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Stem Cell Tracing Through MR Molecular Imaging. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:249-261. [PMID: 30603551 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy opens a new window in medicine to overcome several diseases that remain incurable. It appears such diseases as cardiovascular disorders, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, urinary system diseases, cartilage lesions and diabetes are curable with stem cell transplantation. However, some questions related to stem cell therapy have remained unanswered. Stem cell imaging allows approval of appropriated strategies such as selection of the type and dose of stem cell, and also mode of cell delivery before being tested in clinical trials. MRI as a non-invasive imaging modality provides proper conditions for this aim. So far, different contrast agents such as superparamagnetic or paramagnetic nanoparticles, ultrasmall superparamagnetic nanoparticles, fluorine, gadolinium and some types of reporter genes have been used for imaging of stem cells. The core subject of these studies is to investigate the survival and differentiation of stem cells, contrast agent's toxicity and long term following of transplanted cells. The promising results of in vivo and some clinical trial studies may raise hope for clinical stem cells imaging with MRI.
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Korpi RM, Alestalo K, Ruuska T, Lammentausta E, Borra R, Yannopoulos F, Lehtonen S, Korpi JT, Lappi-Blanco E, Anttila V, Lehenkari P, Juvonen T, Blanco Sequieros R. Two novel direct SPIO labels and in vivo MRI detection of labeled cells after acute myocardial infarct. Acta Radiol Open 2017; 6:2058460117718407. [PMID: 28811932 PMCID: PMC5544151 DOI: 10.1177/2058460117718407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cellular decay due hypoxia requires rapid and validated methods for possible therapeutic cell transplantation. PURPOSE To develop direct and rapid superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) cell label for a large-animal model and to assess in vivo cell targeting by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an experimental AMI model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) were labeled with SPIO particles using two novel direct labeling methods (rotating incubation method and electroporation). Labeling, iron incorporation in cells and label distribution, cellular viability, and proliferation were validated in vitro. An AMI porcine model was used to evaluate the direct labeling method (rotating incubation method) by examining targeting of labeled BMMNCs using MRI and histology. RESULTS Labeling (1 h) did not alter either cellular differentiation potential or viability of cells in vitro. Cellular relaxation values at 9.4 T correlated with label concentration and MRI at 1.5 T showing 89 ± 4% signal reduction compared with non-labeled cells in vitro. In vivo, a high spatial correlation between MRI and histology was observed. The extent of macroscopic pathological myocardial changes (hemorrhage) correlated with altered function detected on MRI. CONCLUSION We demonstrated two novel direct SPIO labeling methods and demonstrated the feasibility of clinical MRI for monitoring targeting of the labeled cells in animal models of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka M Korpi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Alestalo
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Ruuska
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eveliina Lammentausta
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ronald Borra
- Medical Imaging Center of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Findland
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fredrik Yannopoulos
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Siri Lehtonen
- MRC Oulu and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital and PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarkko T Korpi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Lappi-Blanco
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vesa Anttila
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tatu Juvonen
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roberto Blanco Sequieros
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Dai HY, He R, Zhang Y, Wu RH, Xiao YY. Adenoviral vector mediated ferritin over-expression in mesenchymal stem cells detected by 7T MRI in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185260. [PMID: 28945778 PMCID: PMC5612726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work was to verify whether adenoviral vector mediated ferritin over-expression in mesenchymal stem cells could be detected by 7T MRI device, and to explore the relationship between ferritin content and MRI signal intensities. METHODS A recombined adenoviral vector (rAdV) encoding ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) subunit was specially designed for the aim of infecting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Ferritin over-expression in BMSCs was determined by cell immunocytochemistry and the ferritin content in cells was determined by ELISA assay. BMSCs were subjected to cell viability, proliferation and multi-differentiation analyses as well as 7T MRI test using fast spin-echo pulse sequence. The R2 value andδR2 were calculated according to T2 mapping images. RESULTS As was confirmed by cell immunocytochemistry and ELISA assay, rAdV mediated ferritin was over-expressed in BMSCs. Ferritin over-expression did not interfere with stem cell viability or pluripotent differentiation but slowed cell proliferation. The R2 value of BMSCs-FTH1 vs control BMSCs from 1-4 weeks was16.65±1.28 s-1 vs 13.99±0.80 s-1, (t = 3.94, p = 0.004), 15.63±1.37 s-1 vs 13.87±0.83 s-1 (t = 2.47, p = 0.039), 15.53±0.88 s-1 vs 14.25±0.53 s-1 (t = 2.80, p = 0.023) and 14.61±1.28 s-1 vs 13.69±1.03 s-1 (t = 1.25, p = 0.24), respectively. δR2 gradually decreased from 1-4 weeks and the difference between the groups had statistical significance (F = 12.45, p<0.01).δR2 was positively correlated with OD value (r = 0.876, p<0.01) and ferritin concentration (r = 0.899, p<0.01) as determined by Pearson correlation. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that ferritin could be over-expressed in BMSCs as a result of rAdV mediated infection and could be quantitatively detected by 7T MRI device. The differences in T2 signal intensities and R2 values stem from internal contrast generated by endogenous ferritin over-expression. The correlation between δR2, OD and ferritin concentration suggests that MRI can detect ferritin signal change accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-yang Dai
- Department of Medical Imaging, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Rong He
- Department of Medical Imaging, the 2 Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, the 2 Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ren-hua Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, the 2 Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ye-yu Xiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, the 2 Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- * E-mail:
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Harrison R, Markides H, Morris RH, Richards P, El Haj AJ, Sottile V. Autonomous magnetic labelling of functional mesenchymal stem cells for improved traceability and spatial control in cell therapy applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2333-2348. [PMID: 27151571 PMCID: PMC5573958 DOI: 10.1002/term.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a valuable resource for regenerative medicine treatments for orthopaedic repair and beyond. Following developments in isolation, expansion and differentiation protocols, efforts to promote clinical translation of emerging cellular strategies now seek to improve cell delivery and targeting. This study shows efficient live MSC labelling using silica‐coated magnetic particles (MPs), which enables 3D tracking and guidance of stem cells. A procedure developed for the efficient and unassisted particle uptake was shown to support MSC viability and integrity, while surface marker expression and MSC differentiation capability were also maintained. In vitro, MSCs showed a progressive decrease in labelling over increasing culture time, which appeared to be linked to the dilution effect of cell division, rather than to particle release, and did not lead to detectable secondary particle uptake. Labelled MSC populations demonstrated magnetic responsiveness in vitro through directed migration in culture and, when seeded onto a scaffold, supporting MP‐based approaches to cell targeting. The potential of these silica‐coated MPs for MRI cell tracking of MSC populations was validated in 2D and in a cartilage repair model following cell delivery. These results highlight silica‐coated magnetic particles as a simple, safe and effective resource to enhance MSC targeting for therapeutic applications and improve patient outcomes. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Harrison
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Hareklea Markides
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, UK
| | - Robert H Morris
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Paula Richards
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, UK
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, UK
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
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Ito-Fujishiro Y, Koie H, Shibata H, Okabayashi S, Katakai Y, Ohno C, Kanayama K, Yasutomi Y, Ageyama N. Tracking cells implanted into cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) using MRI. Exp Anim 2016; 65:311-8. [PMID: 27062993 PMCID: PMC4976245 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative therapy with stem cell transplantation is used to treat various diseases
such as coronary syndrome and Buerger’s disease. For instance, stem-cell transplantation
into the infarcted myocardium is an innovative and promising strategy for treating heart
failure due to ischemic heart disease. Basic studies using small animals have shown that
transplanted cells improve blood flow in the infarcted region. Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) can noninvasively identify and track transplanted cells labeled with
superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO). Although clinical regenerative therapies have been
clinically applied to patients, the fate of implanted cells remains unknown. In addition,
follow-up studies have shown that some adverse events can occur after recovery. Therefore,
the present study evaluated the ability of MRI using a 3T scanner to track implanted
peripheral blood mononuclear cells labeled with SPIO on days 0 and 7 after intramuscular
(i.m.) and intravenous (i.v.) injection into a cynomolgus monkey. Labeled cells were
visualized at the liver and triceps surae muscle on MR images using T1- and T2-weighted
sequences and histologically localized by Prussian blue staining. The transplanted cells
were tracked without abnormal clinical manifestations throughout this study. Hence, MRI of
cynomolgus monkey transplanted SPIO-labeled cells is a safe and efficient method of
tracking labeled cells that could help to determine the mechanisms involved in
regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Ito-Fujishiro
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Hachimandai 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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Utilization of nanoparticle technology in rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:30-41. [PMID: 27133037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the common and severe autoimmune diseases related to joints. This chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease, leads to functional limitation and reduced quality of life, since as there is bone and cartilage destruction, joint swelling and pain. Current advances and new treatment approaches have considerably postponed disease progression and improved the quality of life for many patients. In spite of major advances in therapeutic options, restrictions on the routes of administration and the necessity for frequent and long-term dosing often result in systemic adverse effects and patient non-compliance. Unlike usual drugs, nanoparticle systems are planned to deliver therapeutic agents especially to inflamed synovium, so avoiding systemic and unpleasant effects. The present review discusses about some of the most successful drugs in RA therapy and their side effects and also focuses on key design parameters of RA-targeted nanotechnology-based strategies for improving RA therapies.
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Tracking and Increasing Viability of Topically Injected Fibroblasts Suspended in Hyaluronic Acid Filler. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27:521-5. [PMID: 26854786 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000002518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A new injectable tissue-engineered soft tissue consisting of a mixture of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler and cultured human fibroblasts have been developed by the authors. To establish this method as a standard treatment, a further study was required to determine whether the injected fibroblasts could stay at the injected place or move to other sites. In addition, effective strategies were needed to increase viability of the injected fibroblasts. The purpose of this study was to track the injected fibroblasts and to determine the effect of adding prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or vitamin C on the viability of fibroblasts.Human fibroblasts labeled with fluorescence dye were suspended in HA filler and injected into 4 sites on the back of nude mice. The injected bioimplants consisted of one of the 4 followings: HA filler without cells (HA group), fibroblasts suspended in HA filler (HA + FB group), PGE1-supplemented fibroblasts in HA filler (HA + FB + PGE1 group), and vitamin C-supplemented fibroblasts in HA filler (HA + FB + VC group). At 4 weeks after injection, locations and intensities of the fluorescence signals were evaluated using a live imaging system.The fluorescence signals of the fibroblast-containing groups were visible only at the injected sites without dispersing to other sites. The HA +FB + PGE1 group showed a significantly higher fluorescence signal than the HA + FB and the HA + FB +VC groups (P < 0.05, each). There was no statistical difference between the HA + FB and HA + FB +VC groups (P = 0.69).The results of the current study collectively suggest that injected fibroblasts suspended in HA filler stay at the injected place without moving to other sites. In addition, PGE1 treatment may increase the remaining rhodamine B isothiocynanate dye at the injected site of the human dermal fibroblasts.
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Parsa H, Shamsasenjan K, Movassaghpour A, Akbarzadeh P, Amoghli Tabrizi B, Dehdilani N, Lotfinegad P, Soleimanloo F. Effect of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Labeling on Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2015. [PMID: 26199901 PMCID: PMC4503836 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been used to label mammalian cells and to monitor their fate in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the effectiveness of phenotype of labeled cells by SPIONs is still a matter of question. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency and biological effects of labeled mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) using ferumoxide- protamine sulfate complex. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an experimental study, undifferentiated mESCs, C571 line, a generous gift of Stem Cell Technology Company, were cultured on gelatin-coated flasks. The proliferation and viability of SPION-labeled cells were compared with control. ESCs and embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from differentiated hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were analyzed for stage-specific cell surface markers using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). RESULTS Our observations showed that SPIONs have no effect on the self-renewal ability of mESCs. Reverse microscopic observations and prussian blue staining revealed 100% of cells were labeled with iron particles. SPION-labeled mESCs did not significantly alter cell viability and proliferation activity. Furthermore, labeling did not alter expression of representative surface phenotypic markers such as stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA1) and cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117) on undifferentiated ESC and CD34, CD38 on HSCs, as measured by flowcytometry. CONCLUSION According to the results of the present study, SPIONs-labeling method as MRI agents in mESCs has no negative effects on growth, morphology, viability, proliferation and differentiation that can be monitored in vivo, noninvasively. Noninvasive cell tracking methods are considered as new perspectives in cell therapy for clinical use and as an easy method for evaluating the placement of stem cells after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Parsa
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Shamsasenjan
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Akbarzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahram Amoghli Tabrizi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Dehdilani
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Lotfinegad
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Soleimanloo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Huang Z, Li C, Yang S, Xu J, Shen Y, Xie X, Dai Y, Lu H, Gong H, Sun A, Qian J, Ge J. Magnetic resonance hypointensive signal primarily originates from extracellular iron particles in the long-term tracking of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted in the infarcted myocardium. Int J Nanomedicine 2015. [PMID: 25767388 PMCID: PMC4354691 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s77858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The long-lasting hypointensities in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) were believed to originate from superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-engulfed macrophages during long-term stem cell tracking. However, the iron clearance capacity of the ischemic heart was limited. Therefore, we speculated that the extracellular SPIO particles may also be involved in the generation of false-positive signals. METHODS AND RESULTS Male swine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were incubated with SPIO for 24 hours, and SPIO labeling had no significant effects on either cell viability or differentiation. In vitro studies showed that magnetic resonance failed to distinguish SPIO from living SPIO-MSCs or dead SPIO-MSCs. Two hours after the establishment of the female swine acute myocardial infarction model, 2×10(7) male SPIO-labeled MSCs (n=5) or unlabeled MSCs (n=5) were transextracardially injected into the infarcted myocardium at ten distinct sites. In vivo CMR with T2 star weighted imaging-flash-2D sequence revealed a signal void corresponding to the initial SPIO-MSC injection sites. At 6 months after transplantation, CMR identified 32 (64%) of the 50 injection sites, where massive Prussian blue-positive iron deposits were detected by pathological examination. However, iron particles were predominantly distributed in the extracellular space, and a minority was distributed within CD68-positive macrophages and other CD68-negative cells. No sex-determining region Y DNA of donor MSCs was detected. CONCLUSION CMR hypointensive signal is primarily caused by extracellular iron particles in the long-term tracking of transplanted MSCs after myocardial infarction. Consideration should be given to both the false-positive signal and the potential cardiac toxicity of long-standing iron deposits in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyong Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunli Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Dai
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Gong
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Juying Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Hansen L, Hansen AB, Mathiasen AB, Ng M, Bhakoo K, Ekblond A, Kastrup J, Friis T. Ultrastructural characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells labeled with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles for clinical tracking studies. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:437-46. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.900698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Markides H, Kehoe O, Morris RH, El Haj AJ. Whole body tracking of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-labelled cells--a rheumatoid arthritis mouse model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:126. [PMID: 24406201 PMCID: PMC3854718 DOI: 10.1186/scrt337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been made possible by the immunosuppressive and differentiation abilities of these cells. A non-invasive means of assessing cell integration and bio-distribution is fundamental in evaluating the risks and success of this therapy, thereby enabling clinical translation. This paper defines the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image and track MSCs in vivo within a murine model of RA. Methods Murine MSCs (mMSCs) were isolated, expanded and labelled with SiMAG, a commercially available particle. In vitro MRI visibility thresholds were investigated by labelling mMSCs with SiMAG with concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 μg/ml and resuspending varying cell doses (103 to 5 × 105 cells) in 2 mg/ml collagen prior to MR-imaging. Similarly, in vivo detection thresholds were identified by implanting 3 × 105 mMSCs labelled with 0 to 10 μg/ml SiMAG within the synovial cavity of a mouse and MR-imaging. Upon RA induction, 300,000 mMSCs labelled with SiMAG (10 μg/ml) were implanted via intra-articular injection and joint swelling monitored as an indication of RA development over seven days. Furthermore, the effect of SiMAG on cell viability, proliferation and differentiation was investigated. Results A minimum particle concentration of 1 μg/ml (300,000 cells) and cell dose of 100,000 cells (5 and 10 μg/ml) were identified as the in vitro MRI detection threshold. Cell viability, proliferation and differentiation capabilities were not affected, with labelled populations undergoing successful differentiation down osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. A significant decrease (P < 0.01) in joint swelling was measured in groups containing SiMAG-labelled and unlabelled mMSCs implying that the presence of SPIONs does not affect the immunomodulating properties of the cells. In vivo MRI scans demonstrated good contrast and the identification of SiMAG-labelled populations within the synovial joint up to 7 days post implantation. This was further confirmed using histological analysis. Conclusions We have been able to monitor and track the migration of stem cell populations within the rheumatic joint in a non-invasive manner. This manuscript goes further to highlight the key characteristics (biocompatible and the ability to create significant contrast at realistic doses within a clinical relevant system) demonstrated by SiMAG that should be incorporated into the design of a new clinically approved tracking agent.
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Lukács E, Magyari B, Tóth L, Petrási Z, Repa I, Koller A, Horváth I. Overview of large animal myocardial infarction models (review). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 99:365-81. [PMID: 23238539 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.99.2012.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There are several experimental models for the in vivo investigation of myocardial infarction (MI) in small (mouse, rat) and large animals (dog, pig, sheep and baboons). The application of large animal models raises ethical concerns, the design of experiments needs longer follow-up times, requiring proper breeding and housing conditions, therefore resulting in higher cost, than in vitro or small animal studies. On the other hand, the relevance of large animal models is very important, since they mostly resemble to human physiological and pathophysiological processes. The first main difference among MI models is the method of induction (open or closed chest, e.g. surgical or catheter based); the second main difference is the presence or absence of reperfusion. The former (i.e. reperfused MI) allows the investigation of reperfusion injury and new catheter based techniques during percutaneous coronary interventions, while the latter (i.e. nonreperfused MI) serves as a traditional coronary occlusion model, to test the effects of new pharmacological agents and biological therapies, as cell therapy. The reperfused and nonreperfused myocardial infarction has different outcomes, regarding left ventricular function, remodelling, subsequent heart failure, aneurysm formation and mortality. Our aim was to review the literature and report our findings regarding experimental MI models, regarding the differences among species, methods, reproducibility and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lukács
- University of Pécs Heart Institute, Medical School Pécs Hungary
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Qi Y, Feng G, Huang Z, Yan W. The application of super paramagnetic iron oxide-labeled mesenchymal stem cells in cell-based therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:2733-40. [PMID: 23269616 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has great potential for tissue regeneration. However, being able to monitor the in vivo behavior of implanted MSCs and understand the fate of these cells is necessary for further development of successful therapies and requires an effective, non-invasive and non-toxic technique for cell tracking. Super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) is an idea label and tracer of MSCs. MRI can be used to follow SPIO-labeled MSCs and has been proposed as a gold standard for monitoring the in vivo biodistribution and migration of implanted SPIO-labeled MSCs. This review discusses the biological effects of SPIO labeling on MSCs and the therapeutic applications of local or systemic delivery of these labeled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Qi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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Transplantation with autologous mesenchymal stem cells after acute myocardial infarction evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: an experimental study. J Thorac Imaging 2012; 27:125-35. [PMID: 21336180 DOI: 10.1097/rti.0b013e31820446fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to track and investigate the effects of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation after acute myocardial infarction in swine assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four Chinese mini-pigs (27±3 kg) were divided into 4 groups, including control groups (groups 1 and 3) and MSCs transplantation groups (group 2, super paramagnetic iron oxide labeled and group 4, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole labeled). Super paramagnetic iron oxide-labeled and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-labeled MSCs (3.0×10⁶ cells/mL) with a volume of 10 mL were injected into the left anterior descending artery by a catheter at 1 week after acute myocardial infarction, respectively. Cell distribution, cardiac functions, and scar tissue were quantitatively assessed by MRI. RESULTS The reduction of the T2* value in the myocardium, spleen, and liver in group 2 was significantly greater than that in group 1. MRI showed that function and scar size at baseline and 3 days after cell infusion were not significantly different between groups 1 and 2. Six weeks later left ventricular ejection fraction (P<0.0001), end-systolic volume (P<0.05), the number of dyskinetic segments (P<0.0001), left ventricular weight index (P<0.0001), and the infarcted size (P<0.0001) in group 4 were all improved comparing with those in group 3. CONCLUSIONS The majority of MSCs entrapped by the extracardial organs were mainly in the spleen. Catheter-based delivery of autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs into infarcted myocardium is feasible and effective.
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Lee JM, Kim BS, Lee H, Im GI. In vivo tracking of mesechymal stem cells using fluorescent nanoparticles in an osteochondral repair model. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1434-42. [PMID: 22491215 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We devised and tested an in vivo system to monitor the migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within the marrow cavity. In vitro studies confirmed that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA had the most potent chemotactic effect of the tested factors, and possessed the greatest number of receptors in MSCs. MSCs were labeled with fluorescent nanoparticles and injected into the marrow cavity of nude rats through osteochondral defects created in the distal femur. The defects were sealed with HCF (heparin-conjugated fibrin) or PDGF-AA-loaded HCF. In the HCF-only group, the nanoparticle-labeled MSCs dispersed outside the marrow cavity within 3 days after injection. In the PDGF-AA-loaded HCF group, the labeled cells moved time-dependently for 14 days toward the osteochondral defect. HCF-PDGF in low dose (LD; 8.5 ng/µl) was more effective than HCF-PDGF in high dose (HD; 17 ng/µl) in recruiting the MSCs to the osteochondral defect. After 21 days, the defects treated with PDGF and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-loaded HCF showed excellent cartilage repair compared with other groups. Further studies confirmed that this in vivo osteochondral MSCs tracking system (IOMTS) worked for other chemoattractants (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and PDGF-BB). IOMTS can provide a useful tool to examine the effect of growth factors or chemokines on endogenous cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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Magnetic resonance evaluation of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells after myocardial infarction in swine. Can J Cardiol 2011; 27:818-25. [PMID: 22014624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.07.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objective was to trace and evaluate intracoronary transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) labelled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a swine model of myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS MSCs were transfected with a lentiviral vector carrying the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and labelled in vitro with SPIO. At 2 weeks after MI, swine were randomized to intracoronary transplantation of dual-labelled MSCs (n=10), MSC-GFP (n=10), and saline (n=5). MRI examination was performed with a 1.5-T clinical scanner at 24 hours, 3 weeks, and 8 weeks after cell transplantation. Signal intensity changes, cardiac function, and MI size were measured by means of MRI. The correlation between MRI findings and histomorphologic findings was also investigated. RESULTS MSCs could be efficiently and safely labelled with SPIO and GFP, and multipotentiality was not affected, especially for cardiomyocyte-like cell differentiation. Signal intensity on T2*-weighted imaging decreased substantially in the interventricular septum 24 hours after injection of MSCs. The intensity of hypointense signals appeared to increase throughout the later time points. Both dual-labelled MSCs and MSC-GFP could dramatically reduce the size of MI and improve cardiac function. Histologic data revealed that cells positive for Prussian blue stain were found mainly in the border zone, which also showed green fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS In vivo 8-week tracing of dual-labelled MSCs can be achieved by MRI. Intracoronary transplantation of dual-labelled MSCs can increase cardiac function and reduce the size of MI in a swine model.
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Takehara N, Matsubara H. Cardiac regeneration therapy: connections to cardiac physiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2169-80. [PMID: 21963835 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00768.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Without heart transplantation, a large number of patients with failing hearts worldwide face poor outcomes. By means of cardiomyocyte regeneration, cardiac regeneration therapy is emerging with great promise as a means for restoring loss of cardiac function. However, the limited success of clinical trials using bone marrow-derived cells and myoblasts with heterogeneous constituents, transplanted at a wide range of cell doses, has led to disagreement on the efficacy of cell therapy. It is therefore essential to reevaluate the evidence for the efficacy of cell-based cardiac regeneration therapy, focusing on targets, materials, and methodologies. Meanwhile, the revolutionary innovation of cardiac regeneration therapy is sorely needed to help the millions of people who suffer heart failure from acquired loss of cardiomyocytes. Cardiac regeneration has been used only in limited species or as a developing process in the rodent heart; now, the possibility of cardiomyocyte turnover in the human heart is being revisited. In the pursuit of this concept, the use of cardiac stem/progenitor stem cells in the cardiac niche must be focused to usher in a second era of cardiac regeneration therapy for the severely injured heart. In addition, tissue engineering and cellular reprogramming will advance the next era of treatment that will enable current cell-based therapy to progress to "real" cardiac regeneration therapy. Although many barriers remain, the prevention of refractory heart failure through cardiac regeneration is now becoming a realistic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Takehara
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Innovation, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
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18
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Gandolfi F, Vanelli A, Pennarossa G, Rahaman M, Acocella F, Brevini TAL. Large animal models for cardiac stem cell therapies. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1416-25. [PMID: 21463721 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries and is one of the leading causes of disease burden in developing countries. Therapies have markedly increased survival in several categories of patients, nonetheless mortality still remains high. For this reason high hopes are associated with recent developments in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine that promise to replace damaged or lost cardiac muscle with healthy tissue, and thus to dramatically improve the quality of life and survival in patients with various cardiomyopathies. Much of our insight into the molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular biology comes from small animal models, particularly mice. However, significant differences exist with regard to several cardiac characteristics when mice are compared with humans. For this reason, large animal models like dog, sheep and pig have a well established role in cardiac research. A distinct characteristic of cardiac stem cells is that they can either be endogenous or derive from outside the heart itself; they can originate as the natural course of their differentiation programme (e.g., embryonic stem cells) or can be the result of specific inductive conditions (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells). In this review we will summarize the current knowledge on the kind of heart-related stem cells currently available in large animal species and their relevance to human studies as pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gandolfi
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Liu G, Yang H, Zhang XM, Shao Y, Jiang H. MR imaging for the longevity of mesenchymal stem cells labeled with poly-L-lysine-Resovist complexes. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 5:53-8. [PMID: 20235146 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are emerging as ideal probes for noninvasive cell tracking. In this study, poly-L-lysine (PLL) was mixed with Resovist to form the PLL-Resovist complexes and the control of the complexes formed by PLL and Resovist and their subsequent properties was easily achievable. MSCs could be safely and efficiently labeled for MR imaging using PLL-Resovist complexes (w/w 0.01:1) and the labeled MSCs could be detected to have definite decreased signal intensity on T(2)-weight imaging until 20 days with standard 1.5 T MR equipment. This study describes a simple protocol to label MSCs using PLL-Resovist complexes and the results presented in our study can provide a basis for the application of PLL-Resovist complexes cell labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Department of pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
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20
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Shi XL, Gu JY, Han B, Xu HY, Fang L, Ding YT. Magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells after autologous transplantation into acutely injured liver. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3674-9. [PMID: 20677339 PMCID: PMC2915427 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i29.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate tracking of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after intraportal transplantation.
METHODS: Mononuclear cells were isolated from bone marrow aspirates of pigs by density gradient centrifugation, cultured and expanded, after which, they were incubated with super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO). Prussian blue staining was performed to highlight intracellular iron. To establish swine models of acute liver injury, 0.5 g/kg D-galactosamine was administrated to 10 pigs, six of which were injected via their portal veins with SPIO-labeled MSCs, while the remaining four were injected with unlabeled cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed with a clinical 1.5T MR scanner immediately before transplantation and 6 h, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d after transplantation. Prussian blue staining was again performed with the tissue slices at the endpoint.
RESULTS: Prussian blue staining of SPIO-labeled MSCs had a labeling efficiency of almost 100%. Signal intensity loss in the liver by SPIO labeling on the FFE (T2*WI) sequence persisted until 14 d after transplantation. Histological analysis by Prussian blue staining confirmed homing of labeled MSCs in the liver after 14 d; primarily distributed in hepatic sinusoids and liver parenchyma.
CONCLUSION: MSCs were successfully labeled with SPIO in vitro. MRI can monitor magnetically labeled MSCs transplanted into the liver.
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Winter EM, Hogers B, van der Graaf LM, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Poelmann RE, van der Weerd L. Cell tracking using iron oxide fails to distinguish dead from living transplanted cells in the infarcted heart. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63:817-21. [PMID: 20187188 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, debate has arisen about the usefulness of cell tracking using iron oxide-labeled cells. Two important issues in determining the usefulness of cell tracking with MRI are generally overlooked; first, the effect of graft rejection in immunocompetent models, and second, the necessity for careful histological confirmation of the fate of the labeled cells in the presence of iron oxide. Therefore, both iron oxide-labeled living as well as dead epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) were investigated in ischemic myocardium of immunodeficient non-obese diabetic (NOD)/acid: non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/scid) mice with 9.4T MRI until 6 weeks after surgery, at which time immunohistochemical analysis was performed. In both groups, voids on MRI scans were observed that did not change in number, size, or localization over time. Based on MRI, no distinction could be made between living and dead injected cells. Prussian blue staining confirmed that the hypointense spots on MRI corresponded to iron-loaded cells. However, in the dead-EPDC recipients, all iron-positive cells appeared to be macrophages, while the living-EPDC recipients also contained engrafted iron-loaded EPDCs. Iron labeling is inadequate for determining the fate of transplanted cells in the immunodeficient host, since dead cells produce an MRI signal indistinguishable from incorporated living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Winter
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Li SC, Tachiki LML, Luo J, Dethlefs BA, Chen Z, Loudon WG. A biological global positioning system: considerations for tracking stem cell behaviors in the whole body. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:317-33. [PMID: 20237964 PMCID: PMC2887536 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many recent research studies have proposed stem cell therapy as a treatment for cancer, spinal cord injuries, brain damage, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions. Some of these experimental therapies have been tested in small animals and, in rare cases, in humans. Medical researchers anticipate extensive clinical applications of stem cell therapy in the future. The lack of basic knowledge concerning basic stem cell biology-survival, migration, differentiation, integration in a real time manner when transplanted into damaged CNS remains an absolute bottleneck for attempt to design stem cell therapies for CNS diseases. A major challenge to the development of clinical applied stem cell therapy in medical practice remains the lack of efficient stem cell tracking methods. As a result, the fate of the vast majority of stem cells transplanted in the human central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the detrimental effects, remains unknown. The paucity of knowledge concerning basic stem cell biology--survival, migration, differentiation, integration in real-time when transplanted into damaged CNS remains a bottleneck in the attempt to design stem cell therapies for CNS diseases. Even though excellent histological techniques remain as the gold standard, no good in vivo techniques are currently available to assess the transplanted graft for migration, differentiation, or survival. To address these issues, herein we propose strategies to investigate the lineage fate determination of derived human embryonic stem cells (hESC) transplanted in vivo into the CNS. Here, we describe a comprehensive biological Global Positioning System (bGPS) to track transplanted stem cells. But, first, we review, four currently used standard methods for tracking stem cells in vivo: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and fluorescence imaging (FLI) with quantum dots. We summarize these modalities and propose criteria that can be employed to rank the practical usefulness for specific applications. Based on the results of this review, we argue that additional qualities are still needed to advance these modalities toward clinical applications. We then discuss an ideal procedure for labeling and tracking stem cells in vivo, finally, we present a novel imaging system based on our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Stem Cell Research, Children's Hospital of Orange County Research Institute, University of California Irvine, 455 South Main Street, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Gamarra LF, daCosta-Filho AJ, Mamani JB, de Cassia Ruiz R, Pavon LF, Sibov TT, Vieira ED, Silva AC, Pontuschka WM, Amaro E. Ferromagnetic resonance for the quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in biological materials. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:203-11. [PMID: 20463936 PMCID: PMC2865015 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s5864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work is the presentation of a quantification methodology for the control of the amount of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) administered in biological materials by means of the ferromagnetic resonance technique (FMR) applied to studies both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study consisted in the analysis of the elimination and biodistribution kinetics of SPIONs after intravenous administration in Wistar rats. The results were corroborated by X-ray fluorescence. For the in vitro study, a quantitative analysis of the concentration of SPIONs bound to the specific AC133 monoclonal antibodies was carried out in order to detect the expression of the antigenic epitopes (CD133) in stem cells from human umbilical cord blood. In both studies FMR has proven to be an efficient technique for the SPIONs quantification per volume unit (in vivo) or per labeled cell (in vitro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel F Gamarra
- Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, IIEPAE, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Xin Y, Wang YM, Zhang H, Li J, Wang W, Wei YJ, Hu SS. Aging Adversely Impacts Biological Properties of Human Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Implications for Tissue Engineering Heart Valve Construction. Artif Organs 2010; 34:215-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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van Buul GM, Farrell E, Kops N, van Tiel ST, Bos PK, Weinans H, Krestin GP, van Osch GJVM, Bernsen MR. Ferumoxides-protamine sulfate is more effective than ferucarbotran for cell labeling: implications for clinically applicable cell tracking using MRI. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 4:230-6. [PMID: 19839030 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) for labeling cells holds great promise for clinically applicable cell tracking using magnetic resonance imaging. For clinical application, an effectively and specifically labeled cell preparation is highly desired (i.e. a large amount of intracellular iron and a negligible amount of extracellular iron). In this study we performed a direct comparison of two SPIO labeling strategies that have both been reported as efficient and clinically translatable approaches. These approaches are cell labeling using ferumoxides-protamine complexes or ferucarabotran particles. Cell labeling was performed on primary human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) and chondrocytes. For both cell types ferumoxides-protamine resulted in a higher percentage of labeled cells, a higher total iron load, a larger amount of intracellular iron and a lower amount of extracellular iron aggregates, compared with ferucarbotran. Consequently, hBMSC and chondrocyte labeling with ferumoxides-protamine is more effective and results in more specific cell labeling than ferucarbotran.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M van Buul
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jiang Y, Chen L, Tang Y, Ma G, Shen C, Qi C, Zhu Q, Yao Y, Liu N. HO-1 gene overexpression enhances the beneficial effects of superparamagnetic iron oxide labeled bone marrow stromal cells transplantation in swine hearts underwent ischemia/reperfusion: an MRI study. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 105:431-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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28
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Park KS, Tae J, Choi B, Kim YS, Moon C, Kim SH, Lee HS, Kim J, Kim J, Park J, Lee JH, Lee JE, Joh JW, Kim S. Characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity assessment, and in vivo visualization of multimodal, RITC-labeled, silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles for labeling human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 6:263-76. [PMID: 19699324 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Live imaging is a powerful technique that can be used to characterize the fate and location of stem cells in animal models. Here we investigated the characteristics and in vitro cytotoxicity of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) labeled with silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles incorporating rhodamine B isothiocyanate, MNPs@SiO2(RITC). We also conducted various in vivo-uptake tests with nanoparticle-labeled human MSCs. MNPs@SiO2(RITC) showed photostability against ultraviolet light exposure and were nontoxic to human MSCs, based on the MTT, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest assays. In addition, MNPs@SiO2(RITC) did not affect the surface phenotype or morphology of human MSCs. We also demonstrated that MNPs@SiO2(RITC) have stable retention properties in MSCs in vitro. Furthermore, using optical and magnetic resonance imaging, we successfully detected a visible signal from labeled human MSCs that were transplanted into NOD.CB17-Prkdc(SCID) (NOD-SCID) mice. These results demonstrate that MNPs@SiO2(RITC) are biocompatible and useful tools for human MSC labeling and bioimaging. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The characteristics and in vitro cytotoxicity of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) labeled with silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles incorporating rhodamine B isothiocyanate, RITC were investigated in this study. RITC showed photostability against ultraviolet light exposure and was nontoxic to human MSCs. Using both optical and magnetic resonance imaging, successful detection of signal from labeled human MSCs transplanted into mice is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Soo Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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Higuchi T, Anton M, Dumler K, Seidl S, Pelisek J, Saraste A, Welling A, Hofmann F, Oostendorp RAJ, Gansbacher B, Nekolla SG, Bengel FM, Botnar RM, Schwaiger M. Combined reporter gene PET and iron oxide MRI for monitoring survival and localization of transplanted cells in the rat heart. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:1088-94. [PMID: 19525455 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is a need for in vivo monitoring of cell engraftment and survival after cardiac cell transplantation therapy. This study assessed the feasibility and usefulness of combined PET and MRI for monitoring cell engraftment and survival after cell transplantation. METHODS Human endothelial progenitor cells (HEPCs), derived from CD34+ mononuclear cells of umbilical cord blood, were retrovirally transduced with the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene for reporter gene imaging by (124)I-PET and labeled with iron oxides for visualization by MRI. Imaging and histologic analysis were performed on 3 groups of nude rats on days 1, 3, and 7 after intramyocardial injection of 4 million HEPCs. RESULTS In vitro studies demonstrated stable expression of functional NIS protein and normal viability of HEPCs after transduction. On day 1, after intramyocardial transplantation, iron- and NIS-labeled HEPCs were visualized successfully on MRI as a regional signal void in the healthy myocardium and on PET as (124)I accumulation. The (124)I uptake decreased on day 3 and was undetectable on day 7, and the MRI signal remained unchanged throughout the follow-up period. Histologic analysis with CD31 and CD68 antibodies confirmed the presence of either labeled or nonlabeled control transplanted HEPCs at the site of injection on day 1 but not on day 7, when only iron-loaded macrophages were seen. Furthermore, deoxyuride-5'-triphosphate biotin nick end labeling showed extensive apoptosis at the site of transplantation. CONCLUSION The combination of MRI and PET allows imaging of localization and survival of transplanted HEPCs together with morphologic information about the heart. Although iron labeling rapidly loses specificity for cell viability because of phagocytosis of iron particles released from dead cells, reporter gene expression provided specific information on the number of surviving cells. This multimodality approach allows complementary analysis of cell localization and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Higuchi
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Role of Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Arrested Heart Status in the Early Cell Distribution after Intracoronary Infusion of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. J Surg Res 2009; 153:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kim YJ, Huh YM, Choe KO, Choi BW, Choi EJ, Jang Y, Lee JM, Suh JS. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of injected mesenchymal stem cells in rat myocardial infarction; simultaneous cell tracking and left ventricular function measurement. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 25 Suppl 1:99-109. [PMID: 19132547 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-008-9407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can enable magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) tracking and simultaneous in vivo functional data acquisition in rat models of myocardial infarction. Superparamagnetic iron oxide-laden human MSCs were injected into rat myocardium infarcted by cryoinjury 3 weeks after myocardial infarction. The control group received cell-free media injection. Before injection and for 3 months after, in vivo serial MRI was performed. Electrocardiography-gated gradient echo sequence MRI and cine MRI were performed for in vivo cell tracking and assessing cardiac function using left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), respectively. MRI revealed a persistent signal-void representing iron-laden MSCs until ten post-injection weeks. Serial follow-up MRI revealed that LVEF was significantly higher in the MSC injection group than in the control group. We conclude that MRI enables in vivo tracking of injected cells and evaluation of the long-term therapeutic potential of MSCs for myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, South Korea
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Hemosiderin Deposits Confounds Tracking of Iron-Oxide-Labeled Stem Cells: An Experimental Study. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:3619-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zhang H, Wei YJ, Hu SS. Intraoperative cell transplantation for congestive heart failure: experience in China. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 20:126-30. [PMID: 18707645 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant improvement in the management of congestive heart failure (CHF), it still is a major worldwide public health problem. Currently, cell-based regenerative medicine has been developed as a promising therapeutic option for patients with CHF. Considering the large and growing population, it is estimated that over 5 million patients in China may need such a cell-based therapy to replace or repair the damaged myocardium. Cardiac surgery has emerged as an important player in heart cell therapy in China in recent years. Here, we summarize our achievements in both preclinical and clinical studies of intraoperative cell transplantation, and present our understanding of future research in this attractive field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Research Center for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Health, and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Nesselmann C, Ma N, Bieback K, Wagner W, Ho A, Konttinen YT, Zhang H, Hinescu ME, Steinhoff G. Mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac repair. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1795-810. [PMID: 18684237 PMCID: PMC4506151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising cell types in the treatment of cardiac dysfunction. They may trigger production of reparative growth factors, replace damaged cells and create an environment that favours endogenous cardiac repair. However, identifying mechanisms which regulate the role of MSCs in cardiac repair is still at work. To achieve the maximal clinical benefits, ex vivo manipulation can further enhance MSC therapeutic potential. This review focuses on the mechanism of MSCs in cardiac repair, with emphasis on ex vivo manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of RostockGermany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg – HessenGermany
| | | | - Anthony Ho
- Medizinische Klinik V, Heidelberg UniversityGermany
| | | | - Hao Zhang
- Cardiovascular Institute & Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.R.China
| | - Mihail E Hinescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest, Romania
- Victor Babes National Institute of PathologyBucharest, Romania
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In vitro study of CD133 human stem cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:330-9. [PMID: 18656426 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are applied in stem cell labeling because of their high magnetic susceptibility as compared with ordinary paramagnetic species, their low toxicity, and their ease of magnetic manipulation. The present work is the study of CD133+ stem cell labeling by SPIONs coupled to a specific antibody (AC133), resulting in the antigenic labeling of the CD133+ stem cell, and a method was developed for the quantification of the SPION content per cell, necessary for molecular imaging optimization. Flow cytometry analysis established the efficiency of the selection process and helped determine that the CD133 cells selected by chromatographic affinity express the transmembrane glycoprotein CD133. The presence of antibodies coupled to the SPION, expressed in the cell membrane, was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Quantification of the SPION concentration in the marked cells using the ferromagnetic resonance technique resulted in a value of 1.70 x 10(-13) mol iron (9.5 pg) or 7.0 x 10(6) nanoparticles per cell (the measurement was carried out in a volume of 2 muL containing about 6.16 x 10(5) pg iron, equivalent to 4.5 x 10(11) SPIONs).
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Ramadan SS, Heyn C, MacKenzie LT, Chambers AF, Rutt BK, Foster PJ. Ex-vivo cellular MRI with b-SSFP: quantitative benefits of 3 T over 1.5 T. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 21:251-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-008-0118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Park BH, Jung JC, Lee GH, Kim TJ, Lee YJ, Kim JY, Kim YW, Jeong JH, Chang Y. Comparison of labeling efficiency of different magnetic nanoparticles into stem cell. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang H, Song P, Tang Y, Zhang XL, Zhao SH, Wei YJ, Hu SS. Injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the borderline area of infarcted myocardium: Heart status and cell distribution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 134:1234-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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