Greater efficiency of polyherbal drug encapsulated biosynthesized chitosan nano-biopolymer on diabetes and its complications

Formulated chitosan microspheres remodelled the altered gut microbiota and liver miRNA in diet-induced Type-2 diabetic rats

Chitosan was formulated into a microsphere and comprehensively characterized and evaluated for its anti-inflammatory potential and anti-diabetic properties against the high sugar fat diet-induced diabetic animals. The diabetic model was induced through feeding with a high-sugar fat diet. Metformin, a standard antidiabetic drug, and CMS (chitosan microspheres) were administered orally for 90 days as reversal strategies. Upon completion of the study, the following parameters, such as serum biochemistry, cytokine analysis, tissue histology, liver miRNA sequencing, and Shotgun metagenomics studies from stool samples, were performed. SEM images of the microsphere indicated a smooth morphology, while FTIR and DSC respectively, confirmed the presence of functional groups of chitosan and the thermal stability of the formulation. Following HSFD induction, all the parameters analyzed were altered compared to the control group. In both reversal groups, serum biochemical parameters were restored, which was at par with the control. A significant increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and a remarkable reduction in TNF-α and MCP-1 inflammatory cytokines were observed in both reversal groups. Tissue histology indicated improvements in low-grade inflammation, induced in the diabetic group. miR-203 was upregulated in the CMS-treated group, while miR-103 was downregulated. The study further delved into the impact on gut microbiota and KEGG. Major phyla i.e., Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia showed restoration, while upregulation of DNA polymerase zeta in T2D showed reversal after the treatment. The formulation showed reversal at par with metformin and also confirms its anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of CMS, with microfloral and miR regulatory functions.

Phytogenic Synthesis of Cuprous and Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles Using Black jack Leaf Extract: Antibacterial Effects and Their Computational Docking Insights

Background: Green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have gained increasing popularity in recent times due to their broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to develop a phytofabrication approach for producing cuprous (Cu2O) and cupric oxide (CuO) NPs using a simple, non-hazardous process and to examine their antimicrobial properties. Methods: The synthesis employed Bidens pilosa plant extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, alongside copper chloride dihydrate as the precursor. The biosynthesized NPs were characterized through various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: XRD analysis confirmed that the synthesized CuO and Cu2O NPs exhibited a high degree of crystallinity, with crystal structures corresponding to monoclinic and face-centered cubic systems. SEM images revealed that the NPs displayed distinct spherical and sponge-like morphologies. EDS analysis further validated the purity of the synthesized CuO NPs. The antimicrobial activity of the CuO and Cu2O NPs was tested against various pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) used to gauge their effectiveness. Conclusions: The results showed that the phytosynthesized NPs had promising antibacterial properties, particularly the Cu2O NPs, which, with a larger crystal size of 68.19 nm, demonstrated significant inhibitory effects across all tested bacterial species. These findings suggest the potential of CuO and Cu2O NPs as effective antimicrobial agents produced via green synthesis.

Multifaceted therapeutic approach via thiazolidinedione-infused magnolol in chitosan nanoparticles targeting hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus in experimental mice

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have sparked interest in the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles and their potential applications in medicine. This study investigates the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles infused with thiazolidinedione and magnolol (TZ/ML-ChNPs) and their therapeutic effects on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in experimental mice. Using streptozotocin-induced diabetic pregnant mice as a model, the study examines the anti-diabetic effects of TZ/ML-ChNPs in vitro and explores possible mechanisms of action. Results show a notable decrease in α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in TZ/ML-ChNPs-treated samples. Cytocompatibility and flow cytometry analysis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic pregnant mice conducted on RIN-5F cell line demonstrate the safety profile of TZ/ML-ChNPs. The primary objective of this research is to assess whether TZ/ML-ChNPs can mitigate hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in diabetic pregnant mice. Chitosan nanoparticles with thiazolidinedione and magnolol have therapeutic effects that may be used in clinical and pharmaceutical applications.

Therapeutic effect of oral insulin-chitosan nanobeads pectin-dextrin shell on streptozotocin-diabetic male albino rats

The current study inspects the therapeutic effects of orally ingested insulin-loaded chitosan nanobeads (INS-CsNBs) with a pectin-dextrin (PD) coating on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. The study also assessed antioxidant effects in pancreatic tissue homogenate, insulin, C-peptide, and inflammatory markers interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 (IL-1β and IL-6) in serum. Additionally, histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of insulin granules, oxidative stress, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB P65), and sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) protein detection, as well as gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in pancreatic tissue were investigated. After induction of diabetes with STZ, rats were allocated into 6 groups: the normal control (C), the diabetic control (D), and the diabetic groups treated with INS-CsNBs coated with PD shell (50 IU/kg) (NF), free oral insulin (10 IU/kg) (FO), CsNBs-PD shell (50 IU/kg) (NB), and subcutaneous insulin (10 IU/kg) (Sc). The rats were treated daily for four weeks. Treatment of diabetic rats with INS-CsNBs coated with PD shell resulted in a significant improvement in blood glucose levels, elevated antioxidant activities, decreased NF-κB P65, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, upregulated Nrf-2 and HO-1, in addition to a marked improvement in the histological architecture and integrity compared to the diabetic group. The effects of oral INS-CsNBs administration were comparable to those of subcutaneous insulin. In conclusion, oral administration of INS-loaded Cs-NBs with a pectin-dextrin shell demonstrated an ameliorative effect on STZ-induced diabetes, avoiding the drawbacks of subcutaneous insulin.

Preparation of bio-synthesized Ag nanoparticles and assessment of their antidiabetic and antioxidant potential against STZ-induced diabetic albino rats

Bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully obtained using the leaf extract from Ventilago maderaspatana. Extensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of the bioderived AgNPs. XRD analysis confirmed their cubic structure, and revealed a well-defined size distribution with average crystallite size of 11.7  nm. FE-SEM and TEM images visually supported the observed size range. The presence of plant-mediated phytochemicals on the surface of AgNPs was confirmed through DLS, FTIR, and TGA/DTA studies. To assess their antidiabetic potential, rats were induced with streptozotocin, resulting in elevated levels of biochemical parameters associated with diabetes. Conversely, serum insulin levels (2.50 ± 0.55) and glucokinase activity (64.50 ± 8.66) decreased. However, treatment with AgNPs demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, total protein, albumin, and HbA1c levels, effectively restoring them to normal ranges. Moreover, the treatment significantly increased insulin levels (7.55 ± 0.63) and glucokinase activity (121.50 ± 4.60), indicating the antidiabetic potential of V. maderaspatana-mediated AgNPs. Notably, the exitance of phytochemicals, like flavonoids and phenols, on the surface of AgNPs facilitated their ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron donation. This property enhanced their overall antidiabetic efficiency.

Bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether modified chitosan/nano-SiO2 via hydrothermal process: A statistical modeling and adsorption mechanism for reactive orange 16 dye removal

In this study, chitosan/nano SiO2 (CTS/NS) was chemically modified with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) cross-linker-assisted hydrothermal process to create an effective adsorbent, CTS-BADGE/NS, for the removal of reactive orange 16 (RO16) dye from aquatic systems. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the adsorption process by varying the adsorbent dose (0.02-0.1 g/100 mL), pH (4-10), and time (20-360 min). The adsorption isotherm results indicated that the Langmuir model fits the experimental data well, suggesting that the adsorption process involves a monolayer formation of RO16 on the surface of CTS-BADGE/NS. The kinetic modeling of RO16 adsorption by CTS-BADGE/NS demonstrated that the pseudo-first-order model fits the adsorption data. CTS-BADGE/NS achieved an adsorption capacity of 97.8 mg/g for RO16 dye at optimum desirability functions of dosage 0.099 g/100 mL, solution pH of 4.44, and temperature of 25 °C. Overall, the π-π electron donor-acceptor system significantly improved the adsorption performance of the CTS-BADGE/NS. The results of the regeneration investigation demonstrate that the CTS-BADGE/NS exhibits effective adsorption of RO16, even after undergoing five consecutive cycles. The results of this study suggest that the developed CTS-BADGE/NS composite can be a promising adsorbent for water purification applications.

Sodium alginate-sodium hyaluronate-hydrolyzed silk for microencapsulation and sustained release of kidney tea saponin: The regulation of human intestinal flora in vitro

Kidney tea saponin (KTS) exhibits considerable efficacy in lowering glucose levels; however, it does not have widespread applications owing to its low intestinal utilization. Therefore, in the present study, we prepared sodium alginate (SA)/sodium hyaluronate (HA)/hydrolyzed silk (SF) gel beads for the effective encapsulation and targeted intestinal release of KTS. The gel beads exhibited an encapsulation rate of 90.67 % ± 0.27 % and a loading capacity of 3.11 ± 0.21 mg/mL; furthermore, the release rate of KTS was 95.46 % ± 0.02 % after 8 h of simulated digestion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the hydroxyl in SA/HA/SF-KTS was shifted toward the strong peak; this was related to KTS encapsulation. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy revealed that the gel bead space network facilitates KTS encapsulation. In addition, the ability of KTS and the gel beads to inhibit α-amylase (IC50 = 0.93 and 1.37 mg/mL, respectively) and α-glucosidase enzymes (IC50 = 1.17 and 0.93 mg/mL, respectively) was investigated. In vitro colonic fermentation experiments revealed that KTS increased the abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and butyric acid-producing bacteria. The study showed that the developed gel-loading system plays a vital role in delivering bioactive substances, achieving slow release, and increasing the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora.