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Parizher G, Ali A, Cremer PC. Evaluation and Management of Mechanical Heart Valve Dysfunction and Thrombosis. Curr Cardiol Rep 2024; 26:747-755. [PMID: 38789693 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-024-02074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dysfunction and thrombosis of mechanical heart valves, although uncommon, represents a challenge that requires multidisciplinary expertise for diagnosis and management. The aim of this review is to summarize strengths and weaknesses of diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies for this uncommon but potentially life-threatening pathology. RECENT FINDINGS Expeditious diagnosis of mechanical valve thrombosis and exclusion of other diagnostic considerations, often with incorporation of multimodality imaging, can inform the best treatment strategy. Presentation of mechanical valve thrombosis can be asymptomatic or can include heart failure, life-threatening embolic events, or cardiogenic shock. Echocardiography, fluoroscopy and computed tomography are important in the evaluation of mechanical valve dysfunction. Therapeutic strategies for thrombosis include anticoagulation, systemic thrombolysis, and surgery. Choice of treatment depends on multiple factors including thrombus size, degree of valve dysfunction, clinical presentation, and available surgical expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Parizher
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ambreen Ali
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paul C Cremer
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Northwestern Medicine, 676 N St Clair Street, Suite 730, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Jelisejevas J, Husain A, Dundas J, Chiang B, Akodad M, Zaky F, Sathananthan G, Wood DA, Leipsic JA, Blanke P, Sathananthan J, Sellers SL, Meier D, Webb JG. Transcatheter Mitral Valve-in-Valve Replacement in the Presence of Pannus: A Word of Caution. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2024; 17:574-576. [PMID: 38180421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2023.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Jelisejevas
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ali Husain
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Dundas
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Chiang
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mariama Akodad
- Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Jacques Cartier, Ramsay-Santé, Massy, France
| | - Fady Zaky
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gnalini Sathananthan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Wood
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathon A Leipsic
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philipp Blanke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janarthanan Sathananthan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Cardiovascular Translational Laboratory, Providence Research and Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Sellers
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Cardiovascular Translational Laboratory, Providence Research and Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David Meier
- Cardiovascular Translational Laboratory, Providence Research and Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John G Webb
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, St. Paul's and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
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Zoghbi WA, Jone PN, Chamsi-Pasha MA, Chen T, Collins KA, Desai MY, Grayburn P, Groves DW, Hahn RT, Little SH, Kruse E, Sanborn D, Shah SB, Sugeng L, Swaminathan M, Thaden J, Thavendiranathan P, Tsang W, Weir-McCall JR, Gill E. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging: A Report From the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration With the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2024; 37:2-63. [PMID: 38182282 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In patients with significant cardiac valvular disease, intervention with either valve repair or valve replacement may be inevitable. Although valve repair is frequently performed, especially for mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, valve replacement remains common, particularly in adults. Diagnostic methods are often needed to assess the function of the prosthesis. Echocardiography is the first-line method for noninvasive evaluation of prosthetic valve function. The transthoracic approach is complemented with two-dimensional and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for further refinement of valve morphology and function when needed. More recently, advances in computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance have enhanced their roles in evaluating valvular heart disease. This document offers a review of the echocardiographic techniques used and provides recommendations and general guidelines for evaluation of prosthetic valve function on the basis of the scientific literature and consensus of a panel of experts. This guideline discusses the role of advanced imaging with transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance in evaluating prosthetic valve structure, function, and regurgitation. It replaces the 2009 American Society of Echocardiography guideline on prosthetic valves and complements the 2019 guideline on the evaluation of valvular regurgitation after percutaneous valve repair or replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Zoghbi
- Houston Methodist Hospital, DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Pei-Ni Jone
- Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Tiffany Chen
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Milind Y Desai
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Paul Grayburn
- Baylor Scott & White Health, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Daniel W Groves
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rebecca T Hahn
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen H Little
- Houston Methodist Hospital, DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eric Kruse
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Sangeeta B Shah
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lissa Sugeng
- North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York
| | - Madhav Swaminathan
- Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Wendy Tsang
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Edward Gill
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Duman ZM, Apaydın Z, Can İ, Kaplan MC, Buğra AK, Timur B, Bayram M, Karakurt ST, Güler GB, Kadiroğulları E, Onan B. Impact of Bileaflet Mechanical Mitral Valve Orientation on Pannus Overgrowth. INNOVATIONS-TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN CARDIOTHORACIC AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2023; 18:466-471. [PMID: 37705309 DOI: 10.1177/15569845231199100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pannus overgrowth is a chronic inflammatory process that can cause valve dysfunction and threaten the durability of prosthetic valves. Bileaflet mechanical mitral valve can be implanted in either an anatomical (parallel to the anatomical axis) or nonanatomical (perpendicular or oblique to the anatomical axis) orientation. The effect of the rotational orientation of the bileaflet mechanical mitral valve on excessive pannus enlargement is unknown. The present study compared the effect of bileaflet mechanical mitral valve orientation on pannus overgrowth. METHODS The study included patients who underwent bileaflet mechanical mitral valve replacement for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. The pannus formation was confirmed by reexamining all transesophageal echocardiography images in the picture archiving and communication systems between May 2017 and April 2021. The primary aim of this study was the development of pannus overgrowth. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on their implantation orientation of the bileaflet mechanical mitral valve. RESULTS Pannus overgrowth was found in 26 patients (56.5%) in the anatomical orientation group and 71 patients (74.7%) in the nonanatomical orientation group (P = 0.03). Anatomical orientation reduced the development of pannus overgrowth (odds ratio [OR] = 0.39, P = 0.04), and double left heart valve replacement increased the development of pannus overgrowth (OR = 2.73, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Pannus overgrowth was less common in bileaflet mechanical mitral valves implanted in the anatomical orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihni Mert Duman
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - Zinar Apaydın
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - İsa Can
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Can Kaplan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - Abdül Kerim Buğra
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - Barış Timur
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Bayram
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - Seda Tükenmez Karakurt
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gamze Babür Güler
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - Ersin Kadiroğulları
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
| | - Burak Onan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Turkey
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Uchino G, Murakami H, Mukohara N, Tanaka H, Nomura Y, Miyahara S, Kawashima M, Fujisue J, Tonoki S. Very-long-term outcomes of mechanical valves in mitral position focusing on valve-related complications. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2022; 35:6595107. [PMID: 35640541 PMCID: PMC9297525 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Uchino
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center at Himeji , Himeji, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Murakami
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center at Himeji , Himeji, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Mukohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center at Himeji , Himeji, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center at Himeji , Himeji, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center at Himeji , Himeji, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Miyahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center at Himeji , Himeji, Japan
| | - Motoharu Kawashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center at Himeji , Himeji, Japan
| | - Jun Fujisue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center at Himeji , Himeji, Japan
| | - Shuto Tonoki
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Brain and Heart Center at Himeji , Himeji, Japan
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Ahn Y, Koo HJ, Kang JW, Yang DH. Tricuspid Valve Imaging and Right Ventricular Function Analysis Using Cardiac CT and MRI. Korean J Radiol 2021; 22:1946-1963. [PMID: 34668349 PMCID: PMC8628151 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2020.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac computed tomography (CT) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) can reveal the detailed anatomy and function of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle (RV). Quantification of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and analysis of RV function have prognostic implications. With the recently available transcatheter treatment options for diseases of the tricuspid valve, evaluation of the tricuspid valve using CT and CMR has become important in terms of patient selection and procedural guidance. Moreover, CT enables post-procedural investigation of the causes of valve dysfunction, such as pannus or thrombus. This review describes the anatomy of the tricuspid valve and CT and CMR imaging protocols for right heart evaluation, including RV function and TR analyses. We also demonstrate the pre-procedural planning for transcatheter treatment of TR and imaging of postoperative complications using CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yura Ahn
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Koo
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Joon-Won Kang
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yang
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Gündüz S, Kalçık M, Gürsoy MO, Güner A, Özkan M. Diagnosis, treatment & management of prosthetic valve thrombosis: the key considerations. Expert Rev Med Devices 2020; 17:209-221. [DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2020.1733972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabahattin Gündüz
- Department of Cardiology, VM Medikal Park Pendik Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Macit Kalçık
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozan Gürsoy
- Department of Cardiology, Izmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Güner
- Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özkan
- Department of Cardiology, Kosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Health Sciences, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
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Park MY, Koo HJ, Ha H, Kang JW, Yang DH. Extent of Subprosthetic Pannus after Aortic Valve Replacement: Changes Over Time and Relationship with Echocardiographic Findings. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF RADIOLOGY 2020; 81:1151-1163. [PMID: 36238048 PMCID: PMC9431869 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2019.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate changes of subprosthetic pannus on cardiac CT and determine its relationship to echocardiographic findings in patients with mechanical aortic valve replacement (AVR). Materials and Methods Between April 2011 and November 2017, 17 AVR patients (56.8 ± 8.9 years, 12% male) who showed pannus formation on CT and had undergone both follow-up CT and echocardiography were included. The mean interval from AVR to the date of pannus detection was 10.5 ± 7.1 years. In the initial and follow-up CT and echocardiography, the pannus extent and echocardiographic parameters were compared using paired t-tests. The relationship between the opening angle of the prosthetic valve and the pannus extent was evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. Results The pannus extent was significantly increased on CT (p < 0.05). The peak velocity (3.9 ± 0.8 m/s vs. 4.2 ± 0.8 m/s, p = 0.03) and mean pressure gradient (36.4 ± 15.5 mm Hg vs. 42.1 ± 15.8 mm Hg, p = 0.03) were significantly increased. The mean opening angles of the mechanical aortic leaflets were slightly decreased, but there was no statistical significance (73.1 ± 8.3° vs. 69.4 ± 12.1°, p = 0.12). The opening angle of the prosthetic leaflets was inversely correlated with the pannus extent (r = −0.57, p < 0.001). Conclusion The pannus extent increases over time, increasing transvalvular peak velocity and the pressure gradient. CT can be used to evaluate the pannus extent associated with hemodynamic changes that need to be managed by surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yeon Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Koo
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hojin Ha
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Joon-Won Kang
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yang
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Cardiac Imaging Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Kim JY, Suh YJ, Han K, Kim YJ, Choi BW. Diagnostic Value of Advanced Imaging Modalities for the Detection and Differentiation of Prosthetic Valve Obstruction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:2182-2192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Valvular heart disease is a common clinical problem. Although echocardiography is the standard technique for the noninvasive evaluation of the valves, cardiac CT has evolved to become a useful tool in the evaluation of the cardiac structures as well. Importantly, CT allows for improved quantification of valvular calcification due to its superior spatial resolution. It may improve the detection of small valvular or perivalvular pathology or the characterization of valvular masses and vegetations. This review describes the assessment of normal and diseased heart valves by cardiac CT and discusses its strengths and weaknesses.
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Biteker M, Özlek B, Özlek E, Çil C, Çelik O, Doğan V. Cardiac computed tomography in mechanical prosthetic heart valve dysfunction. Int J Cardiol 2018; 266:197. [PMID: 29887447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Biteker
- Muğla University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Turkey
| | - Bülent Özlek
- Muğla University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Turkey
| | - Eda Özlek
- Muğla University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Turkey.
| | - Cem Çil
- Muğla University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Çelik
- Muğla University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Turkey
| | - Volkan Doğan
- Muğla University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Turkey
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