1
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Yang P, Ge Z, Gao J, Liu X, Xu M, Ke H. Evaluation of the electrocardiogram RV 5 /V 6 criteria in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in marathon runners. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2023. [PMID: 37378534 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
To assess the value of electrocardiogram (ECG) RV5/V6 criteria for diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in marathons. A total of 112 marathon runners who met the requirements for "Class A1" events certified by the Chinese Athletics Association in Changzhou City were selected, and their general clinical information was collected. ECG examinations were performed using a Fukuda FX7402 Cardimax Comprehensive Electrocardiograph Automatic Analyser, whereas routine cardiac ultrasound examinations were performed using a Philips EPIQ 7C echocardiography system. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) was performed to acquire 3-dimensional images of the left ventricle and to calculate the left ventricular mass index (LVMI). According to the LVMI criteria of the American Society of Echocardiography for the diagnosis of LVH, the participants were divided into an LVMI normal group (n = 96) and an LVH group (n = 16). The correlation between the ECG RV5/V6 criteria and LVH in marathon runners was analysed using multiple linear regression stratified by sex and compared with the Cornell (SV3 + RaVL), modified Cornell (SD + RaVL), Sokolow-Lyon (SV1 + RV5/V6), Peguero-Lo Presti (SD + SV4), SV1, SV3, SV4, and SD criteria. In marathon runners, the ECG parameters SV3 + RaVL, SD + RaVL, SV1 + RV5/V6, SD + SV4, SV3, SD, and RV5/V6 were able to identify LVH (all p < .05). When stratified by sex, linear regression analysis revealed that a significantly higher number of ECG RV5/V6 criteria were evident in the LVH group than in the LVMI normal group (p < .05), both with no adjustment and after initial adjustment (including age and body mass index), as well as after full adjustment (including age, body mass index, interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and history of hypertension). Additionally, curve fitting showed that the ECG RV5/V6 values increased with increasing LVMI in marathon runners, exhibiting a nearly linear positive correlation. In conclusions, the ECG RV5/V6 criteria were correlated with LVH in marathon runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yang
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhixiang Ge
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinmei Gao
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyan Ke
- Department of Cardiovascular Division of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Marberry SM, Filmalter SE, Pujalte GGA, Presley JC, DeMatas KF, Montero DP, Israni K, Ball CT, Maynard JR. Self-reported foot strike patterns and sonographic evidence of Achilles tendinopathy in asymptomatic marathon runners. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1308-1314. [PMID: 35640042 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2080158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether ultrasound findings and symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy in runners correlate with foot strike patterns. We aimed to examine the relationships among Achilles tendon ultrasound findings in runners with or without Achilles tendinopathy, their foot strike patterns, and their training regimens. We recruited marathon runners 18 years of age or older with no history of Achilles tendon pain or surgery participating in the 2018 DONNA Marathon. Participants completed surveys and underwent Achilles tendon sonographic evaluations and were categorized by foot strike patterns. Seventy-nine runners were included; 22 (28%) with forefoot, 30 (38%) midfoot, and 27 (34%) hindfoot strike patterns. Foot strike pattern was not associated with tendon hyperaemia (P = 1.00) or hypoechogenicity (P = .97), and there was no association of cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon with peak weekly distance while training. Sonographic characteristics of Achilles tendinopathy did not correlate with foot strike patterns or training regimens. Although not statistically significant, it is worth noting that cross-sectional area was 1 mm2 larger per every 1 kg/m2 increase in body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Marberry
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Sara E Filmalter
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - George G A Pujalte
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - James C Presley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristina F DeMatas
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel P Montero
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Krishna Israni
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Colleen T Ball
- Biostatistics Unit, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer R Maynard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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3
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Sophia B, Kelly P, Ogan D, Larson A. Self Reported History of Eating Disorders, Training, Weight Control Methods, and Body Satisfaction in Elite Female Runners Competing at the 2020 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials. Int J Exerc Sci 2022; 15:721-732. [PMID: 35992185 PMCID: PMC9365102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Athletes participating in endurance sports report frequent attempts to lose weight and greater training volumes in attempt to gain a competitive advantage. Increased exercise energy expenditure through training, weight periodization, and prevalence of eating disorder (ED) may affect energy availability. Low energy availability (LEA) is associated with negative physiological effects and an increased risk of bone fractures and illness in athletes. This study investigated the relationship between self-reported history of an ED with training, body satisfaction, and weight-control methods among female Olympic marathon trials participants. Female runners (n = 146; 30.8 ± 5.0 years of age) who participated in the 2020 U.S. Olympic Team Trials Marathon completed an online questionnaire examining training volume, weight-control methods, and self-reported diagnosis of an ED. 32% of participants reported previous ED while 6% reported a current ED and were grouped together based on a self-reported lifetime diagnosis of ED (current or past) or no ED for further analysis. A Chi-square analysis indicated a statistical difference when p ≤ 0.05. Runners who reported ED were significantly more likely to experience weight dissatisfaction (χ2 3,146 = 9.59, p = .022) and restricting or reducing food in the three months prior to the marathon (χ2 5,146 = 17.58, p = .004). Consistent with previous literature, a substantial percentage of participants reported ED. This investigation suggests that ED may be associated with weight control methods and feelings of body dissatisfaction in competitive female runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berg Sophia
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Pritchett Kelly
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Dana Ogan
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Abigail Larson
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University Affiliation, Cedar City, UT, USA
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Hernández-Hermoso JA, Nescolarde L, Roca E, Revuelta-López E, Ara J, Bayes-Genis A. Marathon Running Increases Synthesis and Decreases Catabolism of Joint Cartilage Type II Collagen Accompanied by High-Energy Demands and an Inflamatory Reaction. Front Physiol 2021; 12:722718. [PMID: 34707508 PMCID: PMC8542987 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.722718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the effect of marathon running on serum levels of inflammatory, high energy, and cartilage matrix biomarkers and to ascertain whether these biomarkers levels correlate. Design: Blood samples from 17 Caucasian male recreational athletes at the Barcelona Marathon 2017 were collected at the baseline, immediately and 48 h post-race. Serum C reactive protein (CRP), creatin kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined using an AU-5800 chemistry analyser. Serum levels of hyaluronan (HA), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), aggrecan chondroitin sulphate 846 (CS846), glycoprotein YKL-40, human procollagen II N-terminal propeptide (PIINP), human type IIA collagen N-propeptide (PIIANP), and collagen type II cleavage (C2C) were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Medians CK and sLDH levels increased (three-fold, two-fold) post-race [429 (332) U/L, 323 (69) U/L] (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001) and (six-fold, 1.2-fold) 48 h post-race [658 (1,073) U/L, 218 (45) U/L] (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001). Medians CRP increased (ten-fold) after 48 h post-race [6.8 (4.1) mg/L] (p < 0.0001). Mean sHA levels increased (four-fold) post-race (89.54 ± 53.14 ng/ml) (p < 0.0001). Means PIINP (9.05 ± 2.15 ng/ml) levels increased post-race (10.82 ± 3.44 ng/ml) (p = 0.053) and 48 h post-race (11.00 ± 2.96 ng/ml) (p = 0.001). Mean sC2C levels (220.83 ± 39.50 ng/ml) decreased post-race (188.67 ± 38.52 ng/ml) (p = 0.002). In contrast, means COMP, sCS846, sPIIANP, and median sYKL-40 were relatively stable. We found a positive association between sCK levels with sLDH pre-race (r = 0.758, p < 0.0001), post-race (r = 0.623, p = 0.008) and 48-h post-race (r = 0.842, p < 0.0001); sHA with sCRP post-race vs. 48 h post-race (r = 0.563, p = 0.019) and sPIINP with sCK pre-race vs. 48-h post-race (r = 0.499, p = 0.044) and with sLDH 48-h pre-race vs. post-race (r = 0.610, p = 0.009) and a negative correlation of sPIIANP with sCRP 48-h post-race (r = −0.570, p = 0.017). Conclusion: Marathon running is an exercise with high-energy demands (sCK and sLDH increase) that provokes a high and durable general inflammatory reaction (sCRP increase) and an immediately post-marathon mechanism to protect inflammation and cartilage (sHA increase). Accompanied by an increase in type II collagen cartilage fibrils synthesis (sPIINP increase) and a decrease in its catabolism (sC2C decrease), without changes in non-collagenous cartilage metabolism (sCOMP, sC846, and sYKL-40). Metabolic changes on sPIINP and sHA synthesis may be related to energy consumption (sCK, sLDH) and the inflammatory reaction (sCRP) produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Hernández-Hermoso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lexa Nescolarde
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elena Revuelta-López
- Research Program, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ara
- Departament of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Research Program, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Malchrowicz-Mośko E, León-Guereño P, Tapia-Serrano MA, Sánchez-Miguel PA, Waśkiewicz Z. What Encourages Physically Inactive People to Start Running? An Analysis of Motivations to Participate in Parkrun and City Trail in Poland. Front Public Health 2020; 8:581017. [PMID: 33313036 PMCID: PMC7707109 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.581017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the motivations for beginner runners to take part in Parkrun Poznań and City Trail Poznań, Poland, taking into account their socio-demographical variables. A total of 165 (age: 36.33 ± 10.38) inexperienced runners participated in the diagnostic survey and completed the MOMS (Motivations of Marathoner Scale) questionnaire. The sample consisted of 82 men (49.7%) and 83 women (50.3%). The results showed that men were more likely to start running due to competition-related motivations, while the motivations of women were more often related to affiliation, psychological coping, life meaning, and self-esteem. As age increased, the level of motivation due to personal goal achievement, competition, and recognition scales decreased. The Affiliation Scale was especially important for singles who started running, in comparison with runners who were married or in a relationship. These factors should be taken into consideration by event managers and public health specialists. Promoting safe running among people who have no experience with this sport is as important as encouraging them to run. All runners stated that they would like to run a marathon in the future. Moreover, thanks to initiatives such as City Trail and Parkrun, Polish respondents feel motivated to lead an active lifestyle, with an average score of 4.98 on a 7-point Likert scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Eugeniusz Piasecki Academy of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patxi León-Guereño
- Health, Physical Activity and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Tapia-Serrano
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio Sánchez-Miguel
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation of I.M, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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6
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Tian HB, Qiu YJ, Lin YQ, Zhou WT, Fan CY. The Role of Leisure Satisfaction in Serious Leisure and Subjective Well-Being: Evidence From Chinese Marathon Runners. Front Psychol 2020; 11:581908. [PMID: 33329237 PMCID: PMC7720892 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The topics of serious leisure and subjective well-being have been discussed extensively in previous research. It is generally acknowledged that people prefer to experience deeper satisfaction and happiness through serious participation in leisure-time physical activities. However, it is essential to examine the relationship between serious leisure and subjective well-being in an urban setting as well as the mediating effect of leisure satisfaction. Data were collected from 447 recreational runners at the 2018 Wuxi International Marathon event in China. The study results showed that serious leisure was positively associated with leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being, that leisure satisfaction was positively associated with subjective well-being, and that leisure satisfaction completely mediated the relationship between serious leisure and subjective well-being. Running group membership significantly affected the path from serious leisure to leisure satisfaction, while other demographic variables (e.g., gender and education) did not moderate any paths. These results help explain the intricate relationship between serious leisure and subjective well-being and offer theoretical and managerial implications for serious leisure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Bo Tian
- School of Teacher Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya Jun Qiu
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Qiang Lin
- Department of Experience Industry Management, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, United States
| | - Wen Ting Zhou
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chu Yao Fan
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Li F, Nie J, Zhang H, Fu F, Yi L, Hopkins W, Liu Y, Lu Y. Effects of Matched Intermittent and Continuous Exercise on Changes of Cardiac Biomarkers in Endurance Runners. Front Physiol 2020; 11:30. [PMID: 32082191 PMCID: PMC7005585 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endurance runners training with high-intensity intermittent exercise might experience damage to cardiac muscle. We have therefore compared changes of cardiac biomarkers after workload-matched intermittent and continuous exercise. Methods Twelve endurance runners [11 males, 1 female; means ± SD V.O2max, 62.4 ± 5.4 ml kg–1 min–1; velocity of V.O2max (v V.O2max), 17.1 ± 1.4 km h–1] completed an intermittent and continuous exercise trial in random order. Intermittent exercise consisted of running at 90% vV.O2max for 2 min followed by 50% vV.O2max for 2 min, repeated for 92 min. Continuous exercise was performed at 70% vV.O2max for 92 min. Blood samples were drawn before and 0, 2, 4, 24, and 48 h after exercise for assay of various cardiac biomarkers. Changes in concentration of biomarkers were averaged for the comparison of intermittent with continuous exercise after adjustment for baseline concentration and exercise intensity expressed as percent of heart-rate reserve (%HRR); magnitudes were assessed by standardization. Results There were moderate and large increases in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I and -T respectively following exercise. The differences between the increases adjusted to the mean intensity of 78 %HRR were trivial, but at 85 %HRR the increases for cardiac troponin-I and -T were moderately higher for intermittent compared with continuous exercise (factor difference, ×/÷90% confidence limits: 3.4, ×/÷1.9 and 2.1, ×/÷1.8 respectively). Differences in the changes in other cardiac biomarkers were trivial. Conclusion Prolonged intermittent exercise is potentially more damaging to cardiac muscle than continuous exercise of the same average running speed at higher average heart rates in endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- College of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,College of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Provincial Key Lab of Measurement and Evaluation in Human Movement and Bio-information, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Frank Fu
- Dr Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Longyan Yi
- Institute of Sport and Health Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Will Hopkins
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Provincial Key Lab of Measurement and Evaluation in Human Movement and Bio-information, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yifan Lu
- College of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Lewicka-Potocka Z, Dąbrowska-Kugacka A, Lewicka E, Kaleta AM, Dorniak K, Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz L, Fijałkowski M, Nabiałek-Trojanowska I, Ratkowski W, Potocki W, Raczak G. The "athlete's heart" features in amateur male marathon runners. Cardiol J 2020; 28:707-715. [PMID: 31909474 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2019.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training on a professional level can lead to cardiac structural adaptations called the "athlete's heart". As marathon participation requires intense physical preparation, the question arises whether the features of "athlete's heart" can also develop in recreational runners. METHODS The study included 34 males (mean age 40 ± 8 years) who underwent physical examination, a cardiopulmonary exercise test and echocardiographic examination (ECHO) before a marathon. ECHO results were compared with the sedentary control group, reference values for an adult male population and those for highly-trained athletes. Runners with abnormalities revealed by ECHO were referred for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). RESULTS The mean training distance was 56.5 ± 19.7 km/week, peak oxygen uptake was 53.7 ± 6.9 mL/kg/min and the marathon finishing time was 3.7 ± 0.4 h. Compared to sedentary controls, amateur athletes presented larger atria, increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, larger LV mass and basal right ventricular (RV) inflow diameter (p < 0.05). When compared with ranges for the general adult population, 56% of participants showed increased left atrial volume, indexed to body surface area (LAVI), 56% right atrial area and interventricular septum thickness, while 47% had enlarged RV proximal outflow tract diameter. In 50% of cases, LAVI exceeded values reported for highly-trained athletes. Due to ECHO abnormalities, CMR was performed in 6 participants, which revealed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 1 runner. CONCLUSIONS "Athlete's heart" features occur in amateur marathon runners. In this group, ECHO reference values for highly-trained elite athletes should be considered, rather than those for the general population and even then LAVI can exceed the upper normal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Lewicka-Potocka
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. .,First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Lewicka
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Kaleta
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karolina Dorniak
- Noninvasive Cardiac Diagnostics Department, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Izabela Nabiałek-Trojanowska
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.,First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Ratkowski
- Department of Management Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Potocki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Raczak
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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9
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Grzybkowska A, Anczykowska K, Ratkowski W, Aschenbrenner P, Antosiewicz J, Bonisławska I, Żychowska M. Changes in Serum Iron and Leukocyte mRNA Levels of Genes Involved in Iron Metabolism in Amateur Marathon Runners-Effect of the Running Pace. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E460. [PMID: 31208055 PMCID: PMC6627308 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for physical activity due to its role in energy production pathways and oxygen transportation via hemoglobin and myoglobin. Changes in iron-related biochemical parameters after physical exercise in athletes are of substantial research interest, but molecular mechanisms such as gene expression are still rarely tested in sports. In this paper, we evaluated the mRNA levels of genes related to iron metabolism (PCBP1, PCBP2, FTL, FTH, and TFRC) in leukocytes of 24 amateur runners at four time points: before, immediately after, 3 h after, and 24 h after a marathon. We measured blood morphology as well as serum concentrations of iron, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Our results showed significant changes in gene expression (except for TFRC), serum iron, CRP, and morphology after the marathon. However, the alterations in mRNA and protein levels occurred at different time points (immediately and 3 h post-run, respectively). The levels of circulating ferritin remained stable, whereas the number of transcripts in leukocytes differed significantly. We also showed that running pace might influence mRNA expression. Our results indicated that changes in the mRNA of genes involved in iron metabolism occurred independently of serum iron and ferritin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grzybkowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Anczykowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Ratkowski
- Department of Management in Tourism and Recreation, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Aschenbrenner
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Iwona Bonisławska
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Żychowska
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
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10
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Bronkowska M, Kosendiak A, Orzeł D. Assessment of the frequency of intake of selected sources of dietary fibre among persons competing in marathons. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2019; 69:347-351. [PMID: 30525324 DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2018.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The knowledge about nutrition of the marathoners is insufficient. An insightful and personalized approach to the diet of long-distance athletes, including the consumption of important nutrients such as dietary fiber, is needed to improve the efficiency of their performance. Objective Estimation of the frequency of consumption of food products as a source of dietary fiber by people preparing for the marathon. Material and Methods The frequency of intake of selected dietary fiber sources by women (n=105) and men (n=87) aged 19 to 73 years, who compete in marathons. The Block questionnaire was used to assess the intake of fiber sources (whole grain cereals, vegetables, fruits, potatoes and legumes). Fiber consumption was expressed on a dot scale. Results Adequate dietary fiber intake was found in 44% of the marathon runners, but insufficient one - in 50% of the respondents. Diets of about 6% of the subjects were poor in dietary fiber. Lower dietary fiber intake was demonstrated in both men and women in the pre-marathon period, and was due to the recommended dietary fiber intake during this period. Conclusion The study showed an insufficient intake of dietary fiber in all-day rations of most of the surveyed marathon runners. A statistically significantly lower dietary intake of marathoners (both women and men) was demonstrated before the marathon compared to the post-long distance period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bronkowska
- Wrocław University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition, Józefa Chełmońskiego str. 37/41, 51-630,Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aureliusz Kosendiak
- Wrocław Medical University, Study of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dagmara Orzeł
- Wrocław University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition, Józefa Chełmońskiego str. 37/41, 51-630,Wroclaw, Poland
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Olson K, Zimka O, Pasiorowski A, Iregbu S, Boulé NG. Tiredness, Fatigue, and Exhaustion as Perceived by Recreational Marathon Runners. Qual Health Res 2018; 28:1997-2010. [PMID: 29986641 DOI: 10.1177/1049732318785360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report the results of a study that was part of a five-study concept development project. Our goal was to learn about the nature of illness by exploring variations in the manifestations of fatigue, a symptom that is prevalent in both ill (cancer, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome) and selected nonill (recreational marathon runners, shift workers) populations. In this article, we report results of our study of recreational marathon runners, obtained from unstructured interviews with 13 runners between the ages 19 and 49 years using ethnoscience as the design. Key findings with implications for practice are the importance of planning recovery periods following large energy expenditures, the value of using dissociative strategies to manage tiredness, and the usefulness of associative strategies and support systems to manage fatigue. Future studies could explore whether these strategies would be useful for management of tiredness and fatigue in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Olson
- 1 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Oksana Zimka
- 2 McKenzie Towne Retirement by Revera, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Orzeł D, Kosendiak A, Bronkowska M. Comparison of vegetables and fruit consumption frequency by athletes before and after marathon. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2018; 69:267-272. [PMID: 30141578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the prerequisites to achieve high sports scores is to ensure the proper supply of nutrients. Both deficiency and excess of these components can cause malfunctions of bodies in athletes, which adversely affects their health and performance. OBJECTIVE Comparison of the frequency of intake of groups of vegetables and fruits, being sources of vitamins and minerals, by marathon runners in periods before and after the long-distance run. MATERIAL AND METHOD The frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption by marathoners was analyzed among women (n = 105) and men (n = 87) aged between 19 and 73 years, before and after running competition. The Block’s questionnaire was used to evaluate the consumption of groups of vegetables and fruits (leafy, root and cruciferous vegetables, as well as stone, berry and tropical fruits). Their consumption was assessed on a point scale. RESULTS Sufficient vegetable and fruit intake was found in about 55% of the marathon runners. Diets of about 20% of the respondents were poor in fruits and vegetables. Higher fruit and vegetable intake was reported in both men and women after the marathon compared to the pre-run period. CONCLUSION Daily food rations of about 1/4 of the surveyed marathoners provided insufficient amounts of fruits and vegetables, and daily food rations of about 20% of the athletes were poor in these products. After the marathon, the consumption of vegetables and fruits improved in 15% of the surveyed women and in 10% of the men compared to the pre-marathon period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Orzeł
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wrocław University of Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aureliusz Kosendiak
- Study of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Bronkowska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wrocław University of Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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Letchford A, Paudel R, Thomas OD, Booth AS, Imray CHE. Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) Knowledge Among High Altitude Marathon Runners Competing in the Everest Marathon. Wilderness Environ Med 2015; 27:111-6. [PMID: 26712333 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there are a number of studies on trekkers' knowledge of acute mountain sickness (AMS), there is little current literature on other groups at altitude, for example, marathon runners. Increased knowledge of AMS is associated with a lower incidence of AMS. The purpose of this study was to determine AMS knowledge of marathon runners with an aim to improve AMS information distribution. Incidence of AMS was also determined. METHODS Participants completed a self-assessment AMS knowledge questionnaire in Kathmandu before starting the acclimatization trek for the Tenzing Hillary Everest Marathon in Nepal. Lake Louise Scoring questionnaires were completed every day of the 12-day acclimatization trek. RESULTS The majority (86%; 43 of 50) of participants obtained information about AMS before the marathon, with the Internet providing the most common source (50%; 25 of 50). Ninety-two percent (46 of 50) of participants rated their knowledge as average or above, and self-assessment correlated with knowledge questionnaire scores (r = .479, P < .001). However, 48% (24 of 50) did not know it was unsafe to ascend with mild AMS symptoms, and 66% (33 of 50) thought it was safe to go higher with symptoms relieved by medication. Only 50% (25 of 50) knew AMS could occur from 2500 m. Thirty-eight percent (19 of 50) of participants had AMS during the acclimatization trek, and 6% (3 of 50) experienced it during the race. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to previous literature regarding knowledge and incidence of AMS. It further highlights that more needs to be done to improve knowledge through better information dissemination, with inclusion of scenario-based information to aid application of this knowledge to practical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Letchford
- Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (Dr Letchford).
| | - Rudra Paudel
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Dr Paudel)
| | - Owen D Thomas
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK (Dr Thomas)
| | | | - Christopher H E Imray
- University of Warwick and the University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (Dr Imray)
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Zha W, Schiros CG, Reddy G, Feng W, Denney TS, Lloyd SG, Dell'Italia LJ, Gupta H. Improved Right Ventricular Performance with Increased Tricuspid Annular Excursion in Athlete's Heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2015; 2:8. [PMID: 26664880 PMCID: PMC4671336 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marathon runners (MTH) and patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) exhibit left ventricular (LV) overload, and LV geometric changes in these groups have been reported. In this study, right ventricular (RV) adaptation to chronic volume overload was evaluated in MTH and MR and normal controls together with interventricular septal remodeling and tricuspid annulus (TA) motion. Methods A total of 60 age-matched subjects (including 19 MTH, 17 isolated chronic compensated MR patients, and 24 normal subjects) underwent conventional cine and tagged cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Myocardial strain and curvature were computed on the interventricular septum and RV free wall. A dual-propagation technique was applied to construct RV volume-time curves for a single cardiac cycle. Similarly, the TA was tracked throughout the cardiac cycle to create displacement over time curve. Results Septal curvature was significantly lower in MTH and MR compared to controls. No significant differences in RV free-wall strain or RV ejection fraction were noted among the three groups. However, longitudinal TA excursion was significantly higher in MTH compared to controls (p = 0.0061). The peak late diastolic TA velocity in MR was significantly faster than MTH (p = 0.0031) and controls (p = 0.020). Conclusion Increased TA kinetics allows for improved RV performance in MTH. Septal remodeling was observed in both MR and MTH, therefore a direct relationship of septal remodeling to TA kinetics in athlete’s heart could not be elucidated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zha
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Chun G Schiros
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Gautam Reddy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Thomas S Denney
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Steven G Lloyd
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, AL , USA
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15
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Freund W, Weber F, Billich C, Birklein F, Breimhorst M, Schuetz UH. Ultra- marathon runners are different: investigations into pain tolerance and personality traits of participants of the TransEurope FootRace 2009. Pain Pract 2013; 13:524-32. [PMID: 23368760 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Susceptibility to pain varies among individuals and may predispose to a higher risk for pain disorders. Thus, it is of interest to investigate subjects who exhibit higher resistance to pain. We therefore tested pain tolerance and assessed personality traits of ultra-marathon athletes who are able to run 4487 km (2789 mi) over 64 days without resting days and compare the results to controls. METHODS After approval of the local ethics committee and with informed consent, 11 participants of the TransEurope FootRace (TEFR09 participants) and 11 matched (age, sex, and ethnicity) controls without marathon experience in the last 5 years were enrolled. They were tested for cold pain tolerance (cold pressor [CP] test), and the 240 item trait and character inventory (TCI) as well as the general self-efficacy (GSE) test were obtained. RESULTS TransEurope FootRace participants had a highly significant greater cold pain tolerance in the CP test than controls (P = 0.0002). While the GSE test showed no differences, the TCI test provided TEFR09 participants to be less cooperative and reward dependent but more spiritually transcendent than the controls. Significant positive correlations were found between the CP test pain score at 180 seconds and several TCI subscales showing that higher pain scores correlate with higher reward dependence, dependence, cooperativeness, empathy, and pure-hearted conscience. CONCLUSIONS Personality profiles as well as pain tolerance of our sample of TEFR09 participants differ from normal controls and-as obtained in previous studies-probably also from chronic pain patients. Low pain perception may predispose a person to become a long-distance runner. It remains unclear, however, whether low pain perception is cause or consequence of continuous extreme training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Freund
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospitals Ulm, Germany.
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