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Lanctôt KL, Hviid Hahn-Pedersen J, Eichinger CS, Freeman C, Clark A, Tarazona LRS, Cummings J. Burden of Illness in People with Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Comorbidities and Mortality. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2024; 11:97-107. [PMID: 38230722 PMCID: PMC10225771 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2023.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and an updated quantification of its impact on morbidity, disability, and mortality is warranted. We conducted a systematic literature review, focusing on the past decade, to characterize AD and assess its impact on affected individuals. METHODS Searches of Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library were conducted on August 7, 2020 and updated on November 10, 2021. Observational studies from any country reporting incidence, prevalence, comorbidities, and/or outcomes related to disability and mortality/life expectancy, in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, or mild, moderate, or severe AD dementia, were considered relevant. RESULTS Data were extracted from 88 studies (46 incidence/prevalence; 44 comorbidities; 25 mortality-/disability-related outcomes), mostly from Europe, the USA, and Asia. AD dementia diagnosis was confirmed using biomarkers in only 6 studies. Estimated 5-year mortality in AD was 35%, and comorbidity prevalence estimates varied widely (hypertension: 30.2-73.9%; diabetes: 6.0-24.3%; stroke: 2.7-13.7%). Overall, people with AD dementia were more likely to have cardiovascular disease or diabetes than controls, and 5-year mortality in people with AD dementia was double that in the age- and year-matched general population (115.0 vs 60.6 per 1,000 person-years). CONCLUSIONS AD is associated with excess morbidity and mortality. Future longitudinal studies of population aging, incorporating biomarker assessment to confirm AD diagnoses, are needed to better characterize the course of MCI due to AD and AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Lanctôt
- Krista L. Lanctôt, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Email address: Telephone: +1 416 480-6100; Ext: 2241
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Ju DT, Huang RFS, Tsai BCK, Su YC, Chiu PL, Chang YM, Padma VV, Ho TJ, Yao CH, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Folic Acid and Folinic Acid Protect Hearts of Aging Triple-transgenic Alzheimer's Disease mice via IGF1R/PI3K/AKT and SIRT1/AMPK Pathways. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:648-659. [PMID: 37707697 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease have increased risk of developing heart disease, which therefore highlights the need for strategies aiming at reducing Alzheimer's disease-related cardiovascular disease. Folic acid and folinic acid are beneficial to the heart. We aimed to investigate the benefits of folic acid and folinic acid in heart of patients with late-stage Alzheimer's disease. Twelve 16-month-old mice of triple-transgenic late-stage Alzheimer's disease were divided into three groups: Alzheimer's disease group, Alzheimer's disease + folic acid group, and Alzheimer's disease + folinic acid group. The mice were administered 12 mg/kg folic acid or folinic acid once daily via oral gavage for 3 months. In the folic acid and folinic acid treatment groups, the intercellular space was reduced, compared with the Alzheimer's disease group. TUNEL assay and western blot images showed that the number of apoptotic cells and the apoptosis-related protein expression were higher in the Alzheimer's disease group than in other two treated groups. Folic acid and folinic acid induced the IGF1R/PI3K/AKT and SIRT1/ AMPK pathways in the hearts of mice with Alzheimer's disease. Our results showed that folic acid and folinic acid treatment increased survival and SIRT1 expression to reduce apoptotic proteins in the heart. The aging mice treated with folinic acid had more IGF1R and SIRT1/AMPK axes to limit myocardial cell apoptosis. In conclusion, folic acid and folinic acid promote cardiac cell survival and prevent apoptosis to inhibit heart damage in aging mice with triple-transgenic late-stage Alzheimer's disease. In particular, folinic acid provides a better curative effect than folic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Tong Ju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rwei-Fen S Huang
- Graduate Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bruce Chi-Kang Tsai
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Su
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - V Vijaya Padma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Biomaterials Translational Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Huang CY, Su YC, Lu CY, Chiu PL, Chang YM, Ju DT, Chen RJ, Yang LY, Ho TJ, Kao HC. Edible folic acid and medicinal folinic acid produce cardioprotective effects in late-stage triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease model mice by suppressing cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1740-1749. [PMID: 35286012 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some clinical studies have indicated the patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) display an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, to examine the relationship between AD and CVDs, we investigated the changes in heart function in triple-transgenic late-stage AD model mice (3× Tg-AD; APPSwe, PS1M146V, and tauP301L). We fed the AD mice folic acid (FA) or folinic acid (FN) and analyzed the protective effects of the compounds on the heart; specifically, 20-month-old triple-transgenic AD mice, weighing 34-55 g, were randomly allocated into three groups-the AD, AD + FA, and AD + FN groups-and subject to gastric feeding with FA or FN once daily at 12 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 3 months. Mouse BWs were assessed throughout the trial, at the end of which the animals were sacrificed using carbon dioxide suffocation. We found that BW, whole-heart weight, and left-ventricle weight were reduced in the AD + FA and AD + FN groups as compared with the measurements in the AD group. Furthermore, western blotting of excised heart tissue revealed that the levels of the hypertrophy-related protein markers phospho(p)-p38 and p-c-Jun were markedly decreased in the AD + FA group, whereas p-GATA4, and ANP were strongly reduced in the AD + FN group. Moreover, the fibrosis-related proteins uPA, MMP-2, MEK1/2 and SP-1 were decreased in the heart in both AD + FN group. In summary, our results indicate that FA and FN can exert anti-cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis effects to protect the heart in aged triple-transgenic AD model mice, particular in FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Su
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-You Lu
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Da-Tong Ju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, HualienTzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaure-ate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chuan Kao
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Ullah R, Park TJ, Huang X, Kim MO. Abnormal amyloid beta metabolism in systemic abnormalities and Alzheimer's pathology: Insights and therapeutic approaches from periphery. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101451. [PMID: 34450351 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that is incurable. Despite recent success in treatments that partially improve symptomatic relief, they have failed in most clinical trials. Re-holding AD for accurate diagnosis and treatment is widely known as a challenging task. Lack of knowledge of basic molecular pathogenesis might be a possible reason for ineffective AD treatment. Historically, a majority of therapy-based studies have investigated the role of amyloid-β (Aβ peptide) in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas less is known about Aβ peptide in the periphery in AD. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of Aβ peptide metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) in the brain and periphery. We show that the abnormal metabolism of Aβ peptide is significantly linked with central-brain and peripheral abnormalities; the interaction between peripheral Aβ peptide metabolism and peripheral abnormalities affects central-brain Aβ peptide metabolism, suggesting the existence of significant communication between these two pathways of Aβ peptide metabolism. This close interaction between the central brain and periphery in abnormal Aβ peptide metabolism plays a key role in the development and progression of AD. In conclusion, we need to obtain a full understanding of the dynamic roles of Aβ peptide at the molecular level in both the brain and periphery in relation to the pathology of AD. This will not only provide new information regarding the complex disease pathology, but also offer potential new clues to improve therapeutic strategies and diagnostic biomarkers for the successful treatment of AD.
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The Protective Effects of Clams on Hypercholesterolemia in Late-Stage Triple-Transgenic Alzheimer's Diseased Mice Hearts. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080263. [PMID: 30071640 PMCID: PMC6117677 DOI: 10.3390/md16080263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate a high cholesterol diet in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice, they were fed with (2% cholesterol) in five groups with a control group, AD mice group, AD mice plus Meretrix lusoria group, AD mice plus Geloina eros group, and, AD mice plus Corbicula fluminea group for three months, and treated with the fatty acid profiles of clams by gas chromatography (GC). The results showed that treatment with clams for three months reduced Fas/L and Caspase-3 in the Meretrix lusoria and Geloina eros groups, but Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and Caspase-8 were strongly reduced in the Geloina eros group. For the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, the reduction of apoptosis proteins were observed in the hearts of clams-treated AD mice. BAK and Caspase-9 was reduced in the Meretrix lusoria group, but Caspase-3 and Cytochrome-c were reduced in Geloina eros group. Enhancement of survival proteins p-AKT, p-IGF1R, p-PI3K, Bcl-XL, Bcl2, and the longevity SIRT1 signaling proteins, p-AMPK-α, SIRT1, PGC1-α, p-FOXO3 were observed in clams-treated mice and even more strongly enhanced in the Meretrix lusoria, Geloina eros and Corbicula fluminea groups. This study observed that the ingestion of clams caused a reduction of apoptosis proteins and enhancement of survival and SIRT1 signaling proteins in the hearts.
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Lin KH, Chiu CH, Kuo WW, Ju DT, Shen CY, Chen RJ, Lin CC, Viswanadha VP, Liu JS, Huang RFS, Huang CY. The preventive effects of edible folic acid on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and survival in early onset triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease model mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:83-92. [PMID: 29068127 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, neuropathological and epidemiological studies have indicated an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several cardiovascular risk factors. In this study, the cardio-protective effects of folic acid (FA) in early stage AD was elucidated using a triple-transgenic (3xTg) Alzheimer's mouse model. Eleven-month-old C57BL/6 mice and 3xTg mice were assigned to five groups. During the four-month treatment period, the low-FA treatment group received FA through their diet, and the high-FA treatment groups received 3 mg/dl folate in drinking water and were also gastric-fed 1.2 mg/kg folate every day. In the C57B1/6J mice, treatment with high doses of FA (HFA) did not show any considerable effect compared to the control group or the low-dose dietary FA treatment group. However, Alzheimer's mice treated with HFA showed enhanced cardio-protection. Western blot analysis revealed that FA treatment restored SIRT1 expression, which was suppressed in 3xTg mice, through enhanced AMPK expression. FA significantly enhanced the IGF1 receptor survival mechanism in the hearts of the 3xTg mice and suppressed the expression-intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis-associated proteins. The results suggest that FA intake may significantly alleviate cellular pathological events in the heart associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ho Lin
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tong Ju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yao Shen
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Lin
- Orthopaedic Department, Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Jian-Sheng Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Rwei-Fen S Huang
- Department of Nutritional Science, , Graduate Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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van der Velpen IF, Yancy CW, Sorond FA, Sabayan B. Impaired Cardiac Function and Cognitive Brain Aging. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:1587-1596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Jin WS, Bu XL, Wang YR, Li L, Li WW, Liu YH, Zhu C, Yao XQ, Chen Y, Gao CY, Zhang T, Zhou HD, Zeng F, Wang YJ. Reduced Cardiovascular Functions in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:919-925. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Heiskanen J, Martikainen J, Miettinen H, Hippeläinen M, Roine RP, Hartikainen J, Tolppanen AM. The coverage of elective revascularisation procedure codes in the National Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. Ann Med 2016; 48:552-558. [PMID: 27494514 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1211733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Administrative registers provide an attractive data source for real-life effectiveness studies. The validity of coronary artery disease diagnoses in the Finnish National Hospital Discharge Register (HDR) is high but the validity of revascularization procedure codes (percutaneous coronary intervention; PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting; CABG) are unknown. METHODS All elective PCIs (n = 1771) and CABGs (n = 1819), performed at the Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland between years 2007 and 2014 were identified from the unit's Special Electronic Medical Records (sEMR). Personal identity codes were used to link these data to the HDR. Sensitivity was estimated as proportion of operations recorded in sEMR and HDR. RESULTS With the strictest assumption of exactly the same intervention day in HDR and sEMR, the sensitivity for procedure codes were 84.6% for PCI and 97.1% for CABG, respectively. When a one-day difference was allowed in the dates, the sensitivity increased to 87.6% for PCI and 98.0% for CABG. Altogether 62.1% of elective PCIs and 69.2% of CABGs were correctly classified as elective procedures in the HDR. CONCLUSION The potential of the research application of the HDR extends beyond traditionally used diagnostic codes. One feasible application is the assessment of real-life effectiveness of different procedures. KEY MESSAGES The majority of PCIs (87.6%) and CABGs (98.0%), performed in the Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital responsible for the treatment of approximately one fifth of the Finnish population, were captured by the Finnish National Hospital Discharge Register. However, only 62.1% of elective PCIs and 69.2% of CABGs were correctly classified as elective procedures in the HDR. Electivity data were missing from approximately one third of the procedures. This study produces new information of the potential use of HDR for real-life effectiveness studies to support evidence-based decision making in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Heiskanen
- a Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland.,b Research Centre for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety (RECEPS), University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.,c School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Janne Martikainen
- d Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research Unit (PHORU) , School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Heikki Miettinen
- a Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland.,e School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Mikko Hippeläinen
- a Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland.,e School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Risto P Roine
- b Research Centre for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety (RECEPS), University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.,f Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland.,g Helsinki University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland.,h Department of Health and Social Management , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Juha Hartikainen
- a Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland.,e School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Tolppanen
- b Research Centre for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety (RECEPS), University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.,c School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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Rao A, Suliman A, Vuik S, Aylin P, Darzi A. Outcomes of dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of hospital administrative database studies. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 66:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Heiskanen J, Hartikainen S, Roine RP, Tolppanen AM. 30-Day Mortality after Cardiovascular Events in Persons with or without Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:241-9. [PMID: 26401944 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been suggested to receive suboptimal treatment. We studied the 30-day mortality after ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, or myocardial infarction in individuals with or without AD. METHODS An exposure matched cohort of all Finnish community-dwellers diagnosed with clinically verified AD in 2005-2012 (n = 73,005) and 1-4 matched comparison persons/AD-affected person (n = 215,449). Data on 30-day mortality after ischemic stroke (n = 16,419; deaths: n = 2,748), hemorrhagic stroke (n = 3,570; deaths: n = 1,224), and myocardial infarction (n = 15,304; deaths: n = 3,804) were obtained from the National Hospital Discharge register. The main analyses were restricted to first-ever events. RESULTS Persons with AD had slightly higher 30-day mortality after ischemic stroke (adjusted HR 1.36, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.24,1.49), hemorrhagic stroke (adjusted HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98,1.25), or myocardial infarction (adjusted HR, 1.40, 9% CI 1.30,1.51). The associations were not affected by age, gender, or co-morbidities and remained similar when patients with previous ischemic strokes or infarctions were included. The absolute risk increase in 30-day mortality after ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and myocardial infarction were 4.9% (95% CI 3.3,6.5), 3.3% (95% CI - 1.6,8.2), and 7.5% (95% CI 5.0,10.0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although the 30-day mortality was somewhat higher in the AD cohort, the absolute differences were small indicating that acute treatment was not notably inferior in AD patients. The slightly higher mortality was not explained by co-morbidities but may reflect the higher mortality of AD persons in general, or treatment practice of patients with severe cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Heiskanen
- Research Centre for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety (RECEPS), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sirpa Hartikainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Risto P Roine
- Research Centre for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety (RECEPS), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Health and Social Management, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Tolppanen
- Research Centre for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety (RECEPS), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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