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Kılıç E, Fullana-I-Palmer P, Fullana M, Delgado-Aguilar M, Puig R. Circularity of new composites from recycled high density polyethylene and leather waste for automotive bumpers. Testing performance and environmental impact. Sci Total Environ 2024; 919:170413. [PMID: 38309365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
New composite materials (suitable for automotive bumpers), composed of recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and leather buffing dust waste (BF) ranging from 20 to 50 wt%, were produced and investigated for mechanical properties. Optimal mechanical performance was achieved with composites containing 30 % wt BF. The environmental performance of automotive bumper production from both virgin and recycled HDPE reinforced with 30 % wt BF (HDPE-BF, rHDPE-BF) composites was compared to that of conventional polypropylene (PP) by performing a cradle to gate life cycle assessment. A component-based approach, instead of a comprehensive LCA assessment for the entire car was adopted using various functional units (FU) such as mass (FU1), volume (FU2), and volume of raw material fulfilling a specific impact strength requirement (FU3), thus enriching the paper with methodological discussions. The rHDPE-BF system provided better environmental performance compared to the virgin PP system, when considering both mass and volume-related functional units, mainly due to the avoidance of virgin polymer production. Even with the inclusion of the use phase in FU2 and a slightly higher density (+1.7 %) of composites than PP-based bumpers, the rHDPE system still provides better environmental performance (10 % less impact). The sensitivity analysis highlighted the significance of car type and final density of the bumper on the impact results. Finally, when using FU3, due to its higher impact strength, HDPE-BF system is clearly the best environmental alternative (50 % less impact) followed by rHDPE-BF system. In all cases, rising the content of recycled materials in the bumpers increases its circularity. The paper illustrates the importance of selecting a suitable functional unit, based on a specific application (i.e., automotive bumpers), to evaluate the environmental impact of new composite materials in comparison to traditional options. Expanding the assessment to encompass multiple functions provides a more accurate portrayal of reality but also introduces greater result uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Kılıç
- Leather Engineering Department, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Pere Fullana-I-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, University Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margalida Fullana
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | | | - Rita Puig
- ABBU Research Group, Department of Industrial and Building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), 08700 Igualada, Spain.
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Muralidharan V, Gochhayat S, Palanivel S, Madhan B. Influence of preparation techniques of cellulose II nanocrystals as reinforcement for tannery solid waste-based gelatin composite films. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:14284-14303. [PMID: 36152092 PMCID: PMC9510280 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tannery waste-based gelatin composite film reinforced with cellulose II nanocrystal (CNC II) extracted from wet wipes using three different hydrolysis techniques is explored for its functional properties and possible utilization as a biodegradable packaging material. CNC II isolated using hydrogen peroxide (PCNC), citric acid (CCNC), and hydrochloric acid (HCNC) differed in morphological and crystalline character as investigated using DLS, FE-SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. The crystallinity of PCNC, CCNC, and HCNC was found to be 81.1%, 75.4%, and 86.1%, respectively. The highly crystalline CNC II (PCNC) incorporation improved mechanical stiffness of rawhide trimming waste-based gelatin films by 50% compared to control gelatin film. Maximum thermal decomposition with Tmax of 329 °C was obtained for gelatin films with PCNC nano-reinforcement. Films with CNC II were structurally stable and sufficiently antibacterial against Gram-positive S. aureus microbial strain. Strong interfacial non-covalent and hydrogen bonding interactions between gelatin and cellulose II nanocrystal have likely enhanced the properties of the composite films. Incorporation of CNC II reduced the surface wettability of the films and nanocomposites absorbed UV radiation as evidenced by transmittance value T280 of 0.19%. Nanocomposite films degraded up to 79.9% of initial mass within 7 days of soil burial. Furthermore, based on the optimized system, single-use packaging application of eggplant seeds has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimudha Muralidharan
- Centre for Academic and Research Excellence (CARE), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 020, India
- Department of Leather Technology, A C Tech (Housed at CSIR-CLRI), Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 025, India
| | - Saiprasad Gochhayat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 078, India
| | - Saravanan Palanivel
- Department of Leather Technology, A C Tech (Housed at CSIR-CLRI), Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 025, India
- Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 020, India
| | - Balaraman Madhan
- Centre for Academic and Research Excellence (CARE), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 020, India.
- Department of Leather Technology, A C Tech (Housed at CSIR-CLRI), Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 025, India.
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El-Hout SI, Attia SY, Mohamed SG, Abdelbasir SM. From waste to value-added products: Evaluation of activated carbon generated from leather waste for supercapacitor applications. J Environ Manage 2022; 304:114222. [PMID: 34871869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leather tanning operations create a large amount of solid and liquid waste from tanning, wherein Cr(III) compounds are used to produce wet blue leather. In this study, activated carbon (AC) generated from leather waste (LW) was evaluated for supercapacitor (SC) applications. AC was produced through carbonization at a temperature range of 700°C-900 °C, followed by chemical activation. The morphological characteristics of the AC samples revealed a certain degree of porosity and a maximum surface area of 381 m2 g-1. X-ray diffraction and EDX examination showed the existence of graphitic planes in the LW-derived AC. Raman, FT-IR, and XPS confirmed the defect nature and surface functional groups of the AC samples. A three-electrode approach was employed to assess the electrochemical characteristics of the AC samples. The supreme capacitance of a sample (LW700) at 1 A/g was 550 F g-1 (237 C g-1) in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. All the electrochemical results (CV, GCD, and Nyquist curves) demonstrated that the LW carbon possessed a high specific capacitance and electrochemical cycle constancy, and hence is appropriate for SC fabrication. These desirable capacitive performances enable solid leather waste-derived carbons as a source of new materials for low-cost energy storage supercapacitors. This work put forwards a new concept of 'waste to value-added products' that can be a helping hand for leather industries and its solid waste management disposal problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soliman I El-Hout
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box: 87, Helwan, 11421, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sayed Y Attia
- Mining and Metallurgy Engineering Department, Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies (TIMS), Tabbin, 109, Helwan, Cairo, 11421, Egypt
| | - Saad G Mohamed
- Mining and Metallurgy Engineering Department, Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies (TIMS), Tabbin, 109, Helwan, Cairo, 11421, Egypt.
| | - S M Abdelbasir
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box: 87, Helwan, 11421, Cairo, Egypt.
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Wang L, Chen M, Li J, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y. A novel substitution-based method for effective leaching of chromium (III) from chromium-tanned leather waste: The thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism studies. Waste Manag 2020; 103:276-284. [PMID: 31911374 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A substitution-based method for chromium (III) leaching from chromium-tanned leather waste (CTLW) without destroying the collagen matrix was proposed. The leaching efficiency of Cr (III) from CTLW using different organic salts was investigated and sodium oxalate (OA-2Na) was considered to be the best Cr leaching agent. The effects of leaching time, temperature, pH, concentration, shaking speed and leather thickness on Cr leaching rate were investigated and a Cr leaching rate of 98% was obtained. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG0 < 0, ΔH0 > 0 and ΔS0 > 0) were obtained in this study. The kinetic data fitted well with the first-order kinetic equation. The apparent activation energy (Ea = 82.9563 kJ/mol) and the frequency factor (A = 2.96 × 1011) were obtained. The collagen matrix remained intact after Cr leaching by the characterization of SEM and FTIR. A substitution mechanism was proposed that Cr (III) in CTLW was complexed with oxalate and dissociated from the collagen matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China
| | - Yubin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China
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Lee J, Hong J, Jang D, Park KY. Hydrothermal carbonization of waste from leather processing and feasibility of produced hydrochar as an alternative solid fuel. J Environ Manage 2019; 247:115-120. [PMID: 31234046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study presents hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of leather waste (LW) to produce hydrochar and feasibility of using produced hydrochar as solid fuel. The results showed that a relatively low HTC treatment temperature (180-200 °C) improved both the hydrochar product yield (>82.9% by dry weight) and its potential use as a solid fuel with in terms of its physicochemical properties and heating value. Furthermore, the hydrochar showed a higher heating value (5807-6508 kcal kg-1) compared to that of low-ranked coals (i.e., sub-bituminous and lignite), and stable combustion characteristics at a higher temperature. This allows the hydrochar to be considered as a suitable alternative to conventional fossil fuel. In addition, the decrease of nitrogen content in the hydrochar during the HTC treatment, and the inherent low sulfur content of LW could make hydrochar a more appealing clean energy source. The findings of this study suggest that the conversion of LW through HTC can be a useful method for waste management and energy recovery from abandoned biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkeun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongseop Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokjin Jang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Zhan M, Sun C, Chen T, Li X. Emission characteristics for co-combustion of leather wastes, sewage sludge, and coal in a laboratory-scale entrained flow tube furnace. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:9707-9716. [PMID: 30729444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Four different mixed fuels consisted of leather waste, coal, and sewage sludge were combusted in a lab-scale entrained flow fluidized bed furnace. The influence of blending ratio on emission characteristics of SO2, NOx, HCl, particulate matter (PM), heavy metals, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was studied. Results showed that the mixing of coal with sewage sludge had a complex effect on the emission characteristics. On the one hand, with more sewage sludge blending in the mixed fuel, the acid gas pollutant (SO2, NOx) decreased a lot, and the recovery of volatile heavy metals (Cd, Pb) increased at the same time. Furthermore, the leaching toxicity of Cr in the fly ash and bottom ash went down below the national standard with the adding of sewage sludge. On the other hand, the mixing of sewage sludge which consisted of more ash content resulted in the increase of the PM emission. Moreover, the high content of Cu and chlorine in the sewage sludge can promote the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) when the fuel 3 and 4 were combusted. Most importantly, the concentration of toxic PCDD/Fs in the flue gas produced from fuel 3 and fuel 4 was successfully controlled down below 0.20 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 by the active carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Teklay A, Gebeyehu G, Getachew T, Yaynshet T, Sastry TP. Conversion of finished leather waste incorporated with plant fibers into value added consumer products - An effort to minimize solid waste in Ethiopia. Waste Manag 2017; 68:45-55. [PMID: 28764877 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Presently, the leftovers from leather product industries are discarded as waste in Ethiopia. The objective of the present study was therefore, to prepare composite sheets by incorporating various plant fibers like enset (Ensete ventricosum), hibiscus (Hibiscus cannabinus), jute (Corchorus trilocularis L.), palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and sisal (Agave sisal) in various proportions into the leather waste. Resin binder (RB) and natural rubber latex (NRL) were used as binding agents for the preparation of the composite sheets. The composite sheets prepared were characterized for their physicochemical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, stitch tear strength, water absorption, water desorption and flexing strength). Composite sheets prepared using RB having 10% hibiscus, 20% palm and 40% sisal fibers showed better mechanical properties than their respective controls. In composite sheets prepared using NRL having 30% jute fiber exhibited better mechanical properties than its control. Most of the plant fibers used in this study played a role in increasing the performance of the sheets. However, as seen from the results, the contribution of these plant fibers on performance of the composite sheets prepared is dependent on the ratio used and the nature of binder. The SEM studies have exhibited the composite nature of the sheets and FTIR studies have shown the functional groups of collagen protein, cellulose and binders. The prepared sheets were used as raw materials for preparation of items like stiff hand bags, ladies' purse, keychain, chappal upper, wallet, wall cover, mouse pad and other interior decorating products. By preparing such value added products, we can reduce solid waste; minimize environmental pollution and thereby securing environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Teklay
- Ethiopian Leather Industry Development Institute (LIDI), Leather Manufacturing Technology Directorate, P.O. Box: 5, Addis Ababa 1058, Ethiopia.
| | - G Gebeyehu
- Department of Animal Production Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 34, Ethiopia.
| | - T Getachew
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 34, Ethiopia.
| | - T Yaynshet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES), P.O. Box: 1924, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - T P Sastry
- Senior Principal Scientist & Head, Biological Materials Lab, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 20, India.
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Kocurek P, Kolomazník K, Bařinová M, Hendrych J. Total control of chromium in tanneries - thermal decomposition of filtration cake from enzymatic hydrolysis of chrome shavings. Waste Manag Res 2017; 35:444-449. [PMID: 27932548 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x16680728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the problem of chromium recovery from chrome-tanned waste and thus with reducing the environmental impact of the leather industry. Chrome-tanned waste was transformed by alkaline enzymatic hydrolysis promoted by magnesium oxide into practically chromium-free, commercially applicable collagen hydrolysate and filtration cake containing a high portion of chromium. The crude and magnesium-deprived chromium cakes were subjected to a process of thermal decomposition at 650°C under oxygen-free conditions to reduce the amount of this waste and to study the effect of magnesium removal on the resulting products. Oxygen-free conditions were applied in order to prevent the oxidation of trivalent chromium into the hazardous hexavalent form. Thermal decomposition products from both crude and magnesium-deprived chrome cakes were characterized by high chromium content over 50%, which occurred as eskolaite (Cr2O3) and magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4) crystal phases, respectively. Thermal decomposition decreased the amount of chrome cake dry feed by 90%. Based on the performed experiments, a scheme for the total control of chromium in the leather industry was designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kocurek
- 1 Department of Automation and Control Engineering, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Stráněmi 4511, 76005 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - K Kolomazník
- 1 Department of Automation and Control Engineering, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Stráněmi 4511, 76005 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - M Bařinová
- 1 Department of Automation and Control Engineering, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Stráněmi 4511, 76005 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - J Hendrych
- 2 Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Konikkara N, Kennedy LJ, Vijaya JJ. Preparation and characterization of hierarchical porous carbons derived from solid leather waste for supercapacitor applications. J Hazard Mater 2016; 318:173-185. [PMID: 27420389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of crust leather waste (CLW) as precursors for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbons (HPC) were investigated. HPCs were prepared from CLW by pre-carbonization followed by chemical activation using KOH at relatively high temperatures. Textural properties of HPC's showed an extent of micro-and mesoporosity with maximum BET surface area of 716m(2)/g. Inducements of graphitic planes in leather waste derived carbons were observed from X-ray diffraction and HR-TEM analysis. Microstructure, thermal behavior and surface functional groups were identified using FT-Raman, thermo gravimetric analysis and FT-IR techniques. HPCs were evaluated for electrochemical properties by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by three electrode system. CLC9 sample showed a maximum capacitance of 1960F/g in 1M KCl electrolyte. Results achieved from rectangular curves of CV, GCD symmetric curves and Nyquist plots show that the leather waste carbon is suitable to fabricate supercapacitors as it possess high specific capacitance and electrochemical cycle stability. The present study proposes an effective method for solid waste management in leather industry by the way of converting toxic leather waste to new graphitic porous carbonaceous materials as a potential candidate for energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketha Konikkara
- Materials Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University, Chennai Campus, Chennai 600 127, India
| | - L John Kennedy
- Materials Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University, Chennai Campus, Chennai 600 127, India.
| | - J Judith Vijaya
- Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Loyola College (Autonomous) Chennai 600 034, India
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Banerjee P, Madhu S, Chandra Babu NK, Shanthi C. Bio-mimetic mineralization potential of collagen hydrolysate obtained from chromium tanned leather waste. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2015; 49:338-347. [PMID: 25686958 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics serve as an alternative to autogenous-free bone grafting by virtue of their excellent biocompatibility. However, chemically synthesized HA lacks the strong load-bearing capacity as required by bone. The bio-mimetic growth of HA crystals on collagen surface provides a feasible solution for synthesizing bone substitutes with the desired properties. This study deals with the utilization of the collagen hydrolysate recovered from leather waste as a substrate for promoting HA crystal growth. Bio-mimetic growth of HA was induced by subjecting the hydrolysate to various mineralization conditions. Parameters that would have a direct effect on crystal growth were varied to determine the optimal conditions necessary. Maximum mineralization was achieved with a combination of 10mM of CaCl2, 5mM of Na2HPO4, 100mM of NaCl and 0.575% glutaraldehyde at a pH of 7.4. The metal-protein interactions leading to formation of HA were identified through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The crystal dimensions were determined to be in the nanoscale range by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The size and crystallinity of bio-mimetically grown HA indicate that hydrolysate from leather waste can be used as an ideal alternative substrate for bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Banerjee
- School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Madhu
- School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N K Chandra Babu
- Tannery Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Shanthi
- School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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