The independent and combined risk of diabetes and non-endstage renal impairment in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes

Diabetes mellitus in patients with heart failure and effect modification of risk factors for short-term mortality: An observational study from the Registro Colombiano de Falla Cardíaca (RECOLFACA)

INTRODUCTION

Heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus are critical public health issues.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the risk factors for mortality in patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus from a large registry in Colombia and to evaluate the potential effect modifications by type 2 diabetes mellitus over other risk factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Heart failure patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus enrolled in the Registro Colombiano de Falla Cardíaca (RECOLFACA) were included. RECOLFACA enrolled adult patients with heart failure diagnosis from 60 medical centers in Colombia during 2017-2019. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Survival analysis was performed using adjusted Cox proportional hazard models.

RESULTS

A total of 2514 patients were included, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 24.7% (n = 620). We found seven independent predictors of short-term mortality for the general cohort, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sinus rhythm, triple therapy, nitrates use, statins use, anemia, and hyperkalemia. In the type 2 diabetes mellitus group, only the left ventricle diastolic diameter was an independent mortality predictor (HR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93-0.98). There was no evidence of effect modification by type 2 diabetes mellitus on the relationship between any independent predictors and all-cause mortality. However, a significant effect modification by type 2 diabetes mellitus between smoking and mortality was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had higher mortality risk. Our results also suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis does not modify the effect of the independent risk factors for mortality in heart failure evaluated. However, type 2 diabetes mellitus significantly modify the risk relation between mortality and smoking in patients with heart failure.

Renal impairment and all-cause mortality in cardiovascular disease: effect modification by type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Renal impairment and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are well-known independent risk factors for mortality. The evidence of their combined effects on mortality is unclear, but of importance because it may determine aggressiveness of treatment. This study sought to assess and quantify the effect modification of diabetes on renal impairment in its association with mortality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with cardiovascular disease or at high risk, recruited in the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease cohort study, were selected. A total of 7135 patients were enrolled with 33 198 person-years of follow-up. Renal impairment was defined by albuminuria status and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Outcome was all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

Mortality increased progressively with each stage of renal impairment, for both albuminuria status and eGFR, for diabetics and non-diabetics. There was no effect modification by diabetes on mortality risk due to renal impairment. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) for DM and microalbuminuria was 0·21 (-0·11, 0·52), for overt proteinuria -1·12 (-2·83, 0·59) and for end-stage renal failure (ESRF) 0·32 (-3·65, 4·29). The RERI for DM with eGFR of 60-89 mL/min/1·73 m(2) was -0·31(-0·92, 0·32), for eGFR of 30-59 mL/min/1·73 m(2) -0·07 (-0·76, 0·62) and for eGFR of < 30 mL/min/1·73 m(2) 0·38 (-0·85, 1·61).

CONCLUSIONS

Type 2 diabetes mellitus does not modify nor increase the risk relation between all-cause mortality and renal impairment. These findings suggest that the hallmark for survival is the prevention and delay in progression of renal impairment in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Usefulness of diabetes mellitus to predict long-term outcomes in patients with unstable angina pectoris

The objective of this study was to determine short- and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in unselected patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with acute ischemic chest pain (AICP). In patients with DM presenting to the emergency department with AICP, short-term cardiovascular outcomes remain discordant between trials and registries, whereas long-term outcomes are not well-described. A consecutive cohort of all residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, presenting with AICP from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 1992, was followed for a median duration of 16.6 years. The primary outcome was long-term all-cause mortality. Other outcomes included a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization (major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events [MACCEs]) as well as heart failure (HF) events at 30 days and at a median of 7.3 years, respectively. Of the 2,271 eligible patients, 336 (14.8%) were classified with DM. The crude 30-day MACCE rate was 10.1% in patients with DM and 6.1% in those without DM (p = 0.007). HF events were more common in patients with DM at 30 days (9.8% vs 3.1%, p <0.001). At 7.3 years, patients with DM were more likely to experience MACCEs and HF events than those without DM (71.2% vs 45.1%, unadjusted hazard ratio 2.15%, 95% confidence interval 1.87 to 2.48, p <0.001, and 45.1% vs 18.2%, p <0.001, respectively). Over the follow-up period, 272 patients with DM (81.9%) died, compared with 936 (49.2%) without DM (p <0.001). In conclusion, DM is associated with a higher short-term risk for MACCEs and HF and a higher long-term risk for mortality in unselected patients with AICP. DM should be included as a high-risk variable in national acute coronary syndrome guidelines.