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Huang SY, Chao AS, Kao CC, Lin CH, Hsieh CC. The Outcome of Prenatally Diagnosed Isolated Fetal Ventricular Septal Defect. J Med Ultrasound 2017; 25:71-75. [PMID: 30065463 PMCID: PMC6029313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmu.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - An-Shine Chao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linko Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chi Kao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liang D, Xu X, Deng F, Feng J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Pan L, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li J, Liang X, Sun Y, Xiao J, Chen YH. miRNA-940 reduction contributes to human Tetralogy of Fallot development. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1830-9. [PMID: 24889693 PMCID: PMC4196658 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a complex congenital heart defect and the microRNAs regulation in TOF development is largely unknown. Herein, we explored the role of miRNAs in TOF. Among 75 dysregulated miRNAs identified from human heart tissues, miRNA-940 was the most down-regulated one. Interestingly, miRNA-940 was most highly expressed in normal human right ventricular out-flow tract comparing to other heart chambers. As TOF is caused by altered proliferation, migration and/or differentiation of the progenitor cells of the secondary heart field, we isolated Sca-1+ human cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (hCMPC) for miRNA-940 function analysis. miRNA-940 reduction significantly promoted hCMPCs proliferation and inhibited hCMPCs migration. We found that JARID2 is an endogenous target regulated by miRNA-940. Functional analyses showed that JARID2 also affected hCMPCs proliferation and migration. Thus, decreased miRNA-940 affects the proliferation and migration of the progenitor cells of the secondary heart field by targeting JARID2 and potentially leads to TOF development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Cardiology of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Shen O, Lieberman S, Farber B, Terner D, Lahad A, Levy-Lahad E. Prenatal Isolated Ventricular Septal Defect May Not Be Associated with Trisomy 21. J Clin Med 2014; 3:432-9. [PMID: 26237383 PMCID: PMC4449695 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine if isolated fetal ventricular septal defect (VSD) is associated with trisomy 21. One hundred twenty six cases with prenatal VSD diagnosed by a pediatric cardiologist were reviewed. Cases with known risk factors for congenital heart disease, the presence of other major anomalies, soft signs for trisomy 21 or a positive screen test for trisomy 21 were excluded. Ninety two cases formed the study group. None of the cases in the study group had trisomy 21. The upper limit of prevalence for trisomy 21 in isolated VSD is 3%. When prenatal VSD is not associated with other major anomalies, soft markers for trisomy 21 or a positive nuchal translucency or biochemical screen, a decision whether to perform genetic amniocentesis should be individualized. The currently unknown association between isolated VSD and microdeletions and microduplications should be considered when discussing this option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center pob 3235, Jerusalem 91031, Israel.
| | - Sari Lieberman
- Genetics Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 91031, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Farber
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center pob 3235, Jerusalem 91031, Israel.
| | - Daniel Terner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center pob 3235, Jerusalem 91031, Israel.
| | - Amnon Lahad
- Department of Family Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- Genetics Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 91031, Israel.
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Chao CS, Wei J, Huang HW, Yang SC. Correlation between methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and isolated patent ductus arteriosus in Taiwan. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23:655-60. [PMID: 24566197 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C gene polymorphisms are associated with the risk of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) congenital heart defects. This study aimed to determine the association of these polymorphisms in patients with isolated PDA and in non-PDA patients group without congenital heart disease. METHODS This retrospective case-controlled study was undertaken in 17 patients with isolated PDA and a control non-PDA group consisting of 34 subjects without congenital heart disease. MTHFR gene polymorphisms were analysed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). In addition, the genotype distribution of the MTHFR gene was compared among different ethnicities using the HapMap database. RESULTS In contrast to the MTHFR C677T polymorphism, differences in the MTHFR A1298C genotype were observed between the two groups (P=0.002); a greater proportion of the PDA patients had the MTHFR 1298CC and 1298AA genotypes as compared to the non-PDA control group. After merging the data obtained from the Taiwanese participants with that from the HapMap database, genetic diversity of the MTHFR 1298AA genotype was observed. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the MTHFR A1298C polymorphism is associated with isolated PDA in Taiwan. Larger studies are necessary to evaluate the prognostic value of determining MTHFR polymorphism in PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Sheng Chao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan, R.O.C; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jeng Wei
- The Heart Center, Chen-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Hurng-Wern Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shyh-Chyun Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C; Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Imbalzano E, Ceravolo R, Di Stefano R, Vatrano M, Saitta A. Rare combination of left ventricular noncompaction, bicuspid aortic valve and myocardial bridging. Rare case or common genetic mutations? Int J Cardiol 2013; 171:e90-2. [PMID: 24360154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Imbalzano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - R Ceravolo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital "Pugliese-Ciaccio" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - R Di Stefano
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - M Vatrano
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital "Pugliese-Ciaccio" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A Saitta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout life. Mutations in numerous transcription factors have been identified in patients and families with some of the most common forms of cardiac malformations and arrhythmias. This review discusses transcription factor pathways known to be important for normal heart development and how abnormalities in these pathways have been linked to morphological and functional forms of congenital heart defects. A comprehensive, current list of known transcription factor mutations associated with congenital heart disease is provided, but the review focuses primarily on three key transcription factors, Nkx2-5, GATA4, and Tbx5, and their known biochemical and genetic partners. By understanding the interaction partners, transcriptional targets, and upstream activators of these core cardiac transcription factors, additional information about normal heart formation and further insight into genes and pathways affected in congenital heart disease should result.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McCulley
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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McDonald-McGinn DM, Sullivan KE. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome). Medicine (Baltimore) 2011; 90:1-18. [PMID: 21200182 DOI: 10.1097/md.0b013e3182060469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common syndrome also known as DiGeorge syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome. It occurs in approximately 1:4000 births, and the incidence is increasing due to affected parents bearing their own affected children. The manifestations of this syndrome cross all medical specialties, and care of the children and adults can be complex. Many patients have a mild to moderate immune deficiency, and the majority of patients have a cardiac anomaly. Additional features include renal anomalies, eye anomalies, hypoparathyroidism, skeletal defects, and developmental delay. Each child's needs must be tailored to his or her specific medical problems, and as the child transitions to adulthood, additional issues will arise. A holistic approach, addressing medical and behavioral needs, can be very helpful.
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Agergaard P, Hebert A, Sørensen KM, Østergaard JR, Olesen C. Can clinical assessment detect 22q11.2 deletions in patients with cardiac malformations? A review. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 54:3-8. [PMID: 20965293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No consensus exists regarding the ability to detect the 22q11 deletion syndrome based on clinical assessment. Traditionally, diagnosis depends on clinical referral. Thus, individuals with typical manifestations are easily identified, but when manifestations are atypical or subclinical, diagnosis may be delayed or even missed. The aim of the present literature review was to evaluate the validity of clinical assessment as a method of predicting 22q11.2 deletions in individuals with congenital cardiac malformations. METHODS We identified 14 studies in which clinical assessment was blinded to the result from the genetic analysis. RESULTS Among 1458 patients, 159 (11% [9-13%]) carried the 22q11.2 deletion. The clinicians correctly identified 110 (69% [62-76%]) of them, whereas 49 (31% [24-38%]) would have remained undiagnosed if genetic screening had not been performed. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of positive and negative tests ranged from 0-100%, 43-100%, 7-100%, and 79-100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Clinical assessment identifies less than 3/4 patients with a 22q11.2 deletion, whereas more than 1/4 remain undiagnosed if genetic tests are not performed on a routine basis. In this review, we found that clinical assessment is not suited for detecting individuals to be tested for 22q11.2 deletions.
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Halder A, Jain M, Chaudhary I, Kabra M. Prevalence of 22q11.2 microdeletion in 146 patients with cardiac malformation in a referral hospital of North India. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:101. [PMID: 20573211 PMCID: PMC2912258 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a common condition that is associated with cardiac as well as extra-cardiac manifestations. Its prevalence and manifestations from north India has not been reported. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and ability of clinical criteria to predict 22q11.2 microdeletion. Methods A total of 146 cases of cardiac malformation requiring tertiary care at a teaching hospital were prospectively screened for 22q11.2 microdeletion using fluorescence in situ hybridization test. Detailed clinical information was obtained as per guidelines of Tobias, et al (1999). Results Nine out of 146 patients (6.16%) was found to have 22q11.2 microdeletion. All the positive patients showed the presence of extra-cardiac features of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. None of the cases with isolated cardiac defect were positive for microdeletion. Conclusions It seems that 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is over-suspected in children with isolated congenital heart defects. Screening for 22q11.2 microdeletion should be considered in those cardiac malformation cases which have extra-cardiac manifestations in the form of facial dysmorphism and hypocalcaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Halder
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Jiang L, Hou Z, Duan C, Chen B, Chen Z, Li Y, Huan Y, Wu KK. Isolated congenital heart disease is associated with the 22q11 deletion even though it is rare. Int J Cardiol 2009; 145:284-285. [PMID: 19923022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that a deletion within chromosome 22q11.2 has been identified in most cases of congenital heart disease (CHD) with DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) and velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS). Whether the 22q11.2 deletion is associated with isolated CHD is controversial. Our data is consistent with previous publications which show that the 22q11.2 deletion is associated with isolated CHD even though it is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming Medical College; Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City; Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, PR China.
| | - Zongliu Hou
- Research Laboratory Center, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming Medical College; Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City; Yunnan Cardiovescular Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, PR China
| | - Changqing Duan
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, PR China
| | - Baowen Chen
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming Medical College; Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City; Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, PR China
| | - Yaxiong Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming Medical College; Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City; Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, PR China
| | - Youming Huan
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical School, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kenneth K Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Yang C, Huang CH, Cheong ML, Hung KL, Lin LH, Yu YS, Chien CC, Huang HC, Chen CW, Huang CJ. Unambiguous molecular detections with multiple genetic approach for the complicated chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:16. [PMID: 19243607 PMCID: PMC2656481 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) causes a developmental disorder during the embryonic stage, usually because of hemizygous deletions. The clinical pictures of patients with 22q11DS vary because of polymorphisms: on average, approximately 93% of affected individuals have a de novo deletion of 22q11, and the rest have inherited the same deletion from a parent. Methods using multiple genetic markers are thus important for the accurate detection of these microdeletions. Methods We studied 12 babies suspected to carry 22q11DS and 18 age-matched healthy controls from unrelated Taiwanese families. We determined genomic variance using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Results Changes in genomic copy number were significantly associated with clinical manifestations for the classical criteria of 22q11DS using MPLA and qPCR (p < 0.01). An identical deletion was shown in three affected infants by MLPA. These reduced DNA dosages were also obtained partially using array-CGH and confirmed by qPCR but with some differences in deletion size. Conclusion Both MLPA and qPCR could produce a clearly defined range of deleted genomic DNA, whereas there must be a deleted genome that is not distinguishable using MLPA. These data demonstrate that such multiple genetic approaches are necessary for the unambiguous molecular detection of these types of complicated genomic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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12
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Sullivan KE. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial Syndrome. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28:353-66. [PMID: 18424337 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DiGeorge syndrome, or chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is a disorder affecting multiple organ systems. The immunologist may be called on to coordinate complex medical care tailored to the specific needs and unique clinical features of each patient. This article focuses on the immune system, but patients require a holistic approach. Attention to cardiac, nutritional, and developmental needs in early infancy is important, and it is critical to identify the rare infants who require either a lymphocyte or thymus transplant. Later, speech and school issues dominate the picture. Allergies and autoimmune disorders also may be troubling for some school-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA.
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Erdal E, Erdal C, Bulut G, Kunter I, Kir M, Atabey N, Açikel U. Mutation analysis of the Vangl2 coding region revealed no common cause for Tetralogy of Fallot. J Int Med Res 2008; 35:867-72. [PMID: 18034999 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vangl2 (Van Gogh-like 2) protein acts via non-canonical Wnt signalling to regulate polarized cell movements during development of the proximal outflow tract in vertebrate embryos. Recently, it has been shown that mutations of the Vangl2 gene cause aortic arch defects that are characteristic of the loop-tail (Lp) mouse and they have also became a strong candidate for causing congenital outflow tract defects in humans. Thus, in this study Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), which comprises a group of syndromes that constitutes the most frequent cause of congenital cardiac outflow abnormalities in humans, was analysed for mutations within all coding regions of the Vangl2 gene. Based on direct sequencing data from a combination of 20 patients with ToF and 22 healthy people, three polymorphisms have been identified in exon 6 and exon 7 which do not change the amino acid sequence. It was concluded, therefore, that there is no specific mutation responsible for the ToF phenotype in the Vangl2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Erdal
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Abstract
Velocardiofacial syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, and some other clinical syndromes have in common a high frequency of hemizygous deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. This deletion syndrome is very common, affecting nearly one in 3000 children. Here, we focus on recent advances in cardiac assessment, speech, immunology, and pathophysiology of velocardiofacial syndrome. The complex medical care of patients needs a multidisciplinary approach, and every patient has his own unique clinical features that need a tailored approach. Patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome might have high level of functioning, but most often need interventions to improve the function of many organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Kobrynski
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology Section, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Gu CC, Hunt SC, Kardia S, Turner ST, Chakravarti A, Schork N, Olshen R, Curb D, Jaquish C, Boerwinkle E, Rao DC. An investigation of genome-wide associations of hypertension with microsatellite markers in the family blood pressure program (FBPP). Hum Genet 2007; 121:577-90. [PMID: 17372766 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP) has data on 387 microsatellite markers in 13,524 subjects from four major ethnic groups. We investigated genetic association with hypertension of the linkage markers. Family-based methods were used to test association of the 387 loci with resting blood pressures (BPs) [systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] and the hypertension status (HT). We applied a vote-counting approach to pool results across the three correlated traits, network samples, and ethnic groups to refine the selection of susceptibility loci. The association analyses captured signals missed by previous linkage scans. We found 71 loci associated with at least one of the three traits in at least one of the four ethnic groups at the significance level of 0.01. After validation across multiple samples and related traits, we identified by vote-counting 21 candidate loci for hypertension. Two loci, D3S2459 and D10S1412 confirmed findings in Network-specific linkage scans (GENOA and SAPPHIRe). Many of the candidate loci were reported by others in linkage to BPs, body weight, heart disease, and diabetes. We also observed frequent presence of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in autoimmune and neurological disorders (e.g., NOD2). The vote-counting method of pooling results recognizes the potential that a gene may be involved in varying ways among different samples, which we believe is responsible for identifying genes in the less explored inflammatory pathways to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8067, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
The real prevalence of deletion 22 (del22) in isolated congenital heart defects is still disputed. The experience of our group suggests that patients with CHD and del22 have classic or subtle extracardiac features, so that an accurate clinical evaluation of patients with CHD is needed before stating that the defect is isolated.
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Sullivan KE. DiGeorge Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome: The Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 601:37-49. [PMID: 17712990 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72005-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion (CH22qD) syndrome is also known as DiGeorge syndrome or velocardiofacial syndrome. This deletion syndrome is extremely common with nearly one in 4000 children being affected. Recent advances and a holistic approach to patients have improved the care and well-being of these patients. This review will summarize advances in understanding the health needs and immune system of patients with CH22qD syndrome. Patients will most often need interventions directed at maximizing function for many organ systems but can ultimately have a high level of functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy & Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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