/4/17/43 responded to drought stress, and the RT-qPCR results further support the reliability of transcriptome data. In addition, the association analysis between miRNA and transcriptome revealed a 91-pair targeting relationship between miRNAs and PfBTBs. In conclusion, the BTB genes in Paulownia are systematically identified in this research. This work provides useful knowledge to more fully appreciate the potential functions of these genes and their possible roles in the occurrence of PaWB and in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (P.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yujie Fan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (P.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pingluo Xu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (P.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (P.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Yang H, Wang Z, Zhai X, Zhao Z, Cao X, Deng M, Cao Y, Li B, Huang S, Fan G. The stability of transcription factor PfSPL1 participates in the response to phytoplasma stress in Paulownia fortunei. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124770. [PMID: 37164135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of the pathogenesis of phytoplasma is still very limited and challenging. Here, ceRNA regulatory network and degradome sequencing identified a PfmiR156f-PfSPL regulatory module in Paulownia fortunei infected by phytoplasma, and RLM-5'RACE and dual luciferase analyses verified the relationship. The PfmiR156 cleavage site was located at 1104 nt and 1177 nt of PfSPL1 and PfSPL10, respectively. MG132 and epoxomicin, two 26S proteasome inhibitors, significantly increased the accumulation of PfSPL1. PfSPL1 was also the attack target of phytoplasma effectors (Pawb 3/9/16/37/51) after the phytoplasma invaded Paulownia. Moreover, molecular docking implied that the effectors may interact with the conserved SBP domain of the target protein PfSPL1. Basically, these results indicated that the stability of PfSPL1 was regulated by PfmiR156 cleavage activity and/or the 26S proteasome pathway at the post-translation level. The PfSPL1, which is a transcription factor, was also the one of the targets of multiple effectors attacking Paulownia. This study provides a good scope to understand the paulownia phytoplasma infecting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China; Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China; Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiao Zhai
- Henan Province Academy of forestry, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China
| | - Zhenli Zhao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China; Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Xibing Cao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China; Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Minjie Deng
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China; Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Yabing Cao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China; Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Shunmou Huang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China; Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China; Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China.
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