Acute effect of intermittent and continuous aerobic exercise on release of cardiac troponin T in sedentary men

Effects of high-intensity interval exercise on cardiac troponin elevation when comparing with moderate-intensity continuous exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with different recovery modes versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on cardiac troponin (cTn) elevation.

Methodology

A literature search was conducted in four databases: Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO and Web of Science from January 2010 to June 2022. The articles were screened, evaluated for quality before data were extracted. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021245649). Standardized mean differences (SMD) of peak cTn were analyzed with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using Revman 5.4 software.

Results

Six studies satisfied the inclusion criteria with a total of 92 and 79 participants for HIIE and MICE, respectively. Overall, there was no significant difference between HIIE and MICE in the elevation of cardiac troponin T (SMD: 0.41 [95% CI [-0.21, 1.03]], p = 0.20, I 2 = 77%, p for heterogeneity <0.01). In subgroup analysis, HIIE with passive recovery elicits greater release of cardiac troponin T than MICE (SMD: 0.85 [95% CI [0.44, 1.27]], p < 0.01, I 2 = 32%, p for heterogeneity = 0.22). Changes of cardiac troponin T (SMD: 0.41 [95% CI [-0.21, 1.03]], p = 0.20, I 2 = 77%, p for heterogeneity < 0.01) after HIIE with active recovery were not significantly different from those of MICE.

Conclusions

There was no significant difference between HIIE and MICE in the elevation of cardiac troponin T. However, HIIE with passive recovery elicited more cardiac troponin T elevation than MICE, which should be considered when developing exercise programs.

Acute effect of two exercise intensity programs on interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-α in female futsalists

Duration, intensity, and type of exercise can affect serum cytokine levels and change inflammatory indices. The present study aimed to examine the acute effect of two different exercise intensity programs on levels of circulating interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in athletes. Eleven female futsal players aged 20.6±1.2 years completed this cross-over study. Participants performed, either a MI (moderate intensity: 60-65%) or a HI (high intensity: 75-80% heart rate reserve) exercise program. The study was performed on different days separated by a 1-week washout period. Each session consisted of 30 min running, either MI or HI. Blood samples were taken before (Pre) and immediately after (Post) each exercise session from an antecubital vein by venous puncture in a seated position. A Student’s t-test (P<0.05) was used to examine any difference between Pre and Post values. The results showed that IL-6 (P=0.22), IL-1β (P=0.90) and TNF-α (P=0.63) serum concentrations were not significantly different after moderate-intensity exercise. Similarly, high-intensity exercise did not significantly change serum concentrations of TNF-α (P=0.63), and IL-1β (P=0.18). However, HI caused a significant increase in IL-6 (P=0.04). A significant correlation was observed only between IL-1β and IL-6 (r=-0.761, P=0.01) after MI exercise. Based on the findings of the present study, the intensity of exercise can affect some cytokines, such as IL-6 in female futsal players.

Impact of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on heart rate variability and cardiac troponin

BACKGROUND

It remains uncertain whether exercise modality (high-intensity interval [HIE]; moderate-intensity continuous [MCE]) mediates exercise-induced changes in markers of pro-arrhythmogenic state and/or cardiac damage. This study examines heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) kinetic responses to HIE and MCE.

METHODS

Fourteen sedentary, overweight/obese females completed two trials including HIE (2-min running at 90% V̇O<inf>2max</inf> followed by 2-min running at 50% V̇O<inf>2max</inf>, repeated for 60 min) and MCE (70% V̇O<inf>2max</inf> steady-state running for 60 min) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. Supine HRV was evaluated as root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), normalized low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) spectral power, as well as the LF/HF ratio before (PRE), immediately (0 HR), 3 (3 HR) and 24 (24 HR) hours after exercise. Serum cTnT was assessed using a high-sensitivity assay at the same time-points and the values were corrected for plasma volume changes.

RESULTS

Exercise temporarily altered all HRV indices (i.e. RMSSD and HF decreased; LF and LF/HF ratio increased at 0 HR, all P<0.05) but a rebound increase of RMSSD was observed at 24 HR, and the kinetic responses of HRV were similar between exercise modalities. The cTnT was significantly elevated (P<0.05) after exercise at 3 HR (by 688%) and 24 HR (by 374%) with no between-modality differences. There was no significant correlation between delta change in cTnT and HRV metrics.

CONCLUSIONS

Exercise modality (workload-equivalent HIE vs. MCE) did not mediate exercise-induced alteration in autonomic activity and cTnT elevation, and it seems these are largely separate exercise-induced phenomena.

Effects of Matched Intermittent and Continuous Exercise on Changes of Cardiac Biomarkers in Endurance Runners

Purpose

Endurance runners training with high-intensity intermittent exercise might experience damage to cardiac muscle. We have therefore compared changes of cardiac biomarkers after workload-matched intermittent and continuous exercise.

Methods

Twelve endurance runners [11 males, 1 female; means ± SD V.O_2max, 62.4 ± 5.4 ml kg^–1 min^–1; velocity of V.O_2max (v V.O_2max), 17.1 ± 1.4 km h^–1] completed an intermittent and continuous exercise trial in random order. Intermittent exercise consisted of running at 90% vV.O_2max for 2 min followed by 50% vV.O_2max for 2 min, repeated for 92 min. Continuous exercise was performed at 70% vV.O_2max for 92 min. Blood samples were drawn before and 0, 2, 4, 24, and 48 h after exercise for assay of various cardiac biomarkers. Changes in concentration of biomarkers were averaged for the comparison of intermittent with continuous exercise after adjustment for baseline concentration and exercise intensity expressed as percent of heart-rate reserve (%HRR); magnitudes were assessed by standardization.

Results

There were moderate and large increases in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I and -T respectively following exercise. The differences between the increases adjusted to the mean intensity of 78 %HRR were trivial, but at 85 %HRR the increases for cardiac troponin-I and -T were moderately higher for intermittent compared with continuous exercise (factor difference, ×/÷90% confidence limits: 3.4, ×/÷1.9 and 2.1, ×/÷1.8 respectively). Differences in the changes in other cardiac biomarkers were trivial.

Conclusion

Prolonged intermittent exercise is potentially more damaging to cardiac muscle than continuous exercise of the same average running speed at higher average heart rates in endurance runners.

The impact of exercise modality and menstrual cycle phase on circulating cardiac troponin T

OBJECTIVES

It is unclear whether exercise modality (moderate-intensity continuous [MCE]; high-intensity interval [HIE]) and menstrual cycle phase (follicular [FP]; luteal [LP]), individually or in combination, mediate the commonly observed exercise-induced elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT). This study examines cTnT responses to MCE and HIE during both the FP and LP.

DESIGN

Randomised crossover study.

METHODS

Seventeen healthy, eumenorrheic women completed four trials including MCE (60% VO_2max steady-state cycling until 300kJ) and work-equivalent HIE (repeated 4-min cycling at 90% VO_2max interspersed with 3-min rest) during both the FP and LP. The FP and LP were verified based on ovarian hormones. Serum cTnT was assessed using a high-sensitivity assay before, immediately after, and 1 (1HR), 3 (3HR) and 4 (4HR) hours after exercise. cTnT values were corrected for plasma volume changes.

RESULTS

cTnT was significantly elevated (p<0.05) post-exercise in both MCE (at 3HR and 4HR) and HIE (at 1HR, 3HR and 4HR). No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in peak post-exercise cTnT, which mostly occurred at 3HR, was seen among the four trials (median [range], ngl^-1: 5.2 [1.7-18.1] after MCE during FP; 4.8 [1.7-24.9] after MCE during LP, 8.2 [3.9-24.8] after HIE during FP and 6.9 [1.7-23.1] after HIE during LP).

CONCLUSIONS

A single 300kJ bout of both MCE or HIE resulted in a significant post-exercise increase in cTnT, with no differences in peak cTnT response between menstrual cycle phases or between exercise modes, but the cTnT elevation occurs slightly earlier after HIE.

Cardiac Biomarker Release After Exercise in Healthy Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE

The authors evaluated the impact of acute exercise and 24-hour recovery on serum concentration of cardiac troponins T and I (cTnT and cTnI) and N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in healthy children and adolescents. The authors also determined the proportion of participants exceeding the upper reference limits and acute myocardial infarction cutoff for each assay.

METHOD

Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were systematically searched up to November 2017. Studies were screened and quality-assessed; the data was systematically extracted and analyzed.

RESULTS

From 751 studies initially identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. All 3 biomarkers were increased significantly after exercise. A decrease from postexercise to 24 hours was noted in cTnT and cTnI, although this decrease was only statistically significant for cTnT. The upper reference limit was exceeded by 76% of participants for cTnT, a 51% for cTnI, and a 13% for NT-proBNP. Furthermore, the cutoff value for acute myocardial infarction was exceeded by 39% for cTnT and a 11% for cTnI. Postexercise peak values of cTnT were associated with duration and intensity (Q₍₃₎ = 28.3, P < .001) while NT-proBNP peak values were associated with duration (Q₍₂₎ = 11.9, P = .003).

CONCLUSION

Exercise results in the appearance of elevated levels of cTnT, cTnI, and NT-proBNP in children and adolescents. Postexercise elevations of cTnT and NT-proBNP are associated with exercise duration and intensity.

Impact of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on resting and postexercise cardiac troponin T concentration

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? Does exercise training impact resting and postexercise cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration? What is the main finding and its importance? This randomized controlled intervention study demonstrated that 12 weeks of either high-intensity interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training largely abolished the exercise-induced elevation in cTnT when exercise was performed at the same absolute intensity. There was no impact of training on resting cTnT or postexercise appearance of cTnT when exercise was performed at the same relative intensity. These findings provide new information that might help clinicians with decision-making in relationship to basal and postexercise values of cTnT in individuals with different training status.

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the influence of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training [HIIT; repeated 4 min cycling at 90% of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) interspersed with 3 min rest, 200-300 kJ per session, 3 or 4 days each week] and work-equivalent moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; continuous cycling at 60% V̇O2max) on resting cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and the appearance of exercise-induced cTnT. Forty-eight sedentary obese young women were randomly assigned to HIIT, MICT or a control group. The V̇O2max and body composition were measured before and after training. At baseline, cTnT was assessed using a high-sensitivity assay at rest and immediately, 2 and 4 h after 45 min cycling at 60% V̇O2max. After a 12 week training period, cTnT was assessed before and after 45 min cycling at the same relative and absolute intensities as before training. Training led to higher V̇O2max and lower fat mass in both HIIT and MICT groups (all P < 0.05). Before training, cTnT was significantly elevated in all three groups (by 35-118%, all P < 0.05) with acute exercise. After training, both resting and postexercise cTnT concentrations (same relative intensity) were similar to pretraining values. In contrast, postexercise cTnT (same absolute intensity, which represented a smaller exercise stimulus) was not elevated from rest in both HIIT and MICT groups. In conclusion, 12 weeks of either HIIT or MICT largely abolished the postexercise elevation of cTnT concentration when exercise was performed at the same absolute intensity. There was, however, no impact of training on resting cTnT or postexercise appearance of cTnT for exercise performed at the same relative intensity.