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Srihanam P, Pakkethati K, Srisuwan Y, Phromsopha T, Manphae A, Phinyocheep P, Yamaguchi M, Baimark Y. Utilization of bamboo biochar as a multi-functional filler of flexible poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide) bioplastic. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17601. [PMID: 39080452 PMCID: PMC11289244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide) (PLLA-PEG-PLLA) triblock copolymer could potentially be used in bioplastic applications because it is more flexible than PLLA. However, investigations into modifying PLLA-PEG-PLLA with effective fillers are still required. In this work, bamboo biochar (BC) was used as an eco-friendly and cost-effective filler for the flexible PLLA-PEG-PLLA. The influences of BC addition on crystallization properties, thermal stability, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of the PLLA-PEG-PLLA were explored and compared to those of the PLLA. The PLLA-PEG-PLLA matrix and BC filler were found to have strong interfacial adhesion and good phase compatibility, while the PLLA/BC composites displayed weak interfacial adhesion and poor phase compatibility. For the PLLA-PEG-PLLA, the addition of BC induced a nucleation effect that was characterized by a decrease in the cold crystallization temperature from 76 to 71-75 °C and an increase in the crystallinity from 18.6 to 21.8-24.0%; however, this effect was not observed for the PLLA. When compared to pure PLLA-PEG-PLLA, the PLLA-PEG-PLLA/BC composites displayed greater thermal stability, tensile stress, and Young's modulus. Temperature at maximum decomposition rate (Td,max) of PLLA end-blocks increased from 315 to 319-342 °C. Ultimate tensile stress of PLLA-PEG-PLLA matrix improved from 14.5 to 16.2-22.6 MPa and Young's modulus increased from 220 to 280-340 MPa. Based on the findings, the crystallizability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the flexible PLLA-PEG-PLLA bioplastic were all enhanced by the use of BC as a multi-functional filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasong Srihanam
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Kansiri Pakkethati
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Yaowalak Srisuwan
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Theeraphol Phromsopha
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Apirada Manphae
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
- Scientific Instrument Academic Service Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Pranee Phinyocheep
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yodthong Baimark
- Biodegradable Polymers Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand.
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2
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Cheng Q, Liu Z, Sun J, Li S, Zhao C, Su J, Liu Q, Xin M, Liu D. Understanding the drying mechanism of straw substrate culture block: Physicochemical properties, pore structure, and drying optimization. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30399. [PMID: 38726206 PMCID: PMC11079107 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As a new type of agricultural waste block substrate utilization, the initial wet base state of the substrate culture block needs to be dried. Therefore, studying the drying mechanism of substrate culture block is critical. In this study, the substrate culture block in a dry state was taken as the research object. Based on physical and chemical properties, the internal section of the substrate culture block was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and the pore condition of the particles was quantified. The results showed that the internal pore structure was uniform and favorable for plant root growth. Based on the pore structure, pore channel modeling was constructed to investigate the distribution of the internal multiphase medium and to distinguish between channels and pore-blind channels. The applicability of the modeling was verified and discussed. By measuring the drying rate of the substrate culture block and classifying its drying stages as fast speed, constant speed, and slow speed, it is clarified that the forms of moisture existence are bound-state water and free-state water, and the moisture migration is prioritized as surface adsorption water, interparticle water, particle attached water, and capillary water. Innovate a method to quantify the change of pore space in the drying process by pore coefficient ratio to evaluate the drying quality. The results show that when the pore coefficient ratio is about 40 %, its moisture content is 20 %∼30 %, and the drying effect is best at this time. The physical drying test further confirmed the correctness of the conclusion of the drying stage division and water loss law. This study can provide a theoretical reference for the modeling study of the pore structure of the block matrix and the exploration of its drying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cheng
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zihui Liu
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Chongxuan Zhao
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qingyu Liu
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Mingjin Xin
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Dejun Liu
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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3
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Kılıç E, Fullana-I-Palmer P, Fullana M, Delgado-Aguilar M, Puig R. Circularity of new composites from recycled high density polyethylene and leather waste for automotive bumpers. Testing performance and environmental impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170413. [PMID: 38309365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
New composite materials (suitable for automotive bumpers), composed of recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and leather buffing dust waste (BF) ranging from 20 to 50 wt%, were produced and investigated for mechanical properties. Optimal mechanical performance was achieved with composites containing 30 % wt BF. The environmental performance of automotive bumper production from both virgin and recycled HDPE reinforced with 30 % wt BF (HDPE-BF, rHDPE-BF) composites was compared to that of conventional polypropylene (PP) by performing a cradle to gate life cycle assessment. A component-based approach, instead of a comprehensive LCA assessment for the entire car was adopted using various functional units (FU) such as mass (FU1), volume (FU2), and volume of raw material fulfilling a specific impact strength requirement (FU3), thus enriching the paper with methodological discussions. The rHDPE-BF system provided better environmental performance compared to the virgin PP system, when considering both mass and volume-related functional units, mainly due to the avoidance of virgin polymer production. Even with the inclusion of the use phase in FU2 and a slightly higher density (+1.7 %) of composites than PP-based bumpers, the rHDPE system still provides better environmental performance (10 % less impact). The sensitivity analysis highlighted the significance of car type and final density of the bumper on the impact results. Finally, when using FU3, due to its higher impact strength, HDPE-BF system is clearly the best environmental alternative (50 % less impact) followed by rHDPE-BF system. In all cases, rising the content of recycled materials in the bumpers increases its circularity. The paper illustrates the importance of selecting a suitable functional unit, based on a specific application (i.e., automotive bumpers), to evaluate the environmental impact of new composite materials in comparison to traditional options. Expanding the assessment to encompass multiple functions provides a more accurate portrayal of reality but also introduces greater result uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Kılıç
- Leather Engineering Department, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Pere Fullana-I-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, University Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margalida Fullana
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | | | - Rita Puig
- ABBU Research Group, Department of Industrial and Building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), 08700 Igualada, Spain.
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Ren J, Lu W, Zhang F, Han X, Cai H, Yang K. Green conversion of delignified sorghum straw and polyethylene glycol into form-stable phase change materials with promising solar energy capture, transition, and storage capabilities. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129808. [PMID: 38296123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) have attracted considerable attention as a thermal energy management technology for thermal storage. However, achieving high energy-storing abilities, low leakage rates, and solar absorption abilities simultaneously in PCMs remains greatly challenging. This research proposed a green strategy for preparing sorghum straw-based PCMs. By facile delignification and solvothermal process, delignified sorghum straw (DSS) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from removal lignin are prepared. The obtained PEG@CQDs/DSS possessed considerable reusable stabilities, excellent photo-thermal conversion properties, and thermal energy management capacities due to the delicate micropores and intrinsic noncovalent interactions among components. Especially, the PEG@CQDs-7.5/DSS exhibited superior solar-thermal conversion capabilities (with conducive photo-thermal conversion efficiency ~90.84%), and kept stable after 100 cycles of heating and cooling, in which the melting enthalpy value is ~168.1 J/g (enthalpy efficiency of ~91.11%). In conclusion, the synthesized PCMs showed potential for application in energy-saving and building thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Ren
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xiangsheng Han
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Hongzhen Cai
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Keyan Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China.
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5
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Zhang Q, Chen J, Guo X, Lei H, Zou R, Huo E, Kong X, Liu W, Wang M, Ma Z, Li B. Mussel-inspired polydopamine-modified biochar microsphere for reinforcing polylactic acid composite films: Emphasizing the achievement of excellent thermal and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129567. [PMID: 38246462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Having poor interfacial compatibility between biochar microsphere (BM) and polylactic acid (PLA) should be responsible for the unbalance of composite film strength and toughness. Elucidating the effect of polydopamine (PDA) on BM and BM/PLA composite films is the ultimate goal of this study based on the mussel bionic principle. It was found that the strong adhesion of PDA on the BM surface was achieved, which improved the surface roughness and thermal stability. Also, PDA modification can facilitate crystallization, increase thermal properties, improve interfacial compatibility, and enhance the tensile properties of BM/PLA composite films. Silane-based PDA modified BM/PLA composite film exhibited the best tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break with 77.95 MPa, 1.87 GPa, and 7.30%. These noteworthy findings, achieving a simultaneous improvement in PLA strength and toughness, hold promising implications for its sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfa Zhang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jianlong Chen
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xinyuan Guo
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Rongge Zou
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Erguang Huo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xiao Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhong Ma
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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6
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Khan A, Mishra A, Patidar R, Pappu A. Effect of lignocellulosic corn stalk on mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of injection moulded low density polyethylene composites: An approach towards a circular economy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25287. [PMID: 38390176 PMCID: PMC10881560 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Escalating concern over global warming, which is mostly associated with deforestation, has led to the development of new classes of materials that can replace wood and better utilise natural resources. Presently, waste is a significant factor in recycling. In this regard, one of the leading contributors to waste is agricultural waste, which includes dried branches, leaves of trees, plants, and other organic materials. In the current study, waste from corn agriculture was utilised as a potential reinforcement for the fabrication of corn stalk-low density polyethylene (CS-LDPE) composites via an injection moulding technique at 170 °C. The different parameters were assessed to develop composites using CS, including physico-chemical, macromolecular, mineralogical, elemental, and morphological analysis. The amount of corn stalk (CS) was varied from 10 to 50 wt% with respect to the polymer. The mechanical, physical and thermal performance of the composites was examined. The density and water absorption of the composites were found to remain within the ranges of 1.00-1.11 g/cm3 and 0.22-1.01 %, respectively, whereas these parameters increased as the proportion of CS increased. The thermal conductivity decreases with the addition of CS from 0.36964 ± 0.020 to 0.22388 ± 0.002 W/mK. It was observed that adding CS to the composites increased their tensile and flexural properties, but decreased their impact strength. The maximum flexural strength of 14.40 ± 1.558 MPa, flexural modulus of 752.53 ± 180.409 MPa, tensile strength of 10.49 ± 0.946 MPa and tensile modulus of 539.79 ± 91.044 MPa were observed with a 50 % CS content. The results suggest that these materials have considerable potential to serve as a cost-effective substitute for the conventional lignocellulosic fillers in the manufacturing of wood-plastic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Khan
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Alka Mishra
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ravi Patidar
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Asokan Pappu
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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7
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Ma Y, Jilili Y, Shao T, Zhen W. Weathered coal-based carbon dots modified by organic amine for enhanced crystallinity and toughness of poly(lactic acid) film. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127676. [PMID: 38287582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has its own limitations in terms of slow crystallization rate and low crystallinity during processing, resulting in poor toughness and thermal stability, which seriously restricts the practical application of PLA. Blending nanoparticles into the PLA matrix is an effective way to improve PLA crystallization. In this study, carbon dots (CDs) were prepared by green oxidation using weathered coal as carbon source and then surface-modified with dodecylamine (DDA) and octadecylamine (ODA). Modified CDs (MCDs)/PLA composite films were prepared using MCDs as filler to improve the crystallinity and toughness of PLA films. The results showed that the improvement effect of ODA-modified CDs (ODACDs) was better than that of DDA-modified CDs (DDACDs). The crystallinity of PLA composite film (0.05 wt% ODACDs) was increased from 7.20% (pure PLA film) to 35.44%, and its elongation at break was increased by 5.01 times compared with that of the pure PLA film. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the thermal stability of MCDs/PLA films was also improved. The results of simultaneous rheology and in-situ FTIR analysis as well as molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that MCDs had a strong interaction with PLA molecules, which promoted the crystallization of PLA film, thereby improving its toughness and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China; College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yikelamu Jilili
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tengfei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weijun Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China.
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Lu W, Cai H, Han X, Yang K, Wang H, Wu X, Liu L. Sustainable Biochar Nanosheets Derived from Sweet Sorghum Residues via Superbase Pretreatment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15942-15949. [PMID: 37914676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) sheet-like biochar as promising alternatives to graphene nanosheets has gained significant attention in materials science while being highly restricted by its complicated synthetic steps. In this study, the dimethyl sulfoxide/potassium hydroxide (DMSO/KOH) superbase system was first used to pretreat sweet sorghum residues (SS) and then carbonized to prepare sheet-like biochar. Ascribing to the strong nucleophilicity of DMSO/KOH, a synergistic effect was achieved by partially removing non-cellulosic components in SS and swelling the amorphous region of cellulose, leaving more layered cellulose behind (∼46.5 wt %), which was favorable for the formation of 2D biochar nanosheets with high graphitization degrees (∼93.1%). This strategy was also suitable for other biomass fibers (e.g., straw, wood powders, and nuclear shells) to obtain sheet-like biochar. The resulting sheet-like biochar could be compounded with cellulose nanofibers to achieve the structural design of composites and solve the molding problem of biochar, which was beneficial for dyeing wastewater treatment. Thus, this work provides insight into a simple strategy for developing 2D ultrathin sheet-like biochar from sustainable biomass wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Lu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Hongzhen Cai
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xiangsheng Han
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Keyan Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xun Wu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
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