1
|
Han MM, Fan YK, Zhang Y, Dong ZQ. Advances in herbal polysaccharides-based nano-drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. J Drug Target 2024; 32:311-324. [PMID: 38269853 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2309661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The boom in cancer immunotherapy has provided many patients with a better chance of survival, but opportunities often come with challenges. Single immunotherapy is not good enough to eradicate tumours, and often fails to achieve the desired therapeutic effect because of the low targeting of immunotherapy drugs, and causes more side effects. As a solution to this problem, researchers have developed several nano Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) to deliver immunotherapeutic agents to achieve good therapeutic outcomes. However, traditional drug delivery systems (DDS) have disadvantages such as poor bioavailability, high cytotoxicity, and difficulty in synthesis, etc. Herbal Polysaccharides (HPS), derived from natural Chinese herbs, inherently possess low toxicity. Furthermore, the biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, ease of modification, and immunomodulatory activities of HPS offer unique advantages in substituting traditional DDS. This review initially addresses the current developments and challenges in immunotherapy. Subsequently, it focuses on the immunomodulatory mechanisms of HPS and their design as nanomedicines for targeted drug delivery in tumour immunotherapy. Our findings reveal that HPS-based nanomedicines exhibit significant potential in enhancing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, providing crucial theoretical foundations and practical guidelines for future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicinal Herbs, IMPLAD, ABRC & ACCL, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Qi Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicinal Herbs, IMPLAD, ABRC & ACCL, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun H, Li X, Liu Q, Sheng H, Zhu L. pH-responsive self-assembled nanoparticles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Drug Target 2024; 32:672-706. [PMID: 38682299 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2349124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of drug delivery have opened new avenues for the development of novel nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS) in cancer therapy. Self-assembled nanoparticles (SANPs) based on tumour microenvironment have great advantages in improving antitumor effect, and pH-responsive SANPs prepared by the combination of pH-responsive nanomaterials and self-assembly technology can effectively improve the efficacy and reduce the systemic toxicity of antitumor drugs. In this review, we describe the characteristics of self-assembly and its driving force, the mechanism of pH-responsive NDDS, and the nanomaterials for pH-responsive SANPs type. A series of pH-responsive SANPs for tumour-targeted drug delivery are discussed, with an emphasis on the relation between structural features and theranostic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henglai Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huagang Sheng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liqiao Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gan Z, Fang X, Yin C, Tian Y, Zhang L, Zhong X, Jiang G, Tao A. Extraction, purification, structural characterization, and bioactivities of the genus Rhodiola L. polysaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:133614. [PMID: 38960222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The genus Rhodiola L., an integral part of traditional Chinese medicine and Tibetan medicine in China, exhibits a broad spectrum of applications. This genus contains key compounds such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and flavonoids, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, immune-enhancing, and anti-hypoxic properties. As a vital raw material, Rhodiola L. contributes to twenty-four kinds of Chinese patent medicines and 481 health food products in China, finding extensive application in the health food sector. Recently, polysaccharides have emerged as a focal point in natural product research, with applications spanning the medicine, food, and materials sectors. Despite this, a comprehensive and systematic review of polysaccharides from the genus Rhodiola L. polysaccharides (TGRPs) is warranted. This study undertakes a systematic review of both domestic and international literature, assessing the research advancements and chemical functional values of polysaccharides derived from Rhodiola rosea. It involves the isolation, purification, and identification of a variety of homogeneous polysaccharides, followed by a detailed analysis of their chemical structures, pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanisms, structure-activity relationship (SAR) of TGRPs. The discussion includes the influence of molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic bonds on their biological activities, such as sulfation and carboxymethylation et al. Such analyses are crucial for deepening the understanding of Rhodiola rosea and for fostering the development and exploitation of TGRPs, offering a reference point for further investigations into TGRPs and their resource utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkun Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- College of Medicine, Lijiang Culture and Tourism College, Lijiang 674100, PR China
| | - Chenglong Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671003, PR China
| | - Yongjie Tian
- College of Medicine, Lijiang Culture and Tourism College, Lijiang 674100, PR China
| | - Lingsheng Zhang
- College of Medicine, Lijiang Culture and Tourism College, Lijiang 674100, PR China
| | - Xuehua Zhong
- College of Medicine, Lijiang Culture and Tourism College, Lijiang 674100, PR China
| | - Guihua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Aien Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Medicine, Lijiang Culture and Tourism College, Lijiang 674100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang R, Huang X, Chen X, Zhang Y. Nanoparticle-Mediated Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3568-3598. [PMID: 38815129 PMCID: PMC11167598 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with the worst prognosis and highest recurrence rates. The treatment choices are limited due to the scarcity of endocrine and HER2 targets, except for chemotherapy. However, the side effects of chemotherapy restrict its long-term usage. Immunotherapy shows potential as a promising therapeutic strategy, such as inducing immunogenic cell death, immune checkpoint therapy, and immune adjuvant therapy. Nanotechnology offers unique advantages in the field of immunotherapy, such as improved delivery and targeted release of immunotherapeutic agents and enhanced bioavailability of immunomodulators. As well as the potential for combination therapy synergistically enhanced by nanocarriers. Nanoparticles-based combined application of multiple immunotherapies is designed to take the tactics of enhancing immunogenicity and reversing immunosuppression. Moreover, the increasing abundance of biomedical materials holds more promise for the development of this field. This review summarizes the advances in the field of nanoparticle-mediated immunotherapy in terms of both immune strategies for treatment and the development of biomaterials and presents challenges and hopes for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyi Wang
- Department of Breast
Surgery, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital
of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R.C
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Breast
Surgery, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital
of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R.C
| | - Xiaoxi Chen
- Department of Breast
Surgery, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital
of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R.C
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Department of Breast
Surgery, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital
of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R.C
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu W, Yang T, Zhang J, Li H, Guo M. Rhodiola rosea: a review in the context of PPPM approach. EPMA J 2024; 15:233-259. [PMID: 38841616 PMCID: PMC11147995 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-024-00367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
A natural "medicine and food" plant, Rhodiola rosea (RR) is primarily made up of organic acids, phenolic compounds, sterols, glycosides, vitamins, lipids, proteins, amino acids, trace elements, and other physiologically active substances. In vitro, non-clinical and clinical studies confirmed that it exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune regulatory effects, balances the gut microbiota, and alleviates vascular circulatory disorders. RR can prolong life and has great application potential in preventing and treating suboptimal health, non-communicable diseases, and COVID-19. This narrative review discusses the effects of RR in preventing organ damage (such as the liver, lung, heart, brain, kidneys, intestines, and blood vessels) in non-communicable diseases from the perspective of predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine (PPPM/3PM). In conclusion, as an adaptogen, RR can provide personalised health strategies to improve the quality of life and overall health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Xu
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Jinyuan Zhang
- The Third People’s Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Heguo Li
- Department of Spleen, Stomach, Liver and Gallbladder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Spleen, Stomach, Liver and Gallbladder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng J, Jiang J, Pu Y, Xu T, Sun J, Zhang Q, He L, Liang X. Tumor-associated macrophages in nanomaterial-based anti-tumor therapy: as target spots or delivery platforms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1248421. [PMID: 37654704 PMCID: PMC10466823 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1248421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) has emerged as a promising approach in cancer therapy. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the field of nanomedicines targeting TAMs. According to the crucial role of TAMs in tumor progression, strategies to inhibit macrophage recruitment, suppress TAM survival, and transform TAM phenotypes are discussed as potential therapeutic avenues. To enhance the targeting capacity of nanomedicines, various approaches such as the use of ligands, immunoglobulins, and short peptides are explored. The utilization of live programmed macrophages, macrophage cell membrane-coated nanoparticles and macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles as drug delivery platforms is also highlighted, offering improved biocompatibility and prolonged circulation time. However, challenges remain in achieving precise targeting and controlled drug release. The heterogeneity of TAMs and the variability of surface markers pose hurdles in achieving specific recognition. Furthermore, the safety and clinical applicability of these nanomedicines requires further investigation. In conclusion, nanomedicines targeting TAMs hold great promise in cancer therapy, offering enhanced specificity and reduced side effects. Addressing the existing limitations and expanding our understanding of TAM biology will pave the way for the successful translation of these nano-therapies into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jixuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, West China School of Medicine, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinting Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, West China School of Medicine, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yicheng Pu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, West China School of Medicine, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingrui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, West China School of Medicine, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiantong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, West China School of Medicine, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling He
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, West China School of Medicine, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li N, Xiong YX, Ye F, Jin B, Wu JJ, Han MM, Liu T, Fan YK, Li CY, Liu JS, Zhang YH, Sun GB, Zhang Y, Dong ZQ. Isolation, Purification, and Structural Characterization of Polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula and Their Anti-Tumor Bioactivity by Immunomodulation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:895. [PMID: 37375842 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of polysaccharides is usually related to molecular weight. The molecular weight of polysaccharides is critical to their immunological effect in cancer therapy. Herein, the Codonopsis polysaccharides of different molecular weights were isolated using ultrafiltration membranes of 60- and 100-wDa molecular weight cut-off to determine the relationship between molecular weight and antitumor activities. First, three water-soluble polysaccharides CPPS-I (<60 wDa), CPPS-II (60-100 wDa), and CPPS-III (>100 wDa) from Codonopsis were isolated and purified using a combination of macroporous adsorption resin chromatography and ultrafiltration. Their structural characteristics were determined through chemical derivatization, GPC, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR techniques. In vitro experiments indicated that all Codonopsis polysaccharides exhibited significant antitumor activities, with the tumor inhibition rate in the following order: CPPS-II > CPPS-I > CPPS-III. The treatment of CPPS-II exhibited the highest inhibition rate at a high concentration among all groups, which was almost as efficient as that of the DOX·HCL (10 μg/mL) group at 125 μg/mL concentration. Notably, CPPS-II demonstrated the ability to enhance NO secretion and the antitumor ability of macrophages relative to the other two groups of polysaccharides. Finally, in vivo experiments revealed that CPPS-II increased the M1/M2 ratio in immune system regulation and that the tumor inhibition effect of CPPS-II + DOX was superior to that of DOX monotherapy, implying that CPPS-II + DOX played a synergistic role in regulating the immune system function and the direct tumor-killing ability of DOX. Therefore, CPPS-II is expected to be applied as an effective cancer treatment or adjuvant therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying-Xia Xiong
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150036, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bing Jin
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150036, China
| | - Jin-Jia Wu
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150036, China
| | - Miao-Miao Han
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150036, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yi-Kai Fan
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cun-Yu Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiu-Shi Liu
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying-Hua Zhang
- Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Gui-Bo Sun
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
- Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicinal Herbs, IMPLAD, ABRC & ACCL, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng-Qi Dong
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
- Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicinal Herbs, IMPLAD, ABRC & ACCL, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|