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Janini Gomes M, Sabela AK, Ferreira ITP, de Souza SLB, Mota GAF, da Silva VL, de Campos DHS, Lima ARR, Carvalho MR, Bazan SGZ, Corrêa CR, Cicogna AC, Okoshi MP, Pacagnelli FL. Effects of aerobic exercise on cardiac function and gene expression of NADPH oxidases in diaphragm muscle of rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1182303. [PMID: 37362442 PMCID: PMC10285051 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1182303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of aerobic physical exercise (EX) on gene-encoding proteins associated with oxidative stress in diaphragm muscle of rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure (HF). Wistar male rats were divided into four groups: Control sedentary (C); Control exercise (C-Ex); Sedentary aortic stenosis (AS); Aortic stenosis exercise (AS-Ex). Exercised rats trained 5 times a week for 10 weeks on a treadmill. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. In the final echocardiogram, animals with aortic stenosis subjected to exercise demonstrated improvement in systolic function compared to the sedentary aortic stenosis group. In diaphragm muscle, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde malondialdehyde concentration, protein carbonylation, and protein expression of p65 and its inhibitor IκB did not differ between groups. Alterations in gene expression of sources that generate reactive species of oxygen were observed in AS-Ex group, which showed decreased mRNA abundance of NOX2 and NOX4 compared to the aortic stenosis group (p < 0.05). We concluded that aerobic exercise has a positive impact during heart failure, ameliorating systolic dysfunction and biomarkers of oxidative stress in diaphragm muscle of rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Janini Gomes
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ana Karenina Sabela
- Physiotherapy Department, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program, Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francis Lopes Pacagnelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Physiotherapy Department, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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2
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Binder-Markey BI, Sychowski D, Lieber RL. Systematic review of skeletal muscle passive mechanics experimental methodology. J Biomech 2021; 129:110839. [PMID: 34736082 PMCID: PMC8671228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding passive skeletal muscle mechanics is critical in defining structure-function relationships in skeletal muscle and ultimately understanding pathologically impaired muscle. In this systematic review, we performed an exhaustive literature search using PRISMA guidelines to quantify passive muscle mechanical properties, summarized the methods used to create these data, and make recommendations to standardize future studies. We screened over 7500 papers and found 80 papers that met the inclusion criteria. These papers reported passive muscle mechanics from single muscle fiber to whole muscle across 16 species and 54 distinct muscles. We found a wide range of methodological differences in sample selection, preparation, testing, and analysis. The systematic review revealed that passive muscle mechanics is species and scale dependent-specifically within mammals, the passive mechanics increases non-linearly with scale. However, a detailed understanding of passive mechanics is still unclear because the varied methodologies impede comparisons across studies, scales, species, and muscles. Therefore, we recommend the following: smaller scales may be maintained within storage solution prior to testing, when samples are tested statically use 2-3 min of relaxation time, stress normalization at the whole muscle level be to physiologic cross-sectional area, strain normalization be to sarcomere length when possible, and an exponential equation be used to fit the data. Additional studies using these recommendations will allow exploration of the multiscale relationship of passive force within and across species to provide the fundamental knowledge needed to improve our understanding of passive muscle mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I Binder-Markey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences and School of Biomedical Engineering, Sciences, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Richard L Lieber
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA; Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Edward Hines V.A. Medical Center, Hines, IL, USA.
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3
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Urinary Titin N-Fragment as a Biomarker of Muscle Atrophy, Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness, and Possible Application for Post-Intensive Care Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040614. [PMID: 33561946 PMCID: PMC7915692 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Titin is a giant protein that functions as a molecular spring in sarcomeres. Titin interconnects the contraction of actin-containing thin filaments and myosin-containing thick filaments. Titin breaks down to form urinary titin N-fragments, which are measurable in urine. Urinary titin N-fragment was originally reported to be a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of muscle dystrophy. Recently, the urinary titin N-fragment has been increasingly gaining attention as a novel biomarker of muscle atrophy and intensive care unit-acquired weakness in critically ill patients, in whom titin loss is a possible pathophysiology. Furthermore, several studies have reported that the urinary titin N-fragment also reflected muscle atrophy and weakness in patients with chronic illnesses. It may be used to predict the risk of post-intensive care syndrome or to monitor patients' condition after hospital discharge for better nutritional and rehabilitation management. We provide several tips on the use of this promising biomarker in post-intensive care syndrome.
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Cabrera-Aguilera I, Falcones B, Calvo-Fernández A, Benito B, Barreiro E, Gea J, Farré R, Almendros I, Farré N. The conventional isoproterenol-induced heart failure model does not consistently mimic the diaphragmatic dysfunction observed in patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236923. [PMID: 32730329 PMCID: PMC7392250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) impairs diaphragm function. Animal models realistically mimicking HF should feature both the cardiac alterations and the diaphragmatic dysfunction characterizing this disease. The isoproterenol-induced HF model is widely used, but whether it presents diaphragmatic dysfunction is unknown. However, indirect data from research in other fields suggest that isoproterenol could increase diaphragm function. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the widespread rodent model of isoproterenol-induced HF results in increased diaphragmatic contractility. Forty C57BL/6J male mice were randomized into 2 groups: HF and healthy controls. After 30 days of isoproterenol infusion to establish HF, in vivo diaphragmatic excursion and ex vivo isolated diaphragm contractibility were measured. As compared with healthy controls, mice with isoproterenol-induced HF showed the expected changes in structural and functional echocardiographic parameters and lung edema. isoproterenol-induced HF increased in vivo diaphragm excursion (by ≈30%, p<0.01) and increased by ≈50% both ex vivo peak specific force (p<0.05) and tetanic force (p<0.05) at almost all 10–100 Hz frequencies (p<0.05), with reduced fatigue resistance (p<0.01) when compared with healthy controls. Expression of myosin genes encoding the main muscle fiber types revealed that Myh4 was higher in isoproterenol-induced HF than in healthy controls (p<0.05), suggesting greater distribution of type IIb fibers. These results show that the conventional isoproterenol-induced HF model increases diaphragm contraction, a finding contrary to what is observed in patients with HF. Therefore, this specific model seems limited for translational an integrative HF research, especially when cardio-respiratory interactions are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cabrera-Aguilera
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Bryan Falcones
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Calvo-Fernández
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Heart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Benito
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar and Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar and Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Farré
- Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Heart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Diaphragm weakness and proteomics (global and redox) modifications in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 139:238-249. [PMID: 32035137 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inspiratory dysfunction occurs in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in a manner that depends on disease severity and by mechanisms that are not fully understood. In the current study, we tested whether HFrEF effects on diaphragm (inspiratory muscle) depend on disease severity and examined putative mechanisms for diaphragm abnormalities via global and redox proteomics. We allocated male rats into Sham, moderate (mHFrEF), or severe HFrEF (sHFrEF) induced by myocardial infarction and examined the diaphragm muscle. Both mHFrEF and sHFrEF caused atrophy in type IIa and IIb/x fibers. Maximal and twitch specific forces (N/cm2) were decreased by 19 ± 10% and 28 ± 13%, respectively, in sHFrEF (p < .05), but not in mHFrEF. Global proteomics revealed upregulation of sarcomeric proteins and downregulation of ribosomal and glucose metabolism proteins in sHFrEF. Redox proteomics showed that sHFrEF increased reversibly oxidized cysteine in cytoskeletal and thin filament proteins and methionine in skeletal muscle α-actin (range 0.5 to 3.3-fold; p < .05). In conclusion, fiber atrophy plus contractile dysfunction caused diaphragm weakness in HFrEF. Decreased ribosomal proteins and heighted reversible oxidation of protein thiols are candidate mechanisms for atrophy or anabolic resistance as well as loss of specific force in sHFrEF.
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6
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Cannon DT, Rodewohl L, Adams V, Breen EC, Bowen TS. Skeletal myofiber VEGF deficiency leads to mitochondrial, structural, and contractile alterations in mouse diaphragm. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1360-1369. [PMID: 31487223 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00779.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaphragm dysfunction accompanies cardiopulmonary disease and impaired oxygen delivery. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates oxygen delivery through angiogenesis, capillary maintenance, and contraction-induced perfusion. We hypothesized that myofiber-specific VEGF deficiency contributes to diaphragm weakness and fatigability. Diaphragm protein expression, capillarity and fiber morphology, mitochondrial respiration and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation, and contractile function were compared between adult mice with conditional gene ablation of skeletal myofiber VEGF (SkmVEGF-/-; n = 12) and littermate controls (n = 13). Diaphragm VEGF protein was ~50% lower in SkmVEGF-/- than littermate controls (1.45 ± 0.65 vs. 3.04 ± 1.41 pg/total protein; P = 0.001). This was accompanied by an ~15% impairment in maximal isometric specific force (F[1,23] = 15.01, P = 0.001) and a trend for improved fatigue resistance (P = 0.053). Mean fiber cross-sectional area and type I fiber cross-sectional area were lower in SkmVEGF-/- by ~40% and ~25% (P < 0.05). Capillary-to-fiber ratio was also lower in SkmVEGF-/- by ~40% (P < 0.05), and thus capillary density was not different. Sarcomeric actin expression was ~30% lower in SkmVEGF-/- (P < 0.05), whereas myosin heavy chain and MAFbx were similar (measured via immunoblot). Mitochondrial respiration, citrate synthase activity, PGC-1α, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α were not different in SkmVEGF-/- (P > 0.05). However, mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) flux was lower in SkmVEGF-/- (P = 0.0003). In conclusion, myofiber-specific VEGF gene deletion resulted in a lower capillary-to-fiber ratio, type I fiber atrophy, actin loss, and contractile dysfunction in the diaphragm. In contrast, mitochondrial respiratory function was preserved alongside lower ROS generation, which may play a compensatory role to preserve fatigue resistance in the diaphragm.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Diaphragm weakness is a hallmark of diseases in which oxygen delivery is compromised. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) modulates muscle perfusion; however, it remains unclear whether VEGF deficiency contributes to the onset of diaphragm dysfunction. Conditional skeletal myofiber VEGF gene ablation impaired diaphragm contractile function and resulted in type I fiber atrophy, a lower number of capillaries per fiber, and contractile protein content. Mitochondrial function was similar and reactive oxygen species flux was lower. Diaphragm VEGF deficiency may contribute to the onset of respiratory muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Cannon
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Lukas Rodewohl
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Universität Leipzig Herzzentrum, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ellen C Breen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - T Scott Bowen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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7
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van der Pijl RJ, Granzier HL, Ottenheijm CAC. Diaphragm contractile weakness due to reduced mechanical loading: role of titin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C167-C176. [PMID: 31042425 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00509.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The diaphragm, the main muscle of inspiration, is constantly subjected to mechanical loading. Only during controlled mechanical ventilation, as occurs during thoracic surgery and in the intensive care unit, is mechanical loading of the diaphragm arrested. Animal studies indicate that the diaphragm is highly sensitive to unloading, causing rapid muscle fiber atrophy and contractile weakness; unloading-induced diaphragm atrophy and contractile weakness have been suggested to contribute to the difficulties in weaning patients from ventilator support. The molecular triggers that initiate the rapid unloading atrophy of the diaphragm are not well understood, although proteolytic pathways and oxidative signaling have been shown to be involved. Mechanical stress is known to play an important role in the maintenance of muscle mass. Within the muscle's sarcomere, titin is considered to play an important role in the stress-response machinery. Titin is a giant protein that acts as a mechanosensor regulating muscle protein expression in a sarcomere strain-dependent fashion. Thus titin is an attractive candidate for sensing the sudden mechanical arrest of the diaphragm when patients are mechanically ventilated, leading to changes in muscle protein expression. Here, we provide a novel perspective on how titin and its biomechanical sensing and signaling might be involved in the development of mechanical unloading-induced diaphragm weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert J van der Pijl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk L Granzier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Coen A C Ottenheijm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Diaphragm abnormalities in heart failure and aging: mechanisms and integration of cardiovascular and respiratory pathophysiology. Heart Fail Rev 2018; 22:191-207. [PMID: 27000754 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-016-9549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inspiratory function is essential for alveolar ventilation and expulsive behaviors that promote airway clearance (e.g., coughing and sneezing). Current evidence demonstrates that inspiratory dysfunction occurs during healthy aging and is accentuated by chronic heart failure (CHF). This inspiratory dysfunction contributes to key aspects of CHF and aging cardiovascular and pulmonary pathophysiology including: (1) impaired airway clearance and predisposition to pneumonia; (2) inability to sustain ventilation during physical activity; (3) shallow breathing pattern that limits alveolar ventilation and gas exchange; and (4) sympathetic activation that causes cardiac arrhythmias and tissue vasoconstriction. The diaphragm is the primary inspiratory muscle; hence, its neuromuscular integrity is a main determinant of the adequacy of inspiratory function. Mechanistic work within animal and cellular models has revealed specific factors that may be responsible for diaphragm neuromuscular abnormalities in CHF and aging. These include phrenic nerve and neuromuscular junction alterations as well as intrinsic myocyte abnormalities, such as changes in the quantity and quality of contractile proteins, accelerated fiber atrophy, and shifts in fiber type distribution. CHF, aging, or CHF in the presence of aging disturbs the dynamics of circulating factors (e.g., cytokines and angiotensin II) and cell signaling involving sphingolipids, reactive oxygen species, and proteolytic pathways, thus leading to the previously listed abnormalities. Exercise-based rehabilitation combined with pharmacological therapies targeting the pathways reviewed herein hold promise to treat diaphragm abnormalities and inspiratory muscle dysfunction in CHF and aging.
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9
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Jaenisch RB, Stefani GP, Durante C, Chechi C, Hentschke VS, Rossato DD, Sonza A, Rhoden CR, Dal Lago P. Respiratory muscle training decreases diaphragm DNA damage in rats with heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:221-226. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory muscle training (RMT) promotes beneficial effects on respiratory mechanics, heart and lung morphological changes, and hemodynamic variables in rats with heart failure (HF). However, the relation between RMT effects and diaphragm oxidative stress remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the RMT effects on diaphragm DNA damage in HF rats. Wistar rats were allocated into 4 groups: sedentary sham (Sed-Sham, n = 8), trained sham (RMT-Sham, n = 8), sedentary HF (Sed-HF, n = 8), and trained HF (RMT-HF, n = 8). The animals underwent a RMT protocol (30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks), whereas sedentary animals did not exercise. Groups were compared by a two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests. In rats with HF, RMT promoted reduction in pulmonary congestion (p < 0.0001) and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (p < 0.0001). Moreover, RMT produced a decrease in the diaphragm DNA damage in HF rats. This was demonstrated through the reduction in the percentage of tail DNA (p < 0.0001), tail moment (p < 0.01), and Olive tail moment (p < 0.001). These findings showed that a 6-week RMT protocol in rats with HF promoted an improvement in hemodynamic function and reduces diaphragm DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B. Jaenisch
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe P. Stefani
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Durante
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Chalyne Chechi
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vítor S. Hentschke
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Douglas D. Rossato
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Anelise Sonza
- Physical Therapy Department, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudia R. Rhoden
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Oxidative Stress, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro Dal Lago
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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10
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Bowen TS, Brauer D, Rolim NPL, Bækkerud FH, Kricke A, Ormbostad Berre AM, Fischer T, Linke A, da Silva GJ, Wisloff U, Adams V. Exercise Training Reveals Inflexibility of the Diaphragm in an Animal Model of Patients With Obesity-Driven Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006416. [PMID: 29066440 PMCID: PMC5721851 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Respiratory muscle weakness contributes to exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)—a condition characterized by multiple comorbidities with few proven treatments. We aimed, therefore, to provide novel insight into the underlying diaphragmatic alterations that occur in HFpEF by using an obese cardiometabolic rat model and further assessed whether exercise training performed only after the development of overt HFpEF could reverse impairments. Methods and Results Obese ZSF1 rats (n=12) were compared with their lean controls (n=8) at 20 weeks, with 3 additional groups of obese ZSF1 rats compared at 28 weeks following 8 weeks of either sedentary behavior (n=13), high‐intensity interval training (n=11), or moderate‐continuous training (n=11). Obese rats developed an obvious HFpEF phenotype at 20 and 28 weeks. In the diaphragm at 20 weeks, HFpEF induced a shift towards an oxidative phenotype and a fiber hypertrophy paralleled by a lower protein expression in MuRF1 and MuRF2, yet mitochondrial and contractile functional impairments were observed. At 28 weeks, neither the exercise training regimen of high‐intensity interval training or moderate‐continuous training reversed any of the diaphragm alterations induced by HFpEF. Conclusions This study, using a well‐characterized rat model of HFpEF underpinned by multiple comorbidities and exercise intolerance (ie, one that closely resembles the patient phenotype), provides evidence that diaphragm alterations and dysfunction induced in overt HFpEF are not reversed following 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training. As such, whether alternative therapeutic interventions are required to treat respiratory muscle weakness in HFpEF warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Bowen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominic Brauer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natale P L Rolim
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fredrik H Bækkerud
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Angela Kricke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Ormbostad Berre
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tina Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Linke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gustavo Justo da Silva
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,School of Human Movement & Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Volker Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Jaenisch RB, Bertagnolli M, Borghi-Silva A, Arena R, Lago PD. Respiratory Muscle Training Improves Diaphragm Citrate Synthase Activity and Hemodynamic Function in Rats with Heart Failure. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 32:104-110. [PMID: 28492791 PMCID: PMC5409259 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enhanced respiratory muscle strength in patients with heart failure
positively alters the clinical trajectory of heart failure. In an
experimental model, respiratory muscle training in rats with heart failure
has been shown to improve cardiopulmonary function through mechanisms yet to
be entirely elucidated. Objective The present report aimed to evaluate the respiratory muscle training effects
in diaphragm citrate synthase activity and hemodynamic function in rats with
heart failure. Methods Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: sedentary sham
(Sed-Sham, n=8), trained sham (RMT-Sham, n=8), sedentary heart failure
(Sed-HF, n=7) and trained heart failure (RMT-HF, n=7). The animals were
submitted to a RMT protocol performed 30 minutes a day, 5 days/week, for 6
weeks. Results In rats with heart failure, respiratory muscle training decreased pulmonary
congestion and right ventricular hypertrophy. Deleterious alterations in
left ventricular pressures, as well as left ventricular contractility and
relaxation, were assuaged by respiratory muscle training in heart failure
rats. Citrate synthase activity, which was significantly reduced in heart
failure rats, was preserved by respiratory muscle training. Additionally, a
negative correlation was found between citrate synthase and left ventricular
end diastolic pressure and positive correlation was found between citrate
synthase and left ventricular systolic pressure. Conclusion Respiratory muscle training produces beneficial adaptations in the
diaphragmatic musculature, which is linked to improvements in left
ventricular hemodynamics and blood pressure in heart failure rats. The
RMT-induced improvements in cardiac architecture and the oxidative capacity
of the diaphragm may improve the clinical trajectory of patients with heart
failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Boemo Jaenisch
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pedro Dal Lago
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Bowen TS, Eisenkolb S, Drobner J, Fischer T, Werner S, Linke A, Mangner N, Schuler G, Adams V. High-intensity interval training prevents oxidant-mediated diaphragm muscle weakness in hypertensive mice. FASEB J 2016; 31:60-71. [PMID: 27650398 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600672r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a key risk factor for heart failure, with the latter characterized by diaphragm muscle weakness that is mediated in part by increased oxidative stress. In the present study, we used a deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt mouse model to determine whether hypertension could independently induce diaphragm dysfunction and further investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Sham-treated (n = 11), DOCA-salt-treated (n = 11), and DOCA-salt+HIIT-treated (n = 15) mice were studied over 4 wk. Diaphragm contractile function, protein expression, enzyme activity, and fiber cross-sectional area and type were subsequently determined. Elevated blood pressure confirmed hypertension in DOCA-salt mice independent of HIIT (P < 0.05). Diaphragm forces were impaired by ∼15-20% in DOCA-salt vs. sham-treated mice (P < 0.05), but this effect was prevented after HIIT. Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) protein expression tended to decrease (∼30%; P = 0.06) in DOCA-salt vs. sham- and DOCA-salt+HIIT mice, whereas oxidative stress increased (P < 0.05). Enzyme activity of NADPH oxidase was higher, but superoxide dismutase was lower, with MyHC oxidation elevated by ∼50%. HIIT further prevented direct oxidant-mediated diaphragm contractile dysfunction (P < 0.05) after a 30 min exposure to H2O-2 (1 mM). Our data suggest that hypertension induces diaphragm contractile dysfunction via an oxidant-mediated mechanism that is prevented by HIIT.-Bowen, T. S., Eisenkolb, S., Drobner, J., Fischer, T., Werner, S., Linke, A., Mangner, N., Schuler, G., Adams, V. High-intensity interval training prevents oxidant-mediated diaphragm muscle weakness in hypertensive mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Bowen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia Eisenkolb
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Drobner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Linke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norman Mangner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Panizzolo FA, Maiorana AJ, Naylor LH, Dembo LG, Lloyd DG, Green DJ, Rubenson J. Muscle size explains low passive skeletal muscle force in heart failure patients. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2447. [PMID: 27672504 PMCID: PMC5028761 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in skeletal muscle function and architecture have been linked to the compromised exercise capacity characterizing chronic heart failure (CHF). However, how passive skeletal muscle force is affected in CHF is not clear. Understanding passive force characteristics in CHF can help further elucidate the extent to which altered contractile properties and/or architecture might affect muscle and locomotor function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate passive force in a single muscle for which non-invasive measures of muscle size and estimates of fiber force are possible, the soleus (SOL), both in CHF patients and age- and physical activity-matched control participants. Methods Passive SOL muscle force and size were obtained by means of a novel approach combining experimental data (dynamometry, electromyography, ultrasound imaging) with a musculoskeletal model. Results We found reduced passive SOL forces (∼30%) (at the same relative levels of muscle stretch) in CHF vs. healthy individuals. This difference was eliminated when force was normalized by physiological cross sectional area, indicating that reduced force output may be most strongly associated with muscle size. Nevertheless, passive force was significantly higher in CHF at a given absolute muscle length (non length-normalized) and likely explained by the shorter muscle slack lengths and optimal muscle lengths measured in CHF compared to the control participants. This later factor may lead to altered performance of the SOL in functional tasks such gait. Discussion These findings suggest introducing exercise rehabilitation targeting muscle hypertrophy and, specifically for the calf muscles, exercise that promotes muscle lengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Antonio Panizzolo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew J Maiorana
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia
| | | | - David G Lloyd
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University , Gold Coast , QLD , Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Rubenson
- The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Gardner BB, Swaggart KA, Kim G, Watson S, McNally EM. Cardiac function in muscular dystrophy associates with abdominal muscle pathology. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 2:39-49. [PMID: 26029630 PMCID: PMC4447317 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-140062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The muscular dystrophies target muscle groups differentially. In mouse models of muscular dystrophy, notably the mdx model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, the diaphragm muscle shows marked fibrosis and at an earlier age than other muscle groups, more reflective of the histopathology seen in human muscular dystrophy. METHODS Using a mouse model of limb girdle muscular dystrophy, the Sgcg mouse, we compared muscle pathology across different muscle groups and heart. A cohort of nearly 200 Sgcg mice were studied using multiple measures of pathology including echocardiography, Evans blue dye uptake and hydroxyproline content in multiple muscle groups. Spearman rank correlations were determined among echocardiographic and pathological parameters. FINDINGS The abdominal muscles were found to have more fibrosis than other muscle groups, including the diaphragm muscle. The abdominal muscles also had more Evans blue dye uptake than other muscle groups. The amount of diaphragm fibrosis was found to correlate positively with fibrosis in the left ventricle, and abdominal muscle fibrosis correlated with impaired left ventricular function. Fibrosis in the abdominal muscles negatively correlated with fibrosis in the diaphragm and right ventricles. Together these data reflect the recruitment of abdominal muscles as respiratory muscles in muscular dystrophy, a finding consistent with data from human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gene Kim
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago
| | - Sydeaka Watson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago ; Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago ; The University of Chicago, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University
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15
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Bowen TS, Mangner N, Werner S, Glaser S, Kullnick Y, Schrepper A, Doenst T, Oberbach A, Linke A, Steil L, Schuler G, Adams V. Diaphragm muscle weakness in mice is early-onset post-myocardial infarction and associated with elevated protein oxidation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:11-9. [PMID: 25359720 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00756.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure induced by myocardial infarction (MI) causes diaphragm muscle weakness, with elevated oxidants implicated. We aimed to determine whether diaphragm muscle weakness is 1) early-onset post-MI (i.e., within the early left ventricular remodeling phase of 72 h); and 2) associated with elevated protein oxidation. Ligation of the left coronary artery to induce MI (n = 10) or sham operation (n = 10) was performed on C57BL6 mice. In vitro contractile function of diaphragm muscle fiber bundles was assessed 72 h later. Diaphragm mRNA and protein expression, enzyme activity, and individual carbonylated proteins (by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry) were subsequently assessed. Infarct size averaged 57 ± 1%. Maximal diaphragm function was reduced (P < 0.01) by 20% post-MI, with the force-frequency relationship depressed (P < 0.01) between 80 and 300 Hz. The mRNA expression of inflammation, atrophy, and regulatory Ca(2+) proteins remained unchanged post-MI, as did the protein expression of key contractile proteins. However, enzyme activity of the oxidative sources NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase was increased (P < 0.01) by 45 and 33%, respectively. Compared with sham, a 57 and 45% increase (P < 0.05) was observed in the carbonylation of sarcomeric actin and creatine kinase post-MI, respectively. In conclusion, diaphragm muscle weakness was rapidly induced in mice during the early left ventricular remodeling phase of 72 h post-MI, which was associated with increased oxidation of contractile and energetic proteins. Collectively, these findings suggest diaphragm muscle weakness may be early onset in heart failure, which is likely mediated in part by posttranslational oxidative modifications at the myofibrillar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Bowen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Norman Mangner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Glaser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kullnick
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrepper
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Doenst
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Oberbach
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Axel Linke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leif Steil
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Leipzig University-Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Buck D, Smith JE, Chung CS, Ono Y, Sorimachi H, Labeit S, Granzier HL. Removal of immunoglobulin-like domains from titin's spring segment alters titin splicing in mouse skeletal muscle and causes myopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 143:215-30. [PMID: 24470489 PMCID: PMC4001778 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201311129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Changes in titin splicing resulting in decreased size and increased stiffness lead to pathological changes in skeletal muscle. Titin is a molecular spring that determines the passive stiffness of muscle cells. Changes in titin’s stiffness occur in various myopathies, but whether these are a cause or an effect of the disease is unknown. We studied a novel mouse model in which titin’s stiffness was slightly increased by deleting nine immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains from titin’s constitutively expressed proximal tandem Ig segment (IG KO). KO mice displayed mild kyphosis, a phenotype commonly associated with skeletal muscle myopathy. Slow muscles were atrophic with alterations in myosin isoform expression; functional studies in soleus muscle revealed a reduced specific twitch force. Exon expression analysis showed that KO mice underwent additional changes in titin splicing to yield smaller than expected titin isoforms that were much stiffer than expected. Additionally, splicing occurred in the PEVK region of titin, a finding confirmed at the protein level. The titin-binding protein Ankrd1 was highly increased in the IG KO, but this did not play a role in generating small titin isoforms because titin expression was unaltered in IG KO mice crossed with Ankrd1-deficient mice. In contrast, the splicing factor RBM20 (RNA-binding motif 20) was also significantly increased in IG KO mice, and additional differential splicing was reversed in IG KO mice crossed with a mouse with reduced RBM20 activity. Thus, increasing titin’s stiffness triggers pathological changes in skeletal muscle, with an important role played by RBM20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Buck
- Department of Physiology and 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
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17
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Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Ribeiro PA, Ribeiro JP, Minozzo FC, Pavlov I, Leu NA, Kurosaka S, Kashina A, Rassier DE. Contractility of myofibrils from the heart and diaphragm muscles measured with atomic force cantilevers: Effects of heart-specific deletion of arginyl-tRNA–protein transferase. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3564-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Thomas D, Maes K, Agten A, Heunks L, Dekhuijzen R, Decramer M, Van Hees H, Gayan-Ramirez G. Time course of diaphragm function recovery after controlled mechanical ventilation in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:775-84. [PMID: 23845980 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00302.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) is known to result in rapid and severe diaphragmatic dysfunction, but the recovery response of the diaphragm to normal function after CMV is unknown. Therefore, we examined the time course of diaphragm function recovery in an animal model of CMV. Healthy rats were submitted to CMV for 24-27 h (n = 16), or to 24-h CMV followed by either 1 h (CMV + 1 h SB, n = 9), 2 h (CMV + 2 h SB, n = 9), 3 h (CMV + 3 h SB, n = 9), or 4-7 h (CMV + 4-7 h SB, n = 9) of spontaneous breathing (SB). At the end of the experiment, the diaphragm muscle was excised for functional and biochemical analysis. The in vitro diaphragm force was significantly improved in the CMV + 3 h SB and CMV + 4-7 h SB groups compared with CMV (maximal tetanic force: +27%, P < 0.05, and +59%, P < 0.001, respectively). This was associated with an increase in the type IIx/b fiber dimensions (P < 0.05). Neutrophil influx was increased in the CMV + 4-7 h SB group (P < 0.05), while macrophage numbers remained unchanged. Markers of protein synthesis (phosphorylated Akt and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1) were significantly increased (±40%, P < 0.001, and ±52%, P < 0.01, respectively) in the CMV + 3 h SB and CMV + 4-7 h SB groups and were positively correlated with diaphragm force (P < 0.05). Finally, also the maximal specific force generation of skinned single diaphragm fibers was increased in the CMV + 4-7 h SB group compared with CMV (+45%, P < 0.05). In rats, reloading the diaphragm for 3 h after CMV is sufficient to improve diaphragm function, while complete recovery occurs after longer periods of reloading. Enhanced muscle fiber dimensions, increased protein synthesis, and improved intrinsic contractile properties of diaphragm muscle fibers may have contributed to diaphragm function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Thomas
- Respiratory Muscle Research Unit, Laboratory of Pneumology and Respiratory Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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van Hees HWH, Schellekens WJM, Andrade Acuña GL, Linkels M, Hafmans T, Ottenheijm CAC, Granzier HL, Scheffer GJ, van der Hoeven JG, Dekhuijzen PNR, Heunks LMA. Titin and diaphragm dysfunction in mechanically ventilated rats. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38:702-9. [PMID: 22327561 PMCID: PMC3308006 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Diaphragm weakness induced by mechanical ventilation may contribute to difficult weaning from the ventilator. For optimal force generation the muscle proteins myosin and titin are indispensable. The present study investigated if myosin and titin loss or dysfunction are involved in mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragm weakness. Methods Male Wistar rats were either assigned to a control group (n = 10) or submitted to 18 h of mechanical ventilation (MV, n = 10). At the end of the experiment, diaphragm and soleus muscle were excised for functional and biochemical analysis. Results Maximal specific active force generation of muscle fibers isolated from the diaphragm of MV rats was lower than controls (128 ± 9 vs. 165 ± 13 mN/mm2, p = 0.02) and was accompanied by a proportional reduction of myosin heavy chain concentration in these fibers. Passive force generation upon stretch was significantly reduced in diaphragm fibers from MV rats by ca. 35%. Yet, titin content was not significantly different between control and MV diaphragm. In vitro pre-incubation with phosphatase-1 decreased passive force generation upon stretch in diaphragm fibers from control, but not from MV rats. Mechanical ventilation did not affect active or passive force generation in the soleus muscle. Conclusions Mechanical ventilation leads to impaired diaphragm fiber active force-generating capacity and passive force generation upon stretch. Loss of myosin contributes to reduced active force generation, whereas reduced passive force generation is likely to result from a decreased phosphorylation status of titin. These impairments were not discernable in the soleus muscle of 18 h mechanically ventilated rats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2504-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronymus W H van Hees
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Jaenisch RB, Hentschke VS, Quagliotto E, Cavinato PR, Schmeing LA, Xavier LL, Dal Lago P. Respiratory muscle training improves hemodynamics, autonomic function, baroreceptor sensitivity, and respiratory mechanics in rats with heart failure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1664-70. [PMID: 21903877 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01245.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory muscle training (RMT) improves functional capacity in chronic heart-failure (HF) patients, but the basis for this improvement remains unclear. We evaluate the effects of RMT on the hemodynamic and autonomic function, arterial baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and respiratory mechanics in rats with HF. Rats were assigned to one of four groups: sedentary sham (n = 8), trained sham (n = 8), sedentary HF (n = 8), or trained HF (n = 8). Trained animals underwent a RMT protocol (30 min/day, 5 day/wk, 6 wk of breathing through a resistor), whereas sedentary animals did not. In HF rats, RMT had significant effects on several parameters. It reduced left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (P < 0.01), increased LV systolic pressure (P < 0.01), and reduced right ventricular hypertrophy (P < 0.01) and pulmonary (P < 0.001) and hepatic (P < 0.001) congestion. It also decreased resting heart rate (HR; P < 0.05), indicating a decrease in the sympathetic and an increase in the vagal modulation of HR. There was also an increase in baroreflex gain (P < 0.05). The respiratory system resistance was reduced (P < 0.001), which was associated with the reduction in tissue resistance after RMT (P < 0.01). The respiratory system and tissue elastance (Est) were also reduced by RMT (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Additionally, the quasistatic Est was reduced after RMT (P < 0.01). These findings show that a 6-wk RMT protocol in HF rats promotes an improvement in hemodynamic function, sympathetic and vagal heart modulation, arterial BRS, and respiratory mechanics, all of which are benefits associated with improvements in cardiopulmonary interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Jaenisch
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúdede Porto Alegre, Brazil
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22
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de Man FS, van Hees HWH, Handoko ML, Niessen HW, Schalij I, Humbert M, Dorfmüller P, Mercier O, Bogaard HJ, Postmus PE, Westerhof N, Stienen GJM, van der Laarse WJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Ottenheijm CAC. Diaphragm muscle fiber weakness in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:1411-8. [PMID: 21131469 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201003-0354oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recently it was suggested that patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) suffer from inspiratory muscle dysfunction. However, the nature of inspiratory muscle weakness in PH remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess whether alterations in contractile performance and in morphology of the diaphragm underlie inspiratory muscle weakness in PH. METHODS PH was induced in Wistar rats by a single injection of monocrotaline (60 mg/kg). Diaphragm (PH n = 8; controls n = 7) and extensor digitorum longus (PH n = 5; controls n = 7) muscles were excised for determination of in vitro contractile properties and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the muscle fibers. In addition, important determinants of protein synthesis and degradation were determined. Finally, muscle fiber CSA was determined in diaphragm and quadriceps of patients with PH, and the contractile performance of single fibers of the diaphragm. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In rats with PH, twitch and maximal tetanic force generation of diaphragm strips were significantly lower, and the force-frequency relation was shifted to the right (i.e., impaired relative force generation) compared with control subjects. Diaphragm fiber CSA was significantly smaller in rats with PH compared with controls, and was associated with increased expression of E3-ligases MAFbx and MuRF-1. No significant differences in contractility and morphology of extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers were found between rats with PH and controls. In line with the rat data, studies on patients with PH revealed significantly reduced CSA and impaired contractility of diaphragm muscle fibers compared with control subjects, with no changes in quadriceps muscle. CONCLUSIONS PH induces selective diaphragm muscle fiber weakness and atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances S de Man
- Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ali MAM, Cho WJ, Hudson B, Kassiri Z, Granzier H, Schulz R. Titin is a target of matrix metalloproteinase-2: implications in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circulation 2010; 122:2039-47. [PMID: 21041693 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.930222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Titin is the largest mammalian (≈3000 to 4000 kDa) and myofilament protein that acts as a molecular spring in the cardiac sarcomere and determines systolic and diastolic function. Loss of titin in ischemic hearts has been reported, but the mechanism of titin degradation is not well understood. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is localized to the cardiac sarcomere and, on activation in ischemia/reperfusion injury, proteolyzes specific myofilament proteins. Here we determine whether titin is an intracellular substrate for MMP-2 and if its degradation during ischemia/reperfusion contributes to cardiac contractile dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy in rat and human hearts showed discrete colocalization between MMP-2 and titin in the Z-disk region of titin and that MMP-2 is localized mainly to titin near the Z disk of the cardiac sarcomere. Both purified titin and titin in skinned cardiomyocytes were proteolyzed when incubated with MMP-2 in a concentration-dependent manner, and this was prevented by MMP inhibitors. Isolated rat hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury showed cleavage of titin in ventricular extracts by gel electrophoresis, which was confirmed by reduced titin immunostaining in tissue sections. Inhibition of MMP activity with ONO-4817 prevented ischemia/reperfusion-induced titin degradation and improved the recovery of myocardial contractile function. Titin degradation was also reduced in hearts from MMP-2 knockout mice subjected to ischemia/reperfusion in vivo compared with wild-type controls. CONCLUSION MMP-2 localizes to titin at the Z-disk region of the cardiac sarcomere and contributes to titin degradation in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Ottenheijm CAC, Granzier H. Role of titin in skeletal muscle function and disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 682:105-22. [PMID: 20824522 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6366-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in the titin field. Most recent reviews have discussed titin's role in cardiac function: here we will mainly focus on skeletal muscle, and discuss recent advances in the understanding of titin's role in skeletal muscle function and disease.
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