1
|
Zhang C, Chen N, Zhao M, Zhong W, Wu WJ, Jin YC. High-performance electrode materials of heteroatom-doped lignin-based carbon materials for supercapacitor applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133017. [PMID: 38876242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Supercapacitors are the preferred option for supporting renewable energy sources owing to many benefits, including fast charging, long life, high energy and power density, and saving energy. While electrode materials with environmentally friendly preparation, high performance, and low cost are important research directions of supercapacitors. At present, the growing global population and the increasingly pressing issue of environmental pollution have drawn the focus of numerous researchers worldwide to the development and utilization of renewable biomass resources. Lignin, a renewable aromatic polymer, has reserves second only to cellulose in nature. Ten million tonnes of industrial lignin are produced in pulp and paper mills annually, most of which are disposed of as waste or burned for fuel, seriously depleting natural resources and polluting the environment. One practical strategy to accomplish sustainable development is to employ lignin resources to create high-value materials. Based on the high carbon content and rich functional groups of lignin, the lignin-based carbon materials generated after carbonization treatment display specific electrochemical properties as electrode materials. Nevertheless, low electrochemical activity of untreated lignin precludes it from achieving its full potential for application in energy storage. Heteroatom doping is a common modification method that aims to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials by optimizing the structure of the lignin, improving its pore structure and increasing the number of active sites on its surface. This paper aims to establish theoretical foundations for design, preparation, and optimizing the performance of heteroatom-doped lignin-based carbon materials, as well as for developing high-value-added lignin materials. The most reported the mechanism of supercapacitors, the doping process involving various types of heteroatoms, and the analysis of how heteroatoms affect the performance of lignin-based carbon materials are also detailed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Nuo Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Yong-Can Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng P, Lei J, Mei J, Liu W, Wang H. Effect of lignin on the structure-property behavior of metal-coordinated and chemically crosslinked ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132766. [PMID: 38823742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The efficient development and utilization of green biomass-based macromolecule engineering materials are essential for the sustainable development of human civilization. In this study, lignin-based ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM) composites with excellent mechanical performance were fabricated using a simple method. The effects of water-insoluble enzymatically hydrolyzed lignin (EL) and alkali lignin (KL) on the mechanical performance of the composites were investigated separately. The results showed that the tensile strength of EPDM reinforced with KL and EL increased to 24.5 MPa and 22.1 MPa, respectively, surpassing that of the carbon black (CB)-reinforced EPDM. After 72 h of thermo-oxidative aging, the retention rates of the tensile strength and elongation at break in the lignin-reinforced EPDM were much better than those formed with pure CB, indicating that lignin significantly improved the thermo-oxidative aging resistance of the composites. In summary, the Zn2+ coordination bonds formed between the interface of EPDM and lignin in lignin/CB/EPDM ternary composites effectively improved the mechanical performance and aging resistance of the composites. This study has significant implications for enhancing the utilization of lignin and green functional polymer materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingxian Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junjie Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China..
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.; Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chandna S, Olivares M CA, Baranovskii E, Engelmann G, Böker A, Tzschucke CC, Haag R. Lignin Upconversion by Functionalization and Network Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313945. [PMID: 37830521 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a complex and abundant biopolymer derived from plant cell walls, has emerged as a promising feedstock for sustainable material development. Due to the high abundance of phenylpropanoid units, aromatic rings, and hydroxyl groups, lignin is an ideal candidate for being explored in various material applications. Therefore, the demand on lignin valorization for development of value-added products is significantly increasing. This mini-review provides an overview of lignin upconversion, focusing on its functionalization through chemical and enzymatic routes, and its application in lignin-based polymer resins, hydrogels, and nanomaterials. The functionalization of lignin molecules with various chemical groups offers tailored properties and increased compatibility with other materials, expanding its potential applications. Additionally, the formation of lignin-based networks, either through cross-linking or blending with polymers, generates novel materials with improved mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. However, challenges remain in optimizing functionalization techniques, preserving the innate complexity of lignin, and achieving scalability for industrial implementation. As lignin's potential continues to be unlocked, it is poised to contribute significantly to the shift towards more eco-friendly and resource-efficient industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjam Chandna
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen A Olivares M
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Egor Baranovskii
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Engelmann
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung (IAP), Geiselbergstrasse 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung (IAP), Geiselbergstrasse 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - C Christoph Tzschucke
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muddasar M, Mushtaq M, Beaucamp A, Kennedy T, Culebras M, Collins MN. Synthesis of Sustainable Lignin Precursors for Hierarchical Porous Carbons and Their Efficient Performance in Energy Storage Applications. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:2352-2363. [PMID: 38362533 PMCID: PMC10865442 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Lignin-derived porous carbons have great potential for energy storage applications. However, their traditional synthesis requires highly corrosive activating agents in order to produce porous structures. In this work, an environmentally friendly and unique method has been developed for preparing lignin-based 3D spherical porous carbons (LSPCs). Dropwise injection of a lignin solution containing PVA sacrificial templates into liquid nitrogen produces tiny spheres that are lyophilized and carbonized to produce LSPCs. Most of the synthesized samples possess excellent specific surface areas (426.6-790.5 m2/g) along with hierarchical micro- and mesoporous morphologies. When tested in supercapacitor applications, LSPC-28 demonstrates a superior specific capacitance of 102.3 F/g at 0.5 A/g, excellent rate capability with 70.3% capacitance retention at 20 A/g, and a commendable energy density of 2.1 Wh/kg at 250 W/kg. These materials (LSPC-46) also show promising performance as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries with high reversible capacity (110 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1), high Coulombic efficiency, and excellent cycling stability. This novel and green technique is anticipated to facilitate the scalability of lignin-based porous carbons and open a range of research opportunities for energy storage applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Muddasar
- Stokes
Laboratories, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Misbah Mushtaq
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Anne Beaucamp
- Stokes
Laboratories, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Tadhg Kennedy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Mario Culebras
- Institute
of Material Science, (ICMUV) University of Valencia, Paterna 22085, Spain
| | - Maurice N. Collins
- Stokes
Laboratories, School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- SFI
Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhai Z, Wang S, Xu Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Yu H, Ren B. Starch-based carbon aerogels prepared by an innovative KOH activation method for supercapacitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128587. [PMID: 38065463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Biomass-based carbon aerogels hold promising application prospect in the field of supercapacitors. In this research, starch was selected as a raw material for preparing carbon aerogels. The preparation process of starch hydrogels was simplified by using KOH, which can change starch suspension into hydrogels at room temperature. Moreover, the molecular mixing of KOH and starch was realized, so that KOH can be fully utilized in the activation process. The specific surface area of the starch-based carbon aerogels prepared by this method was 1349 m2/g, and the proportion of micropores was 43.7 %. Remarkably, as electrode materials for supercapacitors, the starch-based carbon aerogels exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance. In a three-electrode system, the carbon aerogels exhibited specific capacitance of 211.5 F/g at 0.5 A/g and 138.5 F/g at 10 A/g, suggesting their suitability for high-current applications. In a symmetrical supercapacitor configuration, the materials exhibited an energy density of 11.3 Wh/kg at a power density of 0.5 kW/kg and the specific capacitance can maintain 98.91 % after 10,000 cycles. Overall, this work provides a new method for mixing activators, which will foster potential advances in starch based carbon aerogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuozhao Zhai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China; Hebei Engineering Research Center for Water Saving in Industry, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China; Hebei Engineering Research Center for Water Saving in Industry, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China
| | - Yuelong Xu
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China; Hebei Engineering Research Center for Water Saving in Industry, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China; Hebei Engineering Research Center for Water Saving in Industry, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Hebei Yuehai Water Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Bin Ren
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China; Hebei Engineering Research Center for Water Saving in Industry, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050081, China
| |
Collapse
|