1
|
Das PP, Prathapan R, Ng KW. Advances in biomaterials based food packaging systems: Current status and the way forward. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 164:213988. [PMID: 39116599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
World hunger is getting worse, while one-third of food produced around the globe is wasted and never consumed. It is vital to reduce food waste to promote the sustainability of food systems, and improved food packaging solutions can augment this effort. The utilization of biomaterials in smart food packaging not only enhances food preservation and safety but also aligns with current demands for eco-friendly technologies to mitigate the impacts of climate change. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the developments in the field of food packaging based on the innovative use of biomaterials. It emphasizes the potential use of biomaterials derived from nature including cellulose, chitosan, keratin, etc. for this purpose. Various smart food packaging technologies such as active and intelligent packaging are discussed in detail including scavenging additives, colour-changing environment indicators, sensors, RFID tags, etc. The article also delves into the utilization of edible films and coatings, nanoparticle fillers and 2D materials in food packaging systems. Furthermore, it outlines the challenges and opportunities in this dynamic domain, emphasizing the ongoing need for research and innovation to shape the future of sustainable and smart food packaging solutions to enhance and monitor the shelf-life of food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Das
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ragesh Prathapan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khan MI, Liu J, Saini RK, Khurshida S. Plant betalains-mixed active/intelligent films for meat freshness monitoring: A review of the fabrication parameters. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:1238-1251. [PMID: 38910928 PMCID: PMC11190134 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The plant pigments called betalains are nutritionally safe polar compounds. They are subdivided into betaxanthins (having orange to yellow hues) and betacyanins (purple to red violet hues). Betacyanins change color with a change in pH, particularly in the range 6-8 and 9-11. Perishable foods like fish, chicken, beef, pork, and others tend to release total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N) during storage or deterioration, which leads to a change in the pH of pH-sensitive materials in the vicinity. pH-sensitive pigment-incorporated polymeric films with inherent active properties (or active/intelligent films) are increasingly being studied as an alternative to synthetic pH indicators to detect the accumulation of TVB-N by changing its color to indicate the stage of perishable food spoilage. There are many methods of developing such films under different conditions using different bio-based biodegradable polymer(s) and biocompatible plasticizer combinations. Among the reported methods, solution casting method has been the preferred one in most studies covered in this review. This method can be carried out under mild conditions. As such, betacyanins-incorporated polymeric films essentially require mild processing conditions because of their heat sensitivity, which will invariably affect the performance in food freshness monitoring. In this review, film fabrication parameters like temperature and duration of dissolution of polymers, plasticizer concentration, pH of the film-forming solution, film drying, and conditioning/aging, have been critically appraised based on the available literature. The lack of studies on the safety of active/intelligent films has been systematically highlighted in this review to focus future studies on this area. Graphical abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Imtiyaj Khan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam India
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Singamayum Khurshida
- College of Food Technology, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, 795004 India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo C, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Wu X, Wang Y, Sun F, Shi S, Xia X. A review on improving the sensitivity and color stability of naturally sourced pH-sensitive indicator films. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13390. [PMID: 39031881 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Naturally sourced pH-sensitive indicator films are of interest for real-time monitoring of food freshness through color changes because of their safety. Therefore, natural pigments for indicator films are required. However, pigment stability is affected by environmental factors, which can in turn affect the sensitivity and color stability of the pH-sensitive indicator film. First, natural pigments (anthocyanin, betalain, curcumin, alizarin, and shikonin) commonly used in pH-sensitive indicator films are presented. Subsequently, the mechanisms behind the change in pigment color under different pH environments and their applications in monitoring food freshness are also described. Third, influence factors, such as the sources, types, and pH sensitivity of pigments, as well as environmental parameters (light, temperature, humidity, and oxygen) of sensitivity and color stability, are analyzed. Finally, methods for improving the pH-sensitive indicator film are explored, encapsulation of natural pigments, incorporation of a hydrophobic film-forming matrix or function material, and protective layer have been shown to enhance the color stability of indicator films, the addition of copigments or mental ions, blending of different natural pigments, and the utilization of electrospinning have been proved to increase the color sensitivity of indicator films. This review could provide theoretical support for the development of naturally sourced pH-sensitive indicator films with high stability and sensitivity and facilitate the development in the field of monitoring food freshness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Quanyu Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Heilongjiang North Fish Fishing Industry Group Co., Ltd, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Heilongjiang North Fish Fishing Industry Group Co., Ltd, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fangda Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiufang Xia
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Holliday EG, Zhang B. Machine learning-enabled colorimetric sensors for foodborne pathogen detection. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 111:179-213. [PMID: 39103213 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
In the past decade, there have been various advancements to colorimetric sensors to improve their potential applications in food and agriculture. One application of growing interest is sensing foodborne pathogens. There are unique considerations for sensing in the food industry, including food sample destruction, specificity amidst a complex food matrix, and high sensitivity requirements. Incorporating novel technology, such as nanotechnology, microfluidics, and smartphone app development, into colorimetric sensing methodology can enhance sensor performance. Nonetheless, there remain challenges to integrating sensors with existing food safety infrastructure. Recently, increasingly advanced machine learning techniques have been employed to facilitate nondestructive, multiplex detection for feasible assimilation of sensors into the food industry. With its ability to analyze and make predictions from highly complex data, machine learning holds potential for advanced yet practical colorimetric sensing of foodborne pathogens. This article summarizes recent developments and hurdles of machine learning-enabled colorimetric foodborne pathogen sensing. These advancements underscore the potential of interdisciplinary, cutting-edge technology in providing safer and more efficient food systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Holliday
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Boce Zhang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mazur F, Han Z, Tjandra AD, Chandrawati R. Digitalization of Colorimetric Sensor Technologies for Food Safety. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404274. [PMID: 38932639 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Colorimetric sensors play a crucial role in promoting on-site testing, enabling the detection and/or quantification of various analytes based on changes in color. These sensors offer several advantages, such as simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and visual readouts, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, including food safety and monitoring. A critical component in portable colorimetric sensors involves their integration with color models for effective analysis and interpretation of output signals. The most commonly used models include CIELAB (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage), RGB (Red, Green, Blue), and HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value). This review outlines the use of color models via digitalization in sensing applications within the food safety and monitoring field. Additionally, challenges, future directions, and considerations are discussed, highlighting a significant gap in integrating a comparative analysis toward determining the color model that results in the highest sensor performance. The aim of this review is to underline the potential of this integration in mitigating the global impact of food spoilage and contamination on health and the economy, proposing a multidisciplinary approach to harness the full capabilities of colorimetric sensors in ensuring food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mazur
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zifei Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Angie Davina Tjandra
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rona Chandrawati
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chaari M, Elhadef K, Akermi S, Tounsi L, Ben Hlima H, Ennouri M, Abdelkafi S, Agriopoulou S, Ali DS, Mellouli L, Smaoui S. Development of a novel colorimetric pH-indicator film based on CMC/flaxseed gum/betacyanin from beetroot peels: A powerful tool to monitor the beef meat freshness. SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY 2024; 39:101543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2024.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
|
7
|
Huang K, Wang Y, Xu Z, Zou Z, Tang Q, Li H, Peng D. Novel intelligent packaging films based on starch/PVA with Cu-ICA nanocrystal as functional compatibilizer for monitoring food freshness. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132373. [PMID: 38821796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Considering public health and environmental safety, the development of reliable and efficient monitoring methods is essential to ensure food quality and safety. Herein, a new Cu-based metal organic framework (Cu-ICA) nanocrystal with ammonia-sensitive performance was built up and then introduced as a functional compatibilizer of starch/polyvinyl alcohol (STA/PVA) blend to develop high-performance intelligent packaging films for food freshness monitoring. The introduction of Cu-ICA upgraded the compatibility, mechanical strength (42.9 MPa), UV-protection (with UV transmittance of only 2.8 %), and moisture/oxygen barrier performances of STA/PVA film. Furthermore, the developed STA/PVA/Cu-ICA films presented long-term colour stability, outstanding antibacterial efficacy (over 99.5 %) toward both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, as well as remarkable ammonia-sensitive discoloration capability. The STA/PVA/Cu-ICA films possessed visually identifiable colour change during the monitoring of shrimp spoilage. These findings indicate that the developed STA/PVA/Cu-ICA film possesses tremendous potential as an intelligent active packaging material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangqi Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Zongshu Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Zhiming Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Qun Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Heping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Daijiang Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khaledian Y, Moshtaghi H, Shahbazi Y. Development and characterization of smart double-layer nanofiber mats based on potato starch-turnip peel anthocyanins and guar gum-cinnamaldehyde. Food Chem 2024; 434:137462. [PMID: 37734152 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted with the objectives of developing bilayer nanofiber mats based on potato starch-turnip peel extract (PS-TPE) and guar gum-cinnamaldehyde (GG-CA) for freshness monitoring and enhancing the quality of lamb meat during cooled storage conditions. Encapsulating CA/TPE into the nanofibers resulted in reduced tensile strength, water vapor permeability, moisture content, and water solubility. Colorimetric nanofibers, including PS-GG-TPE 6%, PS-GG-TPE 6%-CA 0.5%, and PS-GG-TPE 6%-CA 1%, presented red color at pH 1-4, purplish red at pH 5-7, green at pH 8-10, and brown at pH 11-12. The color of PS-GG-TPE 6% nanofiber mats changed from white to purplish red, signaling that the lamb meats had turned from fresh to spoiled. PS-GG-CA 1%, PS-GG-TPE 6%-CA 0.5%, and PS-GG-TPE 6%-CA 1% nanofibers have the potential to be utilized to control the growth of spoilage-related microorganisms for extending the shelf-life of fresh lamb meat under cooled storage conditions up to 13 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Khaledian
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
| | - Hamdollah Moshtaghi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
| | - Yasser Shahbazi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rezaei F, Tajik H, Shahbazi Y. Intelligent double-layer polymers based on carboxymethyl cellulose-cellulose nanocrystals film and poly(lactic acid)-Viola odorata petal anthocyanins nanofibers to monitor food freshness. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126512. [PMID: 37633548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of fabricating smart bilayer polymers based on carboxymethyl cellulose-cellulose nanocrystals film and poly(lactic acid)-Viola odorata extract nanofibers (CMC-CNC and PLA-VOE) for freshness monitoring of Pacific white shrimps, minced lamb meat, chicken fillets, and rainbow trout fillets, during refrigerated storage conditions. The fabricated indicators based on CMC-PLA-VOE 5%, CMC-CNC 1%-PLA-VOE 5%, and CMC-CNC 3%-PLA-VOE 5% presented remarkable color changes in pH 1-12 buffer solutions, including red at pH 1-6, violet at pH 7-8, green at pH 9-10, and brown at pH 11-12. Significantly lower water vapor permeability and oxygen transmission rate of prepared polymers were found in comparison with the control groups (P < 0.05). Regarding the monitoring of food samples in real-time, the samples spoiled after 3 days, evidenced by total viable count, psychrotrophic bacterial count, total volatile basic nitrogen, and pH values of 7.17-7.54 log CFU/g, 5.68-6.23 log CFU/g, 25.14-28.12 mg N/100 g, and 7.10-7.66, respectively. Meanwhile, the noticeable color change of prepared indicators from white to violet (day 3) and finally dark violet (day 7) was observed, indicating a potential application in intelligent packaging for real-time control of the freshness of perishable food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Tajik
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yasser Shahbazi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bahsaine K, El Allaoui B, Benzeid H, El Achaby M, Zari N, Qaiss AEK, Bouhfid R. Hemp cellulose nanocrystals for functional chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol-based films for food packaging applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33294-33304. [PMID: 37964908 PMCID: PMC10641453 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06586c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemp is known for its swift growth and remarkable sustainability, requiring significantly less water, an adaptable cultivation to a wide range of climates when compared to other fibers sources, making it a practical and environmentally friendly choice for packaging materials. The current research seeks to extract cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from hemp fibers using alkali treatment followed by acid hydrolysis and assess their reinforcing capacity in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) films. AFM analysis confirmed the existence of elongated, uniquely nanosized CNC fibers. The length of the isolated CNCs was approximately 277.76 ± 61 nm, diameter was 6.38 ± 1.27 nm and its aspect ratio was 44.69 ± 11.08. The FTIR and SEM analysis indicated the successful removal of non-cellulosic compounds. Furthermore, the study explored the impact of adding CNCs at varying weight percentages (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 wt%) as a strengthening agent on the chemical composition, structure, tensile characteristics, transparency, and water solubility of the bionanocomposite films. Adding CNCs to the CS/PVA film, up to 5 wt%, resulted in an improvement in both the Young's modulus and tensile strength of the bionanocomposite film, which are measured at (412.46 ± 10.49 MPa) and (18.60 ± 3.42 MPa), respectively, in contrast to the control films with values of (202.32 ± 22.50 MPa) and (13.72 ± 2.61 MPa), respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal the creation of a CS/PVA/CNC film that appears smooth, with no signs of clumping or clustering. The blending and introduction of CNCs have yielded transparent and biodegradable CS/PVA films. This incorporation has led to a reduction in the gas transmission rate (from 7.013 to 4.159 cm3 (m2 day·0.1 MPa))-1, a decrease in transparency (from 90.23% to 82.47%), and a lowered water solubility (from 48% to 33%). This study is the inaugural effort to propose the utilization of hemp-derived CNC as a strengthening component in the development of mechanically robust and transparent CS/PVA-CNC bio-nanocomposite films, holding substantial potential for application in the field of food packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenza Bahsaine
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Rabat Design Center Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane 10100 Rabat Morocco
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V de Rabat Rabat Morocco
| | - Brahim El Allaoui
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Rabat Design Center Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane 10100 Rabat Morocco
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V de Rabat Rabat Morocco
| | - Hanane Benzeid
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V de Rabat Rabat Morocco
| | - Mounir El Achaby
- Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir Morocco
| | - Nadia Zari
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Rabat Design Center Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane 10100 Rabat Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir Morocco
| | - Abou El Kacem Qaiss
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Rabat Design Center Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane 10100 Rabat Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir Morocco
| | - Rachid Bouhfid
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Rabat Design Center Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane 10100 Rabat Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Otálora MC, Wilches-Torres A, Gómez Castaño JA. Microencapsulation of Betaxanthin Pigments from Pitahaya ( Hylocereus megalanthus) By-Products: Characterization, Food Application, Stability, and In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion. Foods 2023; 12:2700. [PMID: 37509792 PMCID: PMC10379290 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The yellow pitahaya peels generated as by-products during the consumption and processing of the fresh fruit are a rich and underutilized source of betaxanthins (natural yellow-orange pigment with antioxidant activity) and mucilage (structuring material used in the spray-drying process), molecules of high interest for the food industry. In this work, the betaxanthin-rich extract (BRE) obtained from this by-product was microencapsulated by spray drying (SD) using pitahaya peel mucilage (MPP) and maltodextrin (MD) as wall materials. Both types of microencapsulates (i.e., SD-MPP and SD-MD) retained high betaxanthin content (as measured by UV-vis) and antioxidant activity (ORAC). These microencapsulates were characterized structurally (FTIR and zeta potential), morphologically (SEM and particle size/polydispersity index), and thermally (DSC/TGA). The powdered microencapsulates were incorporated into the formulation of candy gummies as a food model, which were subjected to an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process. The characterization study (FTIR and antioxidant activity) of the microcapsules showed that the fruit peel mucilage favors the retention of betaxanthins, while the SEM analysis revealed a particle size of multimodal distribution and heterogeneous morphology. The addition of SD-MPP microcapsules in the candy gummy formulation favored the total dietary fiber content as well as the gumminess and chewiness of the food matrix; however, the inhibition of AAPH• (%) was affected. The stability of the yellow color in the gummies after 30 days of storage indicates its suitability for storage. Consequently, the microencapsulation of betaxanthins with pitahaya peel mucilage can be used as a food additive colorant in the food industry, replacing synthetic colorants, to develop products with beneficial qualities for health that can satisfy the growing demand of consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Carolina Otálora
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas (NÚCLEO), Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja 150003, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Wilches-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas (NÚCLEO), Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja 150003, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Jovanny A Gómez Castaño
- Grupo Química-Física Molecular y Modelamiento Computacional (QUIMOL®), Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Sede Tunja 150003, Boyacá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|